高考英语阅读理解之细节理解题学案

2024年高考英语阅读理解之细节理解题一、题型特点与命题方式细节题，一般包括直接信息题和语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行比对、转换、计算、排序等。常见题干有：When/Wheredidthestoryhappen?Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)correct?What

istherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage?

Peoplearelookingforbetterwaysto

____

二、正误选项分析通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征：1、对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。2、词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。（改变主被动的语态，不是改变时态。改变时态的选项往往错误）3、语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化或综合提炼，成为正确答案。4、正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。

干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征：1、将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。2、把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。3、无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。4、偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。5、文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。

三、考查学生能力：扫读能力，原文定位能力，英文语言理解和转化能力

Cattlehaveservedhumanitysinceprehistoric(史前)daysasbeastsofburdenandassupplierofleather,meat,andmilk.Someoftheearliestwrittenrecordsconcernthesaleofcattle.Thesevaluableanimalsareunusualinthattheydonothavefrontteethintheirupperjaw.Insteadtheychewwiththeirbackteethandgums(齿龈).Cowsswallowtheirfoodquicklyandstoreitinthefatstomachorrumen,thefirstofthefourpartmentsstomachsintheir

body.

Questions:Accordingtothepassage,whatistherumen?

A.Thefirststomachpartment.

B.Thenameoftheupperjaw.

C.Thestomachwheredigestion(消化)takesplace.

D.Thenameofthebacteria(细菌)inthecow'sstomach.

LifeonLandLifeonlandprobablybeganabout430millionyearsago,thoughithasexistedinthewaterforperhapsaslongas3000millionyears.Whenwethinkofthefirstlifeonland,weprobablythinkofstrangeanimalsingoutoftheoceans,but,infact,noanimalscouldhavebeenlivingifplantshadnotbeenonlandfirst.Plantshadtobeonlandbeforeanimalsarrived.Theysuppliedthefirstlandanimalswiththesurroundingandfoodnecessary,sincetheytheplantsaretheonlyformoflifethatisabletogetandstoreenergy.

Thefirstplantstoexistoutofthewaterwereprobablycertainkindsofalgae(海藻)whichwerefollowedbyotherplantsthatgrewclosetothegroundandneededwaterinwhichtoreproduce.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?A.Algaehaveexistedformorethan430millionyears.B.Itisimpossiblethatalgaemightbetheearliestplantonland.

C.Plantsgetfoodfromanimalsintheoceans.

D.Evolutionbeganafteranimalsappearedonland.真题演练：

【考例分析1】Formanyparents,raisingateenagerislikefightingalongwar,

butyearsgobywithoutanyclearwinner.Likeaborderconflictbetweenneighboringcountries,

theparentteenwarisaboutboundaries:WhereisthelinebetweenwhatIcontrolandwhatyoudo?

（湖北卷·B篇）Whydoestheauthorparetheparentteenwartoaborderconflict?A.Bothcancontinueforgenerations

B.BothareaboutwheretodrawthelineC.Neitherhasanyclearwinner

D.Neithercanbeputtoanend

【考例分析2】

Theresearchersstudiedculturaldifferencesintherecognitionoffacialexpressionsbyrecordingtheeyemovementsof13WesternCaucasianand13EastAsianpeoplewhiletheyobservedpicturesofexpressivefacesandputthemintocategories:happy,sad,surprised,fearful,disgusted,angry,orneutral.Theyparedhowaccuratelyparticipantsreadthosefacialexpressionsusingtheirparticulareyemovementstrategies.

（湖南卷·C）Whatwerethepeopleaskedtodointhestudy?A.Tomakeafaceateachother.

B.Togettheirfacesimpressive.C.Toclassifysomefacepictures.

D.Toobservetheresearchers’faces.

【考例分析3】

ConfuciussuggestedRuleasaprinciplefortheconductof“Donotdotootherswhatyouwouldnotwantotherstoyou.”Heassumedthatallmenwereequalatbirth,thoughsomepotentialthanothers,andthatitwasknowledgethatsetmenapart.Socratesfocusedonindividual,andthoughtthatthegreatestpurposeofmanwastoseekwisdom.Hebelievedthatsomehadmorepotentialtodeveloptheirreasonthanothersdid.LikeConfucius,hebelievedthatthesuperiorclassshouldruletheinferior(下层的)classes.

（江西卷·C）SocratessharedwithConfuciustheideathat

.A.allmenwereequalwhentheywerebornB.thelowerclassesshouldberuledbytheupperclassC.thepurposeofmanwastoseekfreedomandwisdomD.peopleshouldnotaskotherstodowhattheydidnotwantto

【考例分析4】SinceBeijing'sfirstskiresortwasopenedtenyearsago,thesporthasenjoyedastonishingincrease.Therearenowmorethanadozenresorts.Clothesmarketsinthecity

haveaddedbrightcoloredskisuitstotheirwintercollections.Mr.Wei,amanagerofanewlyopenedskiresortinBeijing,seesthegrowthofanindustrythatcouldsoonleadChinesetoheadfortheskiresortsofEurope.InrecentyearsskiresortsofferingnaturalsnowhaveopenedinChina.Butmanyareinfarawayareasofthecountryandcan'treallymatchtheequipmentandservicesofsomeskiresortsinEurope.

（全国卷II·C）WhyaresomeChineselikelytogoskiinginEurope?A.Tovisitmoreskiareas.

B.Toskionnaturalsnow.C.Foralargecollectionofskisuits.

D.Forbetterservicesandequipment.

【考例分析5】Helongsforconversationswithaneditorwhowillhelphimturnhisgoodideasintogreatones.Hewantssomeonetogetexcitedaboutwhathe'sdoingandtohelphimturnhisstoryideaupsidedownandinsideout,exploringthebestwaystoreportit.Hewantstobemorevaluableforyourpaper.That'swhatyouwantforhim,too,isn'tit?(北京卷·B)Whatdoesthereporterwantmostfromhiseditorsintheirtalks?

A.Findingthenewsvalueofhisstories.

B.Givinghimfinancialsupport.

C.Helpinghimtofindissues.

D.Improvinghisgoodideas

【考例分析6】ButParbatidoesn’tcatchelephantsjustforfun.“Mywork,”shesays,“istorescuemanfromtheelephants,andtokeeptheelephantssafefromman.”AndthisisexactlywhatParbatihasbeendoingformanyyears.Increasingly,theIndianelephantisangry:formanyyears,illegalhuntershaveattackeditanditshomeinthejunglehasbeenreducedtosmallpiecesofland.Itisnowfightingback.Wheneverwildelephantsenterateagardenoravillage,Parbatiiscalledtoguidetheanimalsbacktothejunglebeforetheycankill.

（上海卷·A）ForParbati,catchingelephantsismainlyto

.

A.getlonglastingexcitement

B.keepbothmanandelephantssafe

C.sendthembacktothejungle

D.maketheangryelephantstame

【考例分析7】Parbatihasn’talwayslivedinthejungle.Afterahappychildhoodhuntingwithherfather,shewassenttoboardingschoolinthecity.ButParbatinevergotusedtobeingthereandmanyyearslatershewentbacktoheroldlife.“Lifeinthecityistoodull.Catchingelephantsisanadventureandtheexcitementlastsfordaysafterthechase,”shesays.

（上海卷·A）BeforeParbatistudiedinaboardingschool,__.

A.shespenthertimehuntingwithherfather

B.shelearnedhowtosinglovesongs

C.shehadalreadybeencalledanelephantprincess

D.shewastaughthowtohunttigers

【考例分析8】Itishardlysurprisingthatclothingmanufacturers

（生产商）followcertainuniformstandardsforvariousfeatures

ofclothes.Whatseemsstrange,however,isthatthestandardadoptedforwomenistheoppositeoftheoneformen.Takealookatthewayyourclothesbutton.Men’sclothestendtobuttonfromtheright,andwomen’sfromtheleft.Consideringmostoftheworld’spopulationmenandwomenarerighthanded,themen’sstandardwouldappeartomakemoresenseforwomen.Sowhydowomen’sclothesbuttonfromtheleft?(重庆卷·C)Whatissurprisingaboutthestandardoftheclothingindustry?A.Ithasbeenfollowedbytheindustryforover400years.B.Itisdifferentformen’sclothingandwomen’s.C.Itworksbetterwithmenthanwithwomen.D.Itfailstoconsiderrighthandedpeople.

【考例分析9】

TheengineerCamilloOlivettiwas40yearsoldwhenhestartedthepanyin1908.AthisfactoryinIvera,hedesignedandproducedthefirstItaliantypewriter.Todaythepany’sheadofficeisstillinIvrea,nearTurin,butthepanyismuchlargerthanitwasinthosedaysandthereareofficesallaroundtheworld.

By1930therewasastaffof700andthepanyturnedout13,000machinesayear.SomewenttocustomersinItaly,butOlivettiexportedmoretypewriterstoothercountries.(安徽卷·A)Fromthetextwelearnthat__________.A.by1930Olivettiproduced13,000typewritersayearB.Olivettiearnedmoreinthe1960sthaninthe1950sC.someofOlivetti's700staffregularlyvisitedcustomersinItalyD.Olivettisetupofficesinothercountriesfromtheverybeginning

【考例分析10】AfterWorldWarⅡ,thepopulationofmostlargeAmericancitiesdecreased;however,thepopulationinmanySunBeltcitiesincreased.LosAngelesandHoustonarecitieswherepopulationshifts（转移）toandfromthecityreflectthechangingvaluesofAmericansociety.Inthelate1940sandearly1950s,cityresidents（居民）becamewealthier.Theyhadmorechildrensotheyneededmorespace.Theymovedoutoftheirapartmentsinthecitytobuytheirownhomes.Theyboughthousesinthesuburbs（郊区）.(安徽卷·C)WhydidAmericancityresidentswanttoliveinthesuburbsafterWorldWarⅡ?A.BecauseolderAmericancitiesweredying.B.Becausetheywerericherandneededmorespace.C.Becausecitiescontainedtheworstpareofsociety.D.Becausetheycouldhardlyaffordaliveinthecity.

答案：A

A1.选B。细节理解题。由最后两句:两者相似之处都是关于界线。2.

选C。细节理解题。由第一句…theyobservedpicturesof

ex