托马斯.A.普格尔国际贸易英语chap011

Chapter11PushingExportsOutlineofchapter11DumpingExportsubsidiesDumpingDefinitionTypesReactingtodumpingActualantidumpingpoliciesProposalforreformDumpingSellingexportsatapricethatis“toolow,”apricebelow“normalvalue”or“fairmarketvalue.”Theexportpriceislowerthanthepricechargedforcomparabledomesticsalesinthehomemarketoftheexporter.Theexportpriceislowerthanthefullunitcost(includingaprofitmargin).TypesPredatorydumpingAlowexportpriceusedbytheexportingfirmwiththeintentiontodriveitscompetitorsintheimportingcountryoutofbusinessCyclicaldumpingalowexportpricethatresultsfromanindustrydownturnorrecessioninwhichdemandisunusuallylow.SeasonaldumpingAlowexportpricethatisintendedtoselloffexcessinventoriesofaproducionPersistentdumpingAlowexportpricethatresultsfromtheexportingfirmpracticingpricediscriminationbetweensegmentednationalmarkets,withtheexportpricebeinglowbecausetheimportmarkethasthehigherpriceelasticityofdemand(perhapsduetomoreintensecompetitionintheimportingcountry'smarket).Figure11.1-PersistentDumpingWhatconditiondoyouthinkforpersistentdumpingtoworkeffectively?IthaslessmonopolyintheforeignmarketthanithasinitshomemarketBuyersinthehomecountrycannotavoidthehighhomepricesbybuyingthegoodabroadandimportingitcheaply.ReactingtodumpingWhytheimportingcountryalwayscomplainsaboutthecheapproductintheircountry?Howfrequentlyforeignfirmsusepredatorydumping?recentresearchsuggeststhatnomorethan5%ofallcasesofallegeddumpingintheUSA,EU,canadaandMexico.ActualantidumpingpoliciesTheWTOrulespermitcountriestoretaliateagainstdumping,ifthedumpinginjuresdomesticimport-competingproducers.SomecriteriaforWTOrulestoimposeantidumpingdutyforimportingcountriesFact—seriousorpotentialinjury--causalityFigure11.2-TopTenInitiatorsofAnti-DumpingCasesSomeproposalsforreformAntidumpingactionscouldbelimitedtosituationsinwhichpredatorydumpingisplausibleTheinjurystandardcouldbeexpandedtorequirethatweightbegiventoconsumersandusersoftheproductAntidumpingpolicycouldbereplacedbymoreactiveuseofsafeguardpolicysafeguardpolicy:agovernmentpolicyoftemporaryimportprotectionimposedinresponsetoasuddenimportincreasethatcausesinjurytodomesticproducersofthisproduct.ExportsubsidiesDefinitionTheeconomiceffectofexportsubsidies.WTOrulesonsubsidiesShouldtheimportingcountryimposecountervailingduties?StrategicexportsubsidiescouldbegoodExportsubsidyGovernmentfinancialassistancetofirmsbasedonhowmuchofaproductthefirmsexport.Waysofexportsubsidy

TheeconomiceffectofexportsubsidiesinthefollowingthreecasesExportableproduct–smallexportingcountryExportableproduct–largeexportingcountrySwitchinganimportableproductintoanexportableproductExportableproduct–smallexportingcountryFigure11.3What’economiceffect?Figure11.3-ExportSubsidy,SmallCountry,ExportableProductTheeconomiceffectinsmallexportingcountryTheexportsubsidyhasincreaseexportsandproductionofthisproductTheexportsubsidyreducedthenetnationalwell-beingoftheexportingcountry-(f+h)Exportableproduct–largeexportingcountryFigure11.4What’stheeconomiceffect?Figure11.4-ExportSubsidy,LargeCountry,ExportableProductTheeconomiceffectinlargeexportingcountryProducersurpluse+f+gConsumersurplus-(e+f)Governmentsubsidy-(f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m)Netnationalwellbeing-(f+h+i+j+k+l+m)SwitchinganimportableproductintoanexportableproductFigure11.5Figure11.5–

AnExportSubsidyTurnsanImportableProductintoanExportWTOrulesonsubsidiesSubsidieslinkeddirectlytoexportingareprohibited,exceptexportsubdidesusedbythelowest-incomedevelopingcountriesSubsidiesthatarenotlinkeddirectlytoexportingbutstillhaveanimpactonexportsareactionableSomesubsidiesarenonactionable,suchasR&D,assistanceinmeetingenvironmentalregulationsShouldtheimportingcoutryimposecountervailingduties?FreetradeExportsubsidyandnocounterfailingdutiesWhoiseffectivelypayingthecountervailingduty?FreetradeThewholeWorldcangetthemostefficiency.Figure11.6–

AForeignExportSubsidyandaCountervailingDutyCompringwithFreetradeExportsubsidycausestoomuchsteeltrade.Whenimportingcountryimposesacountervailingduty,theworldreturnstothesameprice.Thismakesgoodsensesforworldefficiency.ExportsubsidyandnocountervailingdutyContervailingdutyisbadforthecountryimposingitbutgoodforthewholeworld.Thenetnationallosesw+zwhenimportingcountryimposescountervailingduty.Butforthewholeworld,itisbacktotheworldefficiencyExportsubsidyandcountervailingdutyHowaboutimportingcountry’well–beingcomparingwithfreetrade?thewell-beingofcanadaishigherthanitwouldbewithfreetradeWhichcountryiseffectivelypayingthecountervailingduty?TheexportingcountryStrategicexportsubsidiescouldbegoodInwhichmarketstructuredoyouthinkstrategicexportsubsidiesworks?OligopolymarketstructureExle:figure10.7Figure11.7–

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