第五章集成测试

第5章集成测试5.1深入研究SATM系统5.2集成测试的主要方法5.2.1基于功能分解的集成5.2.2基于调用图的集成5.2.3基于路径的集成5.3案例研究1西北工业大学软件与微电子学院SATM系统的功能分解1A10BDE111213141523456789C1617F22181920212324252627Table1:SATMUnitsandAbbreviatedNamesUnitLevelUnitName11SATMSystemA1.1DeviceSense&ControlD1.1.1DoorSense&Control21.1.1.1GetDoorStatus31.1.1.2ControlDoor41.1.1.3DispenseCashE1.1.2SlotSense&Control51.1.2.1WatchCardSlot

61.1.2.2GetDepositSlotStatus71.1.2.3ControlCardRoller81.1.2.3ControlEnvelopeRoller91.1.2.5ReadCardStrip101.2CentralBankComm.111.2.1GetPINforPAN121.2.2GetAccountStatus131.2.3PostDailyTransactions

UnitLevelUnitNamB1.3TerminalSense&Control141.3.1ScreenDriver151.3.2KeySensorC1.4ManageSession161.4.1ValidateCard171.4.2ValidatePIN181.4.2.1

GetPIN

F1.4.3CloseSession191.4.3.1NewTransactionRequest201.4.3.2PrintReceipt211.4.3.3PostTransactionLocal221.4.4ManageTransaction231.4.4.1GetTransactionType241.4.4.2

GetAccountType251.4.4.3

ReportBalance261.4.4.4

ProcessDeposit271.4.4.5

ProcessWithdrawal2西北工业大学软件与微电子学院5.2.1基于功能性分解的集成两种表示方式树和文字形式集成的4种模块顺序从树顶开始向下：自顶向下(Top-down)从树底开始向上：自底向上(Bottom-up)三明治方法:Sandwich大爆炸方法：BigBang3西北工业大学软件与微电子学院大爆炸集成测试UnitTestHUnitTestDUnitTestCUnitTestBUnitTestASystem-WideTest………….Allcomponentsareassembledandtestedatonce.4西北工业大学软件与微电子学院自顶向下集成TopSubtree

(Sessions1-4)SecondLevelSubtree

(Sessions12-15)BotomLevelSubtree

(Sessions38-42)5西北工业大学软件与微电子学院自顶向下集成（续）6西北工业大学软件与微电子学院AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofTop-DownIntegrationTestingTestcasescanbedefinedintermsofthefunctionalityofthesystem(functionalrequirements).StructuraltechniquescanalsobeusedfortheunitsinthetoplevelsWritingstubscanbedifficultespeciallywhenparameterpassingiscomplex.StubsmustallowallpossibleconditionstobetestedPossiblyaverylargenumberofstubsmayberequired,especiallyifthelowestlevelofthesystemcontainsmanyfunctionalunitsOnesolutiontoavoidtoomanystubs:Modifiedtop-downtestingstrategy(Bruege)TesteachlayerofthesystemdecompositionindividuallybeforemergingthelayersDisadvantageofmodifiedtop-downtesting:Both,stubsanddriversareneeded7西北工业大学软件与微电子学院自底向上集成TopSubtree(Sessions29-32)SecondLevelSubtree(Sessions25-28)BottomLevelSubtree(Sessions13-17)8西北工业大学软件与微电子学院自底向上集成（续）9西北工业大学软件与微电子学院AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofBottom-UpIntegrationTestingNotoptimalstrategyforfunctionallydecomposedsystems:Teststhemostimportantsubsystem(UI)lastUsefulforintegratingthefollowingsystemsObject-orientedsystemsReal-timesystemsSystemswithstrictperformancerequirements10西北工业大学软件与微电子学院三明治集成11西北工业大学软件与微电子学院12西北工业大学软件与微电子学院AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofSandwichIntegrationTestingTopandBottomLayerTestscanbedoneinparallelDoesnottesttheindividualsubsystemsthoroughlybeforeintegrationSolution:Modifiedsandwichtestingstrategy(Bruege)13西北工业大学软件与微电子学院StepsinIntegration-Testing

.1.Basedontheintegrationstrategy,selectacomponenttobetested.Unittestalltheclassesinthecomponent.2.Putselectedcomponenttogether;doanypreliminaryfix-upnecessarytomaketheintegrationtestoperational(drivers,stubs)3.Dofunctionaltesting:Definetestcasesthatexerciseallusescaseswiththeselectedcomponent4.Dostructuraltesting:Definetestcasesthatexercisetheselectedcomponent5.Executeperformancetests6.Keeprecordsofthetestcasesandtestingactivities.7.Repeatsteps1to7untilthefullsystemistested.Theprimarygoalofintegrationtestingistoidentifyerrorsinthe(current)componentconfiguration.14西北工业大学软件与微电子学院WhichIntegrationStrategyshouldyouuse?FactorstoconsiderAmountoftestharness(stubs&drivers)LocationofcriticalpartsinthesystemAvailabilityofhardwareAvailabilityofcomponentsSchedulingconcernsBottomupapproachgoodforobjectorienteddesignmethodologiesTestdriverinterfacesmustmatchcomponentinterfaces......Top-levelcomponentsareusuallyimportantandcannotbeneglecteduptotheendoftestingDetectionofdesignerrorspostponeduntilendoftestingTopdownapproachTestcasescanbedefinedintermsoffunctionsexaminedNeedtomaintaincorrectnessofteststubsWritingstubscanbedifficultRef:“Object-OrientedSoftwareEngineering–UsingUML,PatternsandJava”,BerndBruegge,AllenH.Dutoit15西北工业大学软件与微电子学院优缺点优点直觉上清晰容易根据分解树跟踪缺点人工开发、桩或驱动器的开发工作量是这些方法的缺点、还有重新测试所需的工作量问题给定分解树所需集成测试会话数的计算公式（一个测试过程是为一个特定配置的实际代码和桩所做的一组测试）会话=节点-页+边SATM系统有42个集成测试过程-》42个单独的集成测试用例集合对于自顶向下集成，需开发(节点-1个)桩；对于自底向上集成，需开发(节点-叶个)驱动器。对于SATM系统，为32个桩和10个驱动器16西北工业大学软件与微电子学院基于调用图的集成成对集成思想是免除桩/驱动器开发工作相邻集成可大大降低集成测试会话数量，且避免了桩和驱动器的开发计算公式内部节点=节点-（源节点+汇节点）邻居=内部节点+源节点邻居=节点–汇节点17西北工业大学软件与微电子学院18西北工业大学软件与微电子学院19西北工业大学软件与微电子学院20西北工业大学软件与微电子学院基于路径的集成21西北工业大学软件与微电子学院22西北工业大学软件与微电子学院23西北工业大学软件与微电子学院Inaddition,thefollowingaremoduleexecutionpaths:MEP(A,1)=<1,2,3,6> MEP(B,1)=<1,2>MEP(A,2)=<1,2,4> MEP(B,2)=<3,4>MEP(A,3)=<5,6> MEP(C,1)=<1,2,4,5>MEP(C,2)=<1,3,4,5>

ExecutionPathsExample

24西北工业大学软件与微电子学院Givenasetofunits,theirMM-Pathgraphisthedirectedgraphinwhichnodesaremoduleexecutionpathsand,edgescorrespondtomessagesandreturnsfromoneunittoanotherThedefinitioniswithrespecttoasetofunits.Itdirectlysupportscompositionofunitsandcompositionbasedintegrationtesting.Itispossibletocomposedowntolevelofindividualmoduleexecutionpathsbutitwouldbemoredetailedthannecessary.

MM-PathGraph

25西北工业大学软件与微电子学院MEP(A,2)MEP(B,1)MEP(C,1)MEP(B,2)MEP(A,3)MEP(A,1)MEP(C,2)Figure2

TheFigure2aboveillustratestheMM-PathgraphfortheexampleinFigure1.Thesolidarrowsindicatemessagesandthecorrespondingreturnsareindicatedbydottedarrows.

MM-PathGraphExample

Ref:“SoftwareTestingACraftsman'sApproach”2ndedition,PaulC.Jorgensen26西北工业大学软件与微电子学院MM-Pathsimplementafunctionthattranscendsunitboundaries,thuswehavethefollowingrelationship:Considerthe“intersection”ofanMM-Pathwithaunit.Themoduleexecutionpathsinthisintersectionareananalogofaslicewithrespecttothe(MM-Path)function.Hencethemoduleexecutionpathsinsuchanintersectionaretherestrictionofthefunctiontotheunitinwhichtheyoccur.

MM-PathAnalogy

27西北工业大学软件与微电子学院TherearethreeobservablebehavioralcriteriathatputendpointsonMM-Paths:eventquiescence:occurswhenasystemisnearlyidle,waitingforaportinputeventtotriggerfurtherprocessing.Thisisasystemlevelpropertywithananalogattheintegrationlevel:messagequiescence.messagequiescence:occurswhenaunit