备战2023年高考英语一轮复习（新高考专用）考点 28-阅读理解推理判断题（重难题型）（解析版）

考点28 阅读理解推理判断题（重难题型）推理判断题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有infer,imply,indicate,suggest(推断，暗指)等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。这种问题的提问方式通常有：1.Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat./Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?/Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat.2.Wecaninferfromthetextthat…/Whatcanwelearnfrom…?/Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat…3.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthat.4.Theauthorimpliesthatbytheyear2080,.5.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould.6.Theauthormentionsthefactthat…toshow.7.Thispassagewouldmostlikelybefoundin_________?8.Theauthor’sattitudetoward…is_________?9.Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas_________?这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点：1.首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。2.要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。3.要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。4.要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。5.在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。推理判断题常见有以下形式：1．细节推断题要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。（2021·江西·二模）Afterbeatingbonecancer,HayleyArceneauxthinksrocketingintoorbitonSpaceX’sfirstprivateflightshouldbenoproblematall.St.JudeChildren’sResearchHospitalannouncedthe29-year-olddoctor’sassistantwillrocketintospacelaterthisyear.Arceneaux,aformerpatientatSt.Jude,willbecometheyoungestAmericaninspace,beatingNASArecord-holderSallyRidebyovertwoyears.ShewilltravelwithbusinessmanJaredIsaacman,whoisusingthespaceflightheboughttoraisemoneyforcharity.Twootheryet-to-be-chosenspaceflyerswilljointhem.Arceneauxwillbethefirstpersontolaunchwithaprosthesisanartificialdevicethatreplacesamissingorinjuredpartofthebody.Whenshewas10,ArceneauxhadanoperationatSt.Judetoreplaceherkneeandapieceofmetalwasputinherleftleg.Shestilllimpsandhasoccasionallegpain.“Mybattlewithcancerreallypreparedmeforspacetravel,”sherecentlytoldTheAssociatedPress.“Itmademetough,andthenalsoIthinkitreallytaughtmetoexpecttheunexpectedandgoalongfortheride.”Arceneauxwantstoshowheryoungpatientsandothercancersurvivorsthat“theskyisnoteventhelimitanymore.”“It’sgoingtomeansomuchtothesekidstoseeasurvivorinspace.”shesaid.IsaacmanannouncedhisspaceflightonFebruary1,promisingtoraise$200millionforSt.Jude.Astheflight’sself-appointedcommander,heofferedoneofthefourseatsaboardSpaceX’sDragonspacecrafttoSt.Jude.ThehospitalchoseArceneauxfromamongitsmanyworkerswhohadoncebeenpatients.Theideawasthatoneofthemcouldrepresentthenewgeneration,notedRickShadyac,presidentofSt.Jude’sfinancingorganization.ArceneauxwasathomeinMemphis,Tennessee,whenshegotasurprisingcallinJanuary.ShewasaskedifshewouldrepresentSt.Judeinspace.Asalifelongspacefanwholovesadventures,Arceneauxhastraveledwidelyandlovesrollercoasters.Isaacman,whofliesfighterairplanesforfun,considersheraperfectfit.ThelaunchisplannedforthisfallatNASA’sKennedySpaceCenter,withthespacecraftorbitingEarthfortwotofourdays.1．WhichstatementistrueaboutHayleyArceneaux?A．Sheworkswheresheusedtobeapatient.B．Sheisanadventurehater.C．SheistheyoungestAmericaninspace.D．Sheisthefirstwomanspaceflyer.2．What’sthecorrectorderforwhathappenedtoHayleyArceneaux?a.Shereceivedasurprisingcall.b.Shewasdiagnosedwithaseriousdisease.c.Shewaschosentorocketintospace.d.ShewasoperatedonatSt.Jude.A．acdb B．bcda C．bdac D．cabd1.【答案】A【解析】】细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句“the29-year-olddoctor'sassistant（这位29岁医生的助手）”以及第二段开头的“Arceneaux,aformerpatientatSt.Jude（阿尔西诺以前是圣犹大医院的病人）”可知她在以前住院的地方工作。故选A项。2．【答案】C【解析】】细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句“Afterbeatingbonecancer,HayleyArceneauxthinksrocketingintoorbitonSpaceX’sfirstprivateflightshouldbenoproblematall.（海莉·阿尔西诺战胜了骨癌，她认为通过太空探索技术公司的第一次私人飞行进入轨道根本不是问题。）”可知，她是在战胜骨癌之后进入太空的，我们还可判断出疾病in该是在做手术之前，所以选项b应该是在选项d之前；再根据第五段前两句“ArceneauxwasathomeinMemphis,Tennessee,whenshegotasurprisingcallinJanuary.ShewasaskedifshewouldrepresentSt.Judeinspace.（今年1月，阿塞诺在田纳西州孟菲斯的家中接到了一个令人惊讶的电话。她被问及是否愿意在太空中代表圣犹大。）”可知，她是接到电话之后被问是否愿意进入太空在飞向太空的，可判断出选项a在选项c之前。故选C项。2．因果推断题要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。（2021··二模）“Theresearchisclearthatusableknowledge--thatis,learningthatcanbetransferredtonewsituations-onlyoccurswhenindividualsareactivelymakingsenseoftheworld”(ScienceandEngineeringforGrades6-12:InvestigationandDesignattheCenter,p.57)Oneoftherecentinnovations(创新)inscienceandengineeringeducationisthecentralfocusonhavingstudentsfigureoutpuzzlingphenomenaandsolvingreal-worldproblems.Thisideabuildsondecadesofresearchonhowpeoplelearnandshiftsthefocusfrom“learningabout"asciencetopicortheengineeringdesignprocessto“figuringout”howtoexplainaphenomenontheyseeorsolvingaproblem.Withthisfocus,studentslearnideasandskillsbecausetheyrealizetheyaremissingsomeknowledgeorskillthatwouldallowthemtoanswertheirownquestions-tosatisfytheircuriosity.Students'engagementintheirownlearningisastrongpredictoroftheirachievement,andteachersoftenreportthatitisachallengetoengagestudentsinlearningwhentheyarenotfaceto-faceinaclassroom.However,bycenteringstudents'experienceonfiguringsomethingoutthattheyaregenuinelycuriousabout,scienceandengineeringlearningcanbecomethemostengagingpartofastudent'sday,eveninremotelearningenvironments.Aphenomenon-andproblem-centeredfocusprovidesopportunitiestoconnectlearningmorecloselytostudents'ownlivesandthereforetomakeitmorerelevanttothemwhentheyareathome.Ifstudentsexploreaphenomenonorproblemthattheyseeintheirownhome,neighborhood,orcommunity,theycanmoreeasilyapplythelearninginotheraspectsoftheirlives.1．Whyisthequotationputatthebeginningofthetext?A．Topopularizetheideaofabook. B．Toleadintheauthor'sconcept.C．Toarousethereaders'interest. D．Tointroducethebackground.4．Howwillstudentsbenefitfromtheinnovationinscienceandengineeringeducation?A．Theywillbecomemorecurious. B．Theywillbecomethecenterofthecourse.C．Theywillbemotivatedtolearn. D．Theywillhavebetterlearningenvironment.1．【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。根据引文的观点“Theresearchisclearthatusableknowledge--thatis,learningthatcanbetransferredtonewsituations-onlyoccurswhenindividualsareactivelymakingsenseoftheworld”（研究表明，有用的知识——即可以转移到新情况下的学习——只有在个人积极理解世界的时候才会发生）并结合最后一段作者的观点“Ifstudentsexploreaphenomenonorproblemthattheyseeintheirownhome,neighborhood,orcommunity,theycanmoreeasilyapplythelearninginotheraspectsoftheirlives.”（如果学生们探索他们在自己家里、邻居或社区中看到的现象或问题，他们就可以更容易地将学到的知识应用到生活的其他方面）可知，引文的观点与作者的观点一致，而且引自出版的著作，所以作者把这段引语放在开头是为了引出自己的观点并使之更具权威性。故选B项。4．【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段“However,bycenteringstudents'experienceonfiguringsomethingoutthattheyaregenuinelycuriousabout,scienceandengineeringlearningcanbecomethemostengagingpartofastudent'sday,eveninremotelearningenvironments.”（然而，通过将学生的体验集中在找出他们真正感兴趣的东西上，科学和工程学习可以成为学生一天中最具吸引力的一部分，即使是在远程学习环境中）可知，让学生关注实际问题，他们就会把学习与实际生活紧密相连，引发内生动力，积极参与其中。故选C项。3．人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解。做这一类题时一定注意：（1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。（2）特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词。（3）能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。（2021·河南郑州·二模）Iwaswithmymomonedayaswetookawalkwhilewindowshopping.Webothknewwewouldn'tbebuyingmuch.IrememberIwaslookingupatthepeoplewepassedaswewalked.Ladieswore5-inchheelsandbrightclothes.Menworeexpensiveperfumesandcreamsthatwipedawaythewrinklesontheirfaces.Anuneasyfeelingstartedtosettleinmychest.IcoulddenyitnolongerandIwasashamedofmymom.Wewereinahigh-classneighborhood.Welivedinasmall,expensiveapartmentbuildingattheedgeofourcounty.Momchosetomovetherebecausesheknewtheschoolsweregood.Irealizedforthefirsttimethatwedidn'tbelongthere.Icouldseetheheavylinesaroundmymom'seyesandmouth.Sheworecheapclothesandworm-outshoes.Hereyesweretiredfromworkinglonghourstomakeendsmeet,andherhairwastoograyforherage.Shewasnothingextraordinary,yetatthatmoment,shestoodoutbecauseshewasjustsoplain.Ididn'twanttobeseenwithheralthoughtherewasnooneimportantaroundtoseemeanyway.Ifeltembarrassedaboutbeingatherside.Wewerestandinginthemiddleofahigh-endstore,andshewasholdingasweater.Momsaid,“Anna,thiswilllookgoodonyou.Doyouwantit?”ItWasmuchtooexpensive,butIalmostthoughtlesslyanswered“Yes”.ThenItookacloserlookatthesmall,tiredwomanwithabigsmileandasweaterinherhands,happytobegivingmesomethingsonice.Mywordsdiedinmythroat.Herclotheswerewornandoldbecauseshespenthermoneybuyingmenewones.Shelookedsotiredbecauseshewasbusyworkingtoprovideforme.Shedidn'twearjewelryorperfumesbecauseshewascontentwithspendingwhatlittlemoneyshehadonme.Suddenly,mymomwasbeautifulandextraordinarilywonderfulinmyeyes.Iwasnolongerashamedofher,butofmyself.“Doyouwantit?”Momrepeated.“No,thanks,”Ireplied.5．Whydidtheauthordescribethepassers-bywhilewindow-shopping?A．Tostresshermotherwasplain.B．Toshowsheenviedrichpeople.C．Tosuggestshewascuriousaboutothers.D．Toindicateshewasinanexpensiveneighborhood.6．Whatmostlikelymadetheauthorfeeluneasy?A．Studyingatatopschool. B．Goingwindow-shopping.C．Beingseenwithhermom. D．Livinginasmallapartment.5．【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“Ladieswore5-inchheelsandbrightclothes.Menworeexpensiveperfumesandcreamsthatwipedawaythewrinklesontheirfaces.Anuneasyfeelingstartedtosettleinmychest.IcoulddenyitnolongerandIwasashamedofmymom.(女士们穿着5英寸高的高跟鞋和鲜艳的衣服。男人们用昂贵的香水和面霜来抹去脸上的皱纹。一种不舒服的感觉开始在我的胸膛里安定下来。我不能再否认了，我为我妈妈感到羞耻)”以及第三段中对妈妈的描述可知，作者描写逛街时要描写路人是要将母亲和穿着光鲜的人对比，而强调母亲的普通和平凡。故选A项。6．【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中“Shewasnothingextraordinary,yetatthatmoment,shestoodoutbecauseshewasjustsoplain.Ididn'twanttobeseenwithheralthoughtherewasnooneimportantaroundtoseemeanyway.(她没有什么特别的，在那一刻，她的与众不同凸显是因为她是如此平凡。我不想让人看到我和她在一起，尽管周围也没有重要的人来看我)”可以推知，最有可能让作者感到不安的是作者被看见和平凡的妈妈在一起。故选C项。（2021·山西·二模）HewasanoldmanwhofishedaloneinasmallboatintheGulfStreamandhehadgoneeighty-fourdaysnowwithouttakingafish.Inthefirstfortydaysaboyhadbeenwithhim.Butafterfortydayswithoutafishtheboy’sparentshadtoldhimthattheoldmanwasnowdefinitelyandfinallysalao,whichistheworstformofunluck,andtheboyhadgoneattheirordersinanotherboatwhichcaughtthreegoodfishthefirstweek.Itmadetheboysadtoseetheoldmancomeineachdaywithhisboatemptyandhealwayswentdowntohelpcarryeitherthefishinglinesorthespear.Thesailwasoldand,rolled,itlookedliketheflagofpermanentdefeat.Theoldmanwasverythinwithdeepwrinklesinthebackofhisneck.Thebrownspotsoftheskincancerthesunbringsfromitsreflectiononthetropicseawereonhischeeks.Thespotsranwelldownthesidesofhisfaceandhishandshadthedeepscarfromhandlingheavyfishonthethickropes.Butnoneofthesescarswerefresh.Theywereasoldaserosions(侵蚀)inafishlessdesert.Everythingabouthimwasoldexcepthiseyesandtheywerethesamecolorastheseaandwerecheerfulandundefeated.“Santiago,”theboysaidtohimastheyclimbedthebankfromwheretheboatwaspulledup.“Icouldgowithyouagain.We’vemadesomemoney.”Theoldmanhadtaughttheboytofishandtheboylovedhim.:“No,”theoldmansaid.“You’rewithaluckyboat.Staywiththem,”“Butrememberhowyouwenteighty-sevendayswithoutfishandthenwecaughtbigoneseverydayforthreeweeks.“Iremember,”theoldmansaid.“Iknowyoudidnotleavemebecauseyoudoubted.”14．Whatcanwelearnabouttheoldmaninparagraph2?A．Hewaseasy-goingandtalkative.B．Hewasheart-brokenandhelpless.C．Hewasugly-lookingbutwarm-hearted.D．Hewasweather-beatenbutstrong-willed.14．【答案】D【解析】推理判断题。从第二段“Thebrownspotsoftheskincancerthesunbringsfromitsreflectiononthetropicseawereonhischeeks.Thespotsranwelldownthesidesofhisfaceandhishandshadthedeepscarfromhandlingheavyfishonthethickropes.(他的脸颊上长着由热带海洋的阳光反射而来的皮肤癌棕色斑点。伤疤从他的脸的两侧一直延伸下去，他的双手也留下了用粗绳钓大鱼时留下的深深的伤疤)”中老人的外貌描写来看，老人是饱经风霜的；从第二段最后一句“Everythingabouthimwasoldexcepthiseyesandtheywerethesamecolorastheseaandwerecheerfulandundefeated.(他身上的一切都显得苍老了，除了那双眼睛，它们像大海一样蓝，是愉快的，永不气馁的)”可知，老人虽然苍老，但是意志坚定，永不气馁。所以D选项“Hewasweather-beatenbutstrong-willed.(他饱经风霜，但意志坚强)”最能概括老人的形象。故选D项。（2021·河北邯郸·二模）It'snotoftentoseeawomanwho’ssevenmonthspregnantrunningamarathon.ButBeatieDeutschisanythingbuttypical.The30-year-oldmotheroffiveisrankedasoneofthetopwomenmarathonrunnersintheworldand,asoftoday,hasqualifiedforthe32ndSummerOlympics.Whatimpressespeoplemoredeeplyisthat,unlikemanyOlympichopefulswhohavebeentrainingtheirwholelives,Deutschonlytookuprunningfouryearsago.Whydidshetrainforamarathon?"Iwasreallyoutofshapeafterhavingfivekids,"shesaid."SoIsetthegoalformyselfofrunningamarathonandthathelpedme.Ineededsomethingtobemotivatedtogetoutthereandtraineveryday.Ididn'teverexpectittotakemetothis."TheIsraelipresshasbeentrackingherwithpride,callingher"SpeedyBeatie".Hopingtoaddmorepurposetohernewfoundfame,DeutschusesherrunningasawaytoraisemoneyforacharityBeitDaniella.Thisnonprofitorganizationprovidesarecoverycenterforyouthswhoarestrugglingwithmentalhealthissues.Thatmission（使命）ishelpingfuelherOlympicdreams.AttheTiberiasMarathonlastmonth,Deutschwasthefastestwomanintherace.ThispastSeptember,shefinishedtheCapeTownMarathonintwohoursandthirty-sixminutes.That'safewminutesshyofherpersonalbestoftwohoursandtwenty-nineminutes,atimethatqualifiesherfortheOlympics.ShewilltrytoshaveevenmoretimeoffwhenshecompetesintheRotterdamMarathonthisApril.It'sremarkableforsomeonewhostartedherathleticcareerinherlate20s."Ialwaystellpeopletohavebigdreams,andsethugegoals.Don'tgetcaughtupintheplacewherewearerightnowandhavetunnelvisionandarelimitedinwhatweseeofourselves,"saidDeutsch,whonowtravelstheworldasamotivationalspeaker.18．WhichwordcanbestdescribeDeutsch?A．Creative. B．Caring.C．Modest. D．Adaptable.18．【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段“Hopingtoaddmorepurposetohernewfoundfame,DeutschusesherrunningasawaytoraisemoneyforacharityBeitDaniella.”

可知，Deutsch希望让她的名誉增加新的意义，她跑马拉松来为慈善机构BeitDaniella募集资金，因此可知，她非常有爱心，故选B。（2021·辽宁·模拟预测）Softrobots,whichcanmovearoundtheoceanwithoutharmingsealife,areidealforunderwaterexploration.However,theyarenotsowelcomeinrobotmarketbecausetheyareextremelyslowandhaveahardtimeoperatingthroughthewater.Butthatmaychangesoonthankstoaself-drivensoftrobotcreatedbyresearchersattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego.Therecently-developedrobot,whichresemblesapaperlantern,wasprimarilybuiltusingsoftmaterials.Itsflexibleribsareattachedtoacircularplateatbothends.Anadjustablenozzle(喷嘴)fittedononesidehelpsdrawinandjet(射出)watereachtimetherobotshrinks.Theresultingjetsofwaterenableittoswimforward,similartoasquid(乌贼).Aplateholdsawaterproofcomponentthatcanhouseacameratorecorddata,whichisofgreatvaluetofurtherdevelopmentoftherobot.Italsohasitsownpowersource,allowingittofloatautonomouslyforlongperiodsoftime.“Essentially,werecreatedallthekeyfeaturesthatsquidsuseforhigh-speedswimming.Thisisthefirstrobotthatcanachievethesejetsofwaterbychangingitsbodyshape,whichimprovesswimmingefficiency,”saidProfessorMichaelT.Thoughthesquidrobothasnotbeentestedinopenwaters,itsuccessfullyswamaroundcoralandfishinalargetankintheUCSanDiegoBirchAquarium.What’smore,therobotclockedanimpressivespeedof18to32centimeterspersecond,orabouthalfamileperhour.Thoughnowhereclosetorealsquids,itisfasterthanmostothersoftrobots.“Afterwewereabletoimprovethedesignoftherobotsothatitwouldswiminatankinthelab,itwasespeciallyexcitingtoseethattherobotwasabletosuccessfullyswiminalargetankamongcoralandfish,showingitspossibilityforreal-worldapplications,”saidCalebChristianson,wholedthestudyaspartofhisPh.Dpaper.24．What’sCalebChristianson’sattitudetowardsthenewly-developedrobot?A．Positive. B．Critical. C．Uncaring. D．Doubtful.24．【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“itwasespeciallyexcitingtoseethattherobotwasabletosuccessfullyswiminalargetankamongcoralandfish,showingitspossibilityforreal-worldapplications(尤其令人兴奋的是，看到这个机器人能够成功地在一个大水族箱的珊瑚和鱼中游泳，展示了它在现实世界中被应用的可能性)”可知，CalebChristianson表示看到这种新型软体机器人能在水族箱中成功地游泳是一件很令人兴奋的事，这也展示了它在现实世界中被应用的可能性。因此，CalebChristianson对这种新型软体机器人持积极的态度。故选A项。4．篇章结构推断题根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。（2021·山东潍坊·二模）Mostparentscanremembertheartfulmixofexcitementandanxietyaccompanyingthechoiceoftheirbaby’sname—itwillfollowthechildhisorherentirelife.Buttheeffectcouldbeevenmoresignificant.InresearchrecentlypublishedintheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,ourresearchteamshowsthatthestereotype(模式思维)thatagivensocietyhasofafirstnamecaninfluencethewaypeoplelook.Ineightstudies,wefoundthatparticipantsshownID-stylephotosofpeoplethey’dnevermetwereabletorecognizethefirstnameofthedescribedpersonwellabovethechancelevel.Inotherwords,thereissomethingaboutanEmilythat…justlookslikeanEmily.IfanEmilyreallydoeslooklikeanEmily,evenacomputershouldbeabletoguesshertruename.Thecomputerwasevenabletoproducea“heatmap”foreachname,afacewiththefeaturesthat“betray”apersoncarryingthatnameshowninredororangecolors.Howshouldweunderstandthiseffect?Untilnow,socialpsychologistsknewthatourfacialappearanceinfluencestheextenttowhichothersperceiveusasattractive,intelligent,trustworthyorwarm.Thesestudiesshowthatothers’perceptionsofourfirstnamearereflectedinourfaces.Interestingly,theface-nameeffectoccursevenifwecanonlyseethehairofaperson.Ourhairispossiblythepartofourfacethatwecontrolwiththemostease.Thefactthatthisalonecanproducethefacenameeffectfurtherillustratesthesuspectedself-fulfillingmechanismbehindit.Together,theeightstudiessuggestthatwewearoursocialbelongingonourface,andthatweactivelyshapeourfeaturestoberecognizedbyourreferencegroup.Choosingbabynamesremainsexciting.Whateverthefirstnameyougivetoyourchild,heorshewillendupwearingit.28．Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext?P=ParagraphA． B．C． D．28．【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。第一段是引出本文论述主旨：人们对名字的刻板印象会影响人们的长相；第二、三、四讲述的是8项研究的现象分析；最后一段是总结实验结果，重申论述观点。所以本文是总分总结构。故选A。5．文章结论推断题由具体到一般，对已知的事实进行归纳总结性推断称为结论。【2021全国甲卷C篇】WhenIwas9,wepackedupourhomeinLosAngelesandarrivedatHeathrow,LondononagrayJanuarymorning.Everyoneinthefamilysettledquicklyintothecityexceptme.Withoutmybelovedbeachesandendlessblue-skydays,Ifeltatalossandoutofplace.UntilImadeadiscovery.Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.Itmeantdon'tworryaboutit.Once,whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam（橫杆）,Ifellontothestones,damaginganerveinmyhand,andTobycameover,helpingmeup:Safe,man.Safe.Afewminuteslater,whenIlandedthetrick,myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud,shouting:

"Safe!Safe!Safe!"

Andthat'swhatmattered—landingtricks,beingagoodskater.WhenIwas15,myfamilymovedtoWashington.Itriedskateboardingthere,butthelocalswerefarlesswelcoming.Withinacoupleofyears,I'dgivenitup.WhenIreturnedtoLondonin2004,IfoundmyselfwanderingdowntoSouthbank,spendinghoursthere.I'vetraveledbackseveraltimessince,mostrecentlythispastspring.Thedaywascoldbutclear;touristsandLondonersstoppedtowatchtheskaters.Weaving（穿梭）amongthekidswhorushedbyontheirboards,Ifoundmywaytothebeam.Thenarail-thinteenager,inabaggywhiteT-shirt,skidded（滑）uptothebeam.Hesatnexttome.Heseemednottonoticethemannexttohim.ButsoonIcaughtafewofhisglances."Iwasalocalhere20yearsago,"Itoldhim.Then,slowly,hebegantonodhishead."Safe,man.Safe.”"Yeah,"Isaid.“Safe."4.Whatmessagedoestheauthorseemtoconveyinthetext?A.Childrenshouldlearnasecondlanguage.B.Sportisnecessaryforchildren'shealth.C.Childrenneedasenseofbelonging.D.Seeingtheworldismustforchildren.4.【答案】C【解析】写作意图题。根据题干关键词"seemtoconvey"定位可以判断题目是总结作者写作意图。根据选项关键词，A，asecondlanguageB，Sportchildren'shealthC，Children，senseofbelonging（归属感）D，Seeingtheworld可以得知本文是怀念童年时光，所以C项最合适。故选C项。（2021·浙江·三模）Inmanycultures,itisconsideredunluckytospillsalt.Fortunately,manyculturesalsohaveasolutiontotheproblem,whichusuallyinvolvesthrowingapinchofsaltoveryourshoulder.Itmayseemconfusingtomodernhumans,butknowingthatsaltwasonceincrediblyvaluablecanchangethisperspective.Forthousandsofyears,saltwasanextremelyrarecommodity.Itwasdifficulttoobtainsothatthepricewasveryhigh.Manytradingroutesweresetuptocarrysalt,peoplewerepaidinsalt,andsaltwassometimesworthmorethanitsweightingold.Therefore,spillingsaltwasconsideredwasteful.Becauseofitshighvalue,saltwasalsoassociatedwithfriendshipandgoodfortune.Offeringsofsaltwereincludedinmanyreligiousceremonies,andpeoplemightbringsalttoanewhomeforgoodluck.Theseassociationswouldhavesuggestedthatitwouldbebadlucktospillsalt,sinceitwouldseemtoviolatesalt’sfortunateproperties.Saltisalsoanexcellentpreservative.Itpreventsfoodfromgoingbad.Assuch,itcametobelinkedwithhealthandlongevity.Insomecultures,spillingsaltwasthoughttoreduceone'swell-being.InBritain,forexample,eachspilledgrainwassaidtorepresentatear,whileinGermanyspilledsaltawakenedthedevil,bringingmisfortune.ThefearofspillingsaltwasalsoadoptedintotheChristianfaith.ItissaidthatJudasspilledsaltattheLastSupper,andsincehelaterturnedouttobethebetrayerofChrist,spilledsaltisconsideredunluckybymanyChristians.Shouldyoubeunfortunateenoughtospillsalt,youmightthrowapinchoveryourleftshouldertoblindtheDevil.31．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?A．Tointroducethehistoryofsalt. B．Toshowwaystoavoidmisfortune.C．Toexplainthebeliefsaboutspillingsalt. D．Toentertainreaderswithsomeanecdotes.31．【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Inmanycultures,itisconsideredunluckytospillsalt.Fortunately,manyculturesalsohaveasolutiontotheproblem,whichusuallyinvolvesthrowingapinchofsaltoveryourshoulder.Itmayseemconfusingtomodernhumans,butknowingthatsaltwasonceincrediblyvaluablecanchangethisperspective.(在许多文化中，洒盐被认为是不吉利的。幸运的是，许多文化也有解决这个问题的办法，通常是在你身后洒一撮盐。这可能让现代人感到困惑，但知道盐曾经非常有价值可以改变这种看法)”结合文章主要介绍了世界上一些关于洒盐的观念以及应对方法。由此推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是解释一些关于洒盐的信仰。故选C。读者对象题（2021·江苏南通·三模）CourseAdvisor1EducationSalesExecutiveWouldyoubeinterestedinjoiningasupportiveandfriendlyteamwithasharedpassionforsellingtheirexcitingportfolioofcourses?TheOrganization:Itisaninternationalnetworkthatoffersawidevarietyofprograms,includingbachelor’sdegreeprograms,master'sdegreeprograms,professionaltraining,EnglishLanguagetraining.andcorporate&executiveeducation.Whensomeonechoosestostudyatoneoftheirinstitutions---whetheroncampusinEurope,NorthAmerica,orevenintheirownhomethey'rejoininganetworkofover50,000studentsworldwide.TheRole:CourseadvisersareresponsibleforpromotingtheCompany'sprogramportfoliotopotentialstudentsoverthephoneandviae-mail,formingavitalandintegralpartofthesalesteam.Youwillhaveanaturalgiftforsalesandrelationship-building,andahungertoexceed(超出)targetsandexpectations.Benefits:TheCompanyoffersexcellentopportunitiesforfasttrackcareerprogressionwhichisentirelyperformancedriven.Theyrewardtopperformersgivingyoutheopportunitytoearnaswellasprogress.Requirements:PleaseclickontheAPPLYbuttontosendyourCVandCoverLetterforthisrole.TheCompanyisanequalopportunitiesemployerandpositivelyencouragesapplicationsfromsuitablyqualifiedandeligiblecandidatesregardlessofsex,race,disability,age,orreligionorbelief.Norecordofcrimeisamust.3．Whoisthetextintendedfor?A．ThosewhowanttopolishtheirEnglish. B．Thosewhotrytodeveloptheirprograms.C．Thosewhoneedtoadvancetheirdegrees. D．Thosewhoaregoodatpromotingproducts.3．【答案】D【解析】推理判断题。通读全文，并结合第一段“Wouldyoubeinterestedinjoiningasupportiveandfriendlyteamwithashar