新时代核心英语教程写作2教学课件U13

oreurriculum新时代核心英语教程写作213UNITDefinitionDefinitioncirculardefinition循环定义extendeddefinition延伸定义KeyTermsformaldefinition正式定义informaldefinition非正式定义synonymdefinition同义词定义MainContentsStrategiesfororganizingadefinitionessaySampleappreciationStrategiesforusingdefinition2.UsingandorganizingdifferentpatternsofdevelopmenttowriteadefinitionessayDifficultPoints1.AvoidingthethreefrequenterrorsingivingdefinitionsDefinethefollowingwordsaccordingtotherequirementsinparentheses.Activity11.abdomen(synonymdefinition)Abdomenmeansstomach.Definethefollowingwordsaccordingtotherequirementsinparentheses.Activity12.courage(informaldefinition)Courageisastrongdesiretolivetakingtheformofreadinesstodie.Definethefollowingwordsaccordingtotherequirementsinparentheses.Activity13.stylistics(formaldefinition)Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticsdevotedtothestudyofhowpeopleuselanguage,talkingorwritingtodifferentpeople,ondifferentsubjectmatters,atdifferenttimes,indifferentplacesandfordifferentpurposes,inshortindifferentsocio-situationalcontexts.Definethefollowingwordsaccordingtotherequirementsinparentheses.Activity14.poverty(formaldefinitionandinformaldefinition)Fml.:Povertyisthestateofhavingverylittlemoneywithwhichtobuyone’sbasicneeds.Definethefollowingwordsaccordingtotherequirementsinparentheses.Activity14.poverty(formaldefinitionandinformaldefinition)Infml.: (1)Povertyisaconditionyoutrytohidewhileyouexperienceit,butbragaboutafterwards.(2)Povertyisaneconomicconditionthatpreventsyoufromgoinganywhere—exceptintodebt.Definethefollowingwordsaccordingtotherequirementsinparentheses.Activity15.patriotism(extendeddefinition)Patriotismmeansworkinghardtomakethemotherlandstrongandprosperous.Forastudent,patriotismmeanstostudyhardtoacquiresufficientknowledgesothathecanusescienceandtechnologytostrengthenhiscountry’seconomy.Definethefollowingwordsaccordingtotherequirementsinparentheses.Activity15.patriotism(extendeddefinition)Cont.Forasoldier,patriotismisstrictmilitarytrainingsoastobereadyatalltimestosafeguardstatesovereigntyandterritorialintegrity.Foraworkerorafarmer,patriotismstandsformakinghisbesteffortstoincreaseproducts.Definethefollowingwordsaccordingtotherequirementsinparentheses.Activity15.patriotism(extendeddefinition)Cont.Sopeopleofdifferentoccupationshavedifferentwaystolovetheircountry,buttheyallshareacommonaim,thatis,toreinforcetheirself-qualitiesandtoenhancetheirnationalpower.StrategiesforusingdefinitionStrategiesforusingdefinitionDefinitioncanbeusedasadominantorsupportivepatternofessaydevelopmentwithseveralstrategies.StrategiesforusingdefinitionSynonymdefinitionsarenotofmuchuseiftheymovefromonelittle-knownwordtoanother.definevacillateasoscillatedefinevacillateaswaverMovefromunfamiliarwordstofamiliarwordswhengiving

synonymdefinitions√XCirculardefinitionOverlynarrowdefinitionOverlybroaddefinitionAvoidthreeerrorswhengivingformaldefinitionsCirculardefinitionThethirdpartthatdistinguishesawordfromothermembersoftheclassshouldnotincludethewordbeingdefined.ThestatementsVacillatemeanshavingthequalitiesorcharacteristicsofvacillationandAdieticianisapersonwhostudiesdiets

goincircles.OverlynarrowdefinitionThesecondpart(theclass)ofaformaldefinitionshouldnotbetoonarrow.Atypicalexampleofoverlynarrowdefinitionis:Apoemistwoormorerhymedlineswrittentoexpressanidea,mood,oremotion.OverlybroaddefinitionTheclassthatidentifiestheterminaformaldefinitionshouldnotbetoobroad,either.Atypicalexampleofoverlybroaddefinitionis:Anelephantisdefinedasalargewildanimalwithfourlegs.AvoidusingungrammaticalstructuresMixedstructures(suchas…iswhenand…iswhere)areungrammaticalandthusshouldbeavoided.Inappropriate:Blindambitioniswhenyouwanttogetahead,nomatterhowmuchotherpeoplearehurt.Revised:Blindambitioniswantingtogetahead,notmatterhowmuchotherpeoplearehurt.Usethepatternsofdevelopmenteitherindividuallyorincombinationwhenformulatinganextendeddefinition.narrationdescriptionexemplification…DevelopextendeddefinitionsfullyWorkingroupsoffourtofiveanddiscusswhetherthefollowingdefinitionsareeffectiveornot.Revisetheineffectiveones.Ifadefinitioniseffectiveasitstands,writeEffective.Activity21.Agreenbeltiswhereabandofparks,farmland,orunusedlandsurroundingacommunity.Workingroupsoffourtofiveanddiscusswhetherthefollowingdefinitionsareeffectiveornot.Revisetheineffectiveones.Ifadefinitioniseffectiveasitstands,writeEffective.Activity2Ineffective:Thedefinitionisexpressedinanungrammaticalstructure.Revised:Agreenbeltisabandofparks,farmland,orunusedlandsurroundingacommunity.Workingroupsoffourtofiveanddiscusswhetherthefollowingdefinitionsareeffectiveornot.Revisetheineffectiveones.Ifadefinitioniseffectiveasitstands,writeEffective.Activity22.Popmusicreferstomusicthatispopular.Workingroupsoffourtofiveanddiscusswhetherthefollowingdefinitionsareeffectiveornot.Revisetheineffectiveones.Ifadefinitioniseffectiveasitstands,writeEffective.Activity2Ineffective:Thesentenceoffersacirculardefinitioninsteadofexplainingdistinguishingfeatures.Revised:Popmusicreferstomodernmusicthatisenjoyedbyalotofpeople,especiallyyoungpeople,andusuallyconsistsofsimpletuneswithastrongbeat.Workingroupsoffourtofiveanddiscusswhetherthefollowingdefinitionsareeffectiveornot.Revisetheineffectiveones.Ifadefinitioniseffectiveasitstands,writeEffective.Activity23.Successisthefactthatyouhaveachievedwhatyouwantorintend.Workingroupsoffourtofiveanddiscusswhetherthefollowingdefinitionsareeffectiveornot.Revisetheineffectiveones.Ifadefinitioniseffectiveasitstands,writeEffective.Activity2Effective.Workingroupsoffourtofiveanddiscusswhetherthefollowingdefinitionsareeffectiveornot.Revisetheineffectiveones.Ifadefinitioniseffectiveasitstands,writeEffective.Activity24.Anautomobileisameansoftransportation.Workingroupsoffourtofiveanddiscusswhetherthefollowingdefinitionsareeffectiveornot.Revisetheineffectiveones.Ifadefinitioniseffectiveasitstands,writeEffective.Activity2Ineffective:Thedefinitionistoobroad.Revised:Anautomobileisamotorvehiclewithfourwheels,usuallypropelledbyaninternalcombustionengine.Workingroupsoffourtofiveanddiscusswhetherthefollowingdefinitionsareeffectiveornot.Revisetheineffectiveones.Ifadefinitioniseffectiveasitstands,writeEffective.Activity25.Exhaustedmeansfatigued.Workingroupsoffourtofiveanddiscusswhetherthefollowingdefinitionsareeffectiveornot.Revisetheineffectiveones.Ifadefinitioniseffectiveasitstands,writeEffective.Activity2Ineffective:Thedefinitionmovesfromoneunfamiliarwordtoanotherunfamiliarword.Revised:Exhaustedmeansextremelytired.StrategiesfororganizingadefinitionessayStrategiesfororganizingadefinitionessayWritingadefinitionessayisnotmerelytodefinesomething,buttoserveaparticularend.StrategiesfororganizingadefinitionessayAdefinitionessayusuallyreliesonextendeddefinition.Statetheneedforadefinition.Useatraditionalformaldefinition.Explaintheoriginofthetermbeingdefined.Usethetermatthebeginningoftheessaytostimulatecuriosity.Placespecialrestrictionsonaterm.HowtointroduceadefinitionessayWriteanintroductionofabout100wordsforanessaydefiningtheChina’sSingle’sDay.Useoneoracombinationofthetechniquesdiscussedabove.Activity3DuringrecentyearsinChina,November11hasbeenunofficiallyrecognizedastheSingle’sDaybecausethefour1’sresemblefoursticks,andthestickinturnsymbolizessinglenessinChineseculture.Writeanintroductionofabout100wordsforanessaydefiningtheChina’sSingle’sDay.Useoneoracombinationofthetechniquesdiscussedabove.Activity3Thisfestivalwasinitiallyintendedtoconsolesinglessothattheywouldnotfeellonelyforatleastoneday,whentheycouldspendtimeshopping,forexample.Writeanintroductionofabout100wordsforanessaydefiningtheChina’sSingle’sDay.Useoneoracombinationofthetechniquesdiscussedabove.Activity3Graduallymerchantshaveseizedthechancetotransformthislovabledayintoapromotionaldayonwhichtheyofferseeminglygreatdiscountsinorderto,intheirwords,driveawaysingles’loneliness.Writeanintroductionofabout100wordsforanessaydefiningtheChina’sSingle’sDay.Useoneoracombinationofthetechniquesdiscussedabove.Activity3OnthatdayeachyearthrongsofChineseconsumers,whethersingleornot,willcelebratethisemergingfestivalbyshoppingwithfervor,ineitherrealoronlineshops.Writeanintroductionofabout100wordsforanessaydefiningtheChina’sSingle’sDay.Useoneoracombinationofthetechniquesdiscussedabove.Activity3Forthealienationofthisfestival,thesoleexplanationIcanthinkofisthecombinationoftheastutenessofbusinesspractitionerswiththevulnerabilityofconsumerswhocanresistanythingbutthetemptationofbargains.Usethepatternsofdevelopmentthatwehavelearnedbesidesusingsynonymdefinitions,formaldefinitions,andinformaldefinitionswithspecificdetails.HowtodevelopthebodyofadefinitionessayNarrationcanbeusedtoillustratethemeaningofatermorconcept.NarrationWhenyouaredefiningterms,youwillfinddescriptionespeciallyhelpfulinshowingreadersinterestingorimportantfeaturesthatwouldotherwisebedifficulttoexplain.DescriptionWhenusingexamplestodevelopadefinitionessay,selectdifferenttypesofexamples,eachofwhichwillhelpclarifythemeaningofyourterm.ExemplificationIfyouaredefiningadevice,anevent,oraconcept,youcanexplainwhatthedevicedoes,howaneventtakesplace,orhowaconceptcomesintobeing.ProcessanalysisAdefinitionessaycangofurthertoexplainthecausesandconsequencesofconditions,problems,andattitudes.CauseandeffectanalysisIfyoufinditdifficulttopresentacleardefinition,youmightusethecomparisonandcontraststrategytohelpyourreadersunderstandaword’sdistinguishingfeatures.ComparisonandcontrastTodefineaterm,youcanpointoutthedifferentcategoriesintowhichitcanbeclassified.DivisionandclassificationAnotherstrategyforsupportingthemainpointsofyourbodyparagraphsistoexplainwhatthetermdoesnotmean(orwhatitmightbemistakenfor)beforeyouexplainwhatitdoesmean.NegationDesignthepossibleapproachestotheorganizationofanessaydefiningthetermhappiness.Usethepatternsofdevelopmentlistedinthefollowingtableasaguide.Activity4Anexamplehasbeengivenforyourreference.PatternofdevelopmentPossibleapproachesComparisonandcontrastCompareonestateofhappinesswithanother;contrasthappinesswithsadness.Designthepossibleapproachestotheorganizationofanessaydefiningthetermhappiness.Usethepatternsofdevelopmentlistedinthefollowingtableasaguide.Activity4PatternofdevelopmentPossibleapproachesNarrationTellastoryaboutamomentwhenIwastrulyhappy.Designthepossibleapproachestotheorganizationofanessaydefiningthetermhappiness.Usethepatternsofdevelopmentlistedinthefollowingtableasaguide.Activity4PatternofdevelopmentPossibleapproachesDescriptionProvideaccuratesensorydetailstodescribethefaceandactionsofahappypersonIknow.Designthepossibleapproachestotheorganizationofanessaydefiningthetermhappiness.Usethepatternsofdevelopmentlistedinthefollowingtableasaguide.Activity4PatternofdevelopmentPossibleapproachesExemplificationProvideseveralexamplesofhappiness.Designthepossibleapproachestotheorganizationofanessaydefiningthetermhappiness.Usethepatternsofdevelopmentlistedinthefollowingtableasaguide.Activity4PatternofdevelopmentPossibleapproachesProcessanalysisExplainhowtobehappyorhowhappinesschangesitsmeaning.Designthepossibleapproachestotheorganizationofanessaydefiningthetermhappiness.Usethepatternsofdevelopmentlistedinthefollowingtableasaguide.Activity4PatternofdevelopmentPossibleapproachesCauseandeffectanalysisExplaintheconditionsnecessaryfortruehappinessortheoutcomesofhappinessinaperson’slife.Designthepossibleapproachestotheorganizationofanessaydefiningthetermhappiness.Usethepatternsofdevelopmentlistedinthefollowingtableasaguide.Activity4PatternofdevelopmentPossibleapproachesDivisionandclassificationDividehappypeopleintogroupsorcategories.Designthepossibleapproachestotheorganizationofanessaydefiningthetermhappiness.Usethepatternsofdevelopmentlistedinthefollowingtableasaguide.Activity4PatternofdevelopmentPossibleapproachesNegationExplainmisconceptionsabouthappiness,e.g.happinessdoesnotmeanhavingalotofmoney.Closingstrategiesfromthepatternsrecommendedinthepreviousunitsofthisbookcanbeusedwhenendingadefinitionessay.HowtoendadefinitionessayHowtoholdadefinitionessaytogetherTransitionalwordsandexpressionscanservemanypurposes.Thetransitionstousedependonthepattern(s)ofdevelopmentyouchoosetoexploreyourthesis.SampleappreciationSampleappreciationReadtheessaytitled“AJerkCan’tSeeHimselfAsOthersDo”onp.180,andanswerthefollowingquestions.SampleappreciationSampleappreciation1.Whatisthethesisoftheessay?Isitclearlystatedintheessay?Thesis:Ajerk,then,isaman(orwoman)whoisutterlyunabletoseehimselfasheappearstoothers.ItisclearlystatedinParagraph6.Sampleappreciation2.Whatisthewriter’spurposeofwritingthisessay?Thewriter’simmediatepurposeofwritingthisessayistobetteranswerthequestionofMichaelandCarolyn.Andhehimselfalsowantstofindouttheexactmeaningoftheword.Sampleappreciation3.Howmanysynonymsandnearsynonymsfor“jerk”doesthewriteruse?Howaretheydifferentfrom“jerk”?notaveryniceperson:atypeofpeoplethatajerkbelongstoboob:tooold-fashioned,andcanbelovablesimp:tooold-fashioned,andcanbelovablefool:notascleverasajerkdope:notascleverasajerkbore:atypeofpeoplethatajerkbelongstoSampleappreciation4.Whatstrategiesdoesthewriteruseinorganizinghisdefinitionessay?Whyaretheyeffective?Synonymdefinition:abore(Paragraph6)Informaldefinition:anegotistwithoutcharm.(6)Formaldefinition:basicallyapersonwithoutinsight;(4)aman(orwoman)whoisutterlyunabletoseehimselfasheappearstoothers.(6)Sampleappreciation4.Whatstrategiesdoesthewriteruseinorganizinghisdefinitionessay?Whyaretheyeffective?Extendeddefinition:Negation:(2,4,5)Historicalanalysis:(3)Comparisonandcontrast:(3,4,6)Exemplification:(5)Sampleappreciation4.Whatstrategiesdoesthewriteruseinorganizinghisdefinitionessay?Whyaretheyeffective?Thesestrategiesareeffectivelyused,becausetheyrevealaveryvividpictureofajerkfromseveralaspects.SampleappreciationThewriterbeginshisessaybyusinghispersonalexperienceasananecdoteandstatingtheneedforadefinition:MichaelandCarolyn(probablyhissonanddaughter)askedhimthesamequestionwhatajerkwas.5.Howdoesthewriterbeginandendhisessay?SampleappreciationHeconcludeshisessayafterofferingasatisfactorydefinitionoftheword:aman(orwoman)whoisutterlyunabletoseehimselfasheappearstoothers.Thelastshortsentenceisveryemphatic.5.Howdoesthewriterbeginandendhisessay?SampleappreciationThewriteriswritingtheessayforhisfamilymemberMichael(probablyhisson)andthegeneralaudiencelikeMichael,whoarehisfellowcitiz