2023年职称英语考试真题及答案(理工类B级)

2023年职称英语考试真题及答案(理工类Bcreatesasoundwaveinaroomoranauditorium(礼堂)，listenershearthesoundwavedirectlyfromthesource.Theyalsohearthereflectionsasthesoundbouncesoffthewalls,floor,andceiling.Thesearecalledthereflectedwaveorreverberantsoundwhichcanbeheardevenafterthesoundisnolongercomingfromthesource.Thereverberationtimeofanauditoriumisdeterminedbythevolumeorinteriorsizeoftheauditorium.Itisalsodeterminedbyhowwellorhowpoorlythewalls,ceiling,floor,andcontentsoftheroom(includingthepeople)absorbsound.Thereisnoidealreverberationtime.Thefull-soundperformanceofmusicsuchasWagneroperasorMahlersymphoniesshouldhavealongreverberationtime.Thelight,rapidmusicalpassagesofBachorMozartneedareverberationtimesomewherebetween.Acousticproblemsoftenarecausedbypoorauditoriumdesign.Smooth,curved)reflectingsurfacescreatelargereflectionsParallel)wallsreflectsoundbackandforth,creatingarapid,repetitivepulsing(有节奏的跳动)effect.Largepillars(柱)andcornerscancauseacousticshadowsasthesoundwavestrytopassaroundtheobject.Someoftheseproblemscanbesolvedbyusingabsorbersandrelectorstochangethereverberationtimeofaroom.Forexample,hanginglargereflectors,calledclouds,overtheperformerswillallowsomesoundfrequenciestoreflectandotherstopassyoachieveapleasingmixtureofsound.ThisPassageismainlyaboutAsoundwavesandtheiracousticeffect.BthetypesofmusicorchestrasplaywallsofanauditoriumthedesignofanauditoriumWagneroperasandMahlersymphoniessoundfullerinanauditoriumwith~2/3~AashortreverberationtimeBalongreverberationtimeCanintermediatereverberationtimeDnoreverberationtimeThispassagesuggeststhatagoodauditoriumshouldAachieveapleasingmixtureofsoundBgetridofallreflectionsCnothaveabsorbers.DhavesmoothsurfacesLargepillarsandcornersmayAmakesoundrichandfullbecuresforsoundproblemsCbesourcesofsoundproblemsDfunctionaswellascloudsTheword“acoustic“inthelastparagraphhassomethingtodowithAperformanceBMusicCsoundDnoiseSmartWindowWindowsnotonlyletlightintocutdownanelectricityuseforlighting，butthelightcomingthroughthewindowalsoprovidesheat.However，windowsarenotsomethingpeopletypicallyassociatewithbeingacuttingedge1technology.Researchersarenowworkingonnewtechnologiesthatenableawindowtoquicklychangefromcleartodarkandanywhereinbetweenwithaflipofaswitch2.“Ittookusalongtimetofigureoutwhatawindowreallyis,”saysClaesGranqvist.He’saprofessorofsolid-statephysicsatUppsalaUniversityinSweden3.“It’scontactwiththeoutsideworld.Youhavetohavevisualcontactwiththesurroundingworldtofeelwell.”So，windowsandnaturallightareimportantforimprovingthewaypeoplefeelwhenthey’restuckindoors.Yet，windowsaretheweaklinkinabuildingwhenitcomestoenergyandtemperaturecontrol.Inthewintercoldairleaksin.Whenlotsofheatandenergy.Andallofthisextraheatforcespeopletoturnontheirairconditioners.Producingblastsofcoldair，whichcanfeelsorefreshing，actuallysuckupenormousamountsofelectricityinbuildingsaroundtheworld.Windowshavebeenamajorfocusofenergyresearchforalongtime.Overtheyears，scientistshavecomeupwithavarietyofstrategiesforcoating，glazing，andlayeringwindowstomakethemmoreenergyefficient.Smartwindowsgoastepfurther.Theyusechromogenictechnologieswhichinvolvechangesofcolor.Electrochromicwindowsuseelectricitytochangecolor.Forexample，asheetofglasscoatedwiththinlayersofchemicalcompoundsuchastungstenoxideworksabitlikeabattery.Tungstenoxideisclearwhenanelectricchargeisappliedanddarkwhenthedarkafterallelectricityistakenaway.Soapplyingavoltagedetermineswhetherthewindowlooksclearordark.Oneimportantfeaturethatmakesasmartwindowsosmartisthatithasasortof“memory.”Allittakesisasmalljoltofvoltagetoturnthewindowfromonestatetotheother.Then，itstaysthatway.Transitionstakeanywherefrom10secondstoafewminutes，dependingonthesizeofthewindow.Thedevelopmentofsmartwindowscouldmeanthatmassiveairconditioningsystemsmaynolongerneed.“Inthefuture,”Granqvistsays,“ourbuildingsmaylookdifferent.”练习：Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesnotindicatetheimportanceofwindowsasdescribedinthefirsttwoparagraphs?AWindowscanchangefromcleartodarktosaveenergy.BWindowshelptosaveenergybylettinglightin.Windowshelptosaveenergybyprovidingheat.DWindowsenablepeopletohavecontactwiththeoutsideworld.Whenarewindowstheweaklinkinabuilding?AInthecoldwinter.Inthehotsummer.Whenairconditionersareturnedon.DBothAandB.Whataresmartwindows，accordingtoParagraph4?AWindowsthatarecoated.Windowsthatareglazed.Windowsthecolorofwhichcanbechanged.DWindowsthathavemanylayers.Tomakeelectrochromicwindowschangecolor，whatisappliedtothewindowglass?AElectricity.BTungstenoxide.CAbattery.DAvoltage.Whatwillhethebenefitiftheresearchonsmartwindowsturnsouttobesuccessful，accordingtothelastparagraph?AThebuildingswilllookdifferent.Windowscanbeaslargeasyouwant.Wemaynotneedairconditionersanymore.Theyarelessexpensivethantraditionalwindows.词汇：flipn.v.用手指轻弹，轻击tungstenoxideairconditioner空调(器)joltn.v.震摇，颠簸，晃动refreshingadj.使人清爽的electrochromicadj.电致变色的glazev.装玻璃，用玻璃掩盖voltagen.电压chromogenicadj.发色的airconditioning解释：edge：本意为“(刀片的)刃口，刀刃”;比方意为“最先anywhereinbetweenwithaflipofaswitch：就在开或关的一霎那。UppsalaUniversityinSweden：瑞典的乌普萨拉大学。乌普萨拉是瑞典东部一座城市，位于斯德哥尔摩的西北方向。答案与题解：A第一段告知我们窗户由于让阳光进入房间，并且为房间供给热源，所以节约了能源。其次段说，窗户使人们能接触外部世界。所以B、CDA选择。D短文第三段的第一句说：windowsaretheweaklinkinabuildinDC第四段告知我们，多年来，科学家已争论出多种通过窗户节能smartwindowsC确选择。B第五段其次句供给了答案。asheetofglasscoatedwiththinlayersofchemicalcompoundsuchastungstenoxidecoated“涂上一层薄薄的……”的意思。C理工类BWarmerClimateWillBakeTropicalBugsGlobalwarmingcouldcooktropicalinsects,withunpredictableknock-oneffects,sayresearcherswhowarnthatrisingtemperaturesalso(51)tropicalfrogs,lizards(蜥蜴).Temperaturesare(52)toincreasemuchfasterintemperateandpolarregionsthaninthetropics.Butno-onehadlookedathowwarmingwouldaffectinsectsandothercold-bloodedanimals(53)hadevolvedintropicalregionswithlittletemperaturevariation.CurtisDeutschattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngelesandcolleaguesanalyseddata(54)insectsurvivalandreproductionfor38speciesindifferentecosystems,andthenestimatedhowthesevalueswould(55)withpredictionsofclimatechangeforthe21stcentury.Theteamfoundthatthereproductive(56)oftropicalinsectstendstopeakveryclosetothetemperatureswheretheynormallylive,but(57)sharplyathighertemperatures.Thismeansthatcrankinguptheheatonlyasmallamountcanexertaheavytoll,leavinginsectsunabletoreproduce(58)enoughtokeepuptheirnumbers.TemperaturetoleranceTemperateinsectsreproducewelloverabroaderrange,anddonotliveas(59)totheirthermallimit,sotheycanreproducesuccessfullywhentheirclimatewarmsmorethaninthetropics.“Tropicalinsectsdoverywellinanarrowbandoftemperatures,butmovethemabovethat(60)andtheydie,”saysteammemberJoshTewksburyoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle.Theheartofthe(61)istemperaturetolerance.emperate-zoneinsectshaveevolvedtosurvivethemuchbroadertemperatureswingsofseasonalclimates,thanhavetheirtropicalrelatives.The(62)appearsworseforanimalsthatliveinhotstableclimateofthelowerlevelsoftropicalforests.Lizardsinclearareascanfindshadetocooldown,butthoselivingintheforestarealreadyinthe(63),andther’snotmuchtheycandotogetcooler,Deutschs