2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷含答案带详解套卷52

2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1.单选题

Sowideisitssweepthat345millionpeopleuseEnglishastheirfirstlanguageandanadditional400millionastheirsecond.

问题1选项

A.range

B.power

C.vigor

D.expansion

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项range“范围；幅度；山脉”；B选项power“力量；电力”；C选项vigor“活力；精力”；D选项expansion“膨胀”。句意：英语的……是如此之广，以至于3.45亿人将英语作为第一语言，另外还有4亿人将英语作为第二语言。由关键信息sowide“如此广泛”以及345millionpeopleuseEnglishastheirfirstlanguage“3.45亿人将英语当成第一语言使用”，可知本句是在讲英语的普及范围广。因此A选项符合题意。

2.单选题

Hewasanhourlate,buthe______himselfinhereyesbygivingherahugebunchofflowers.

问题1选项

A.harassed

B.redeemed

C.crucified

D.pestered

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项harass“骚扰，（使）困扰（或烦恼）”，B项redeem“赎回，挽回，兑换”，C项crucify“折磨，十字架上钉死，克制”，D项pester“纠缠，烦扰，使烦恼”。根据but可知前后语义是转折的关系，由Hewasanhourlate“他迟到了一个小时”可知，buthe______himselffinhereyes应该表示“挽回自己的形象”符合语境，redeemoneself表示“挽回声誉、形象，自赎”。句意：他迟到了一个小时，但他送了她一大束花，在她眼里挽回了自己的形象。因此，该题选择B项正确。

3.单选题

Researchshowsthatmanyvoterswhohaven’tyetmadeuptheirmindsare______towardstheDemocrats.

问题1选项

A.tilting

B.skidding

C.transferring

D.sliding

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项tilt“倾斜，翘起，俯仰（摄影机）”，B项skid“刹住，使减速，滚滑”，C项transfer“转让，转接，移交”，D项slide“滑动，平稳地走，悄悄移动”。根据句子意思“研究表明，许多尚未做出决定的选民都……向民主党”可知，tilt符合语境，tilttowards表示“偏向，向……倾斜”。句意：研究表明，许多尚未下定决心的选民正倾向于民主党。因此，该题选择A项正确。

4.单选题

Everyprofession,everyart,andeverysciencehasitstechnicalvocabulary,thefunctionofwhichispartlytodesignatethingsorprocesseswhichhavenonamesinordinaryEnglish,andpartlytosecuregreaterexactnessinnomenclature.Suchspecialdialects,orjargons,arenecessaryintechnicaldiscussionofanykind.Beinguniversallyunderstoodbythedevoteesoftheparticularscienceorart,theyhavetheprecisionofamathematicalformula.Besides,theysavetime,foritismuchmoreeconomicaltonameaprocessthantodescribeit.Thousandsofthesetechnicaltermsareveryproperlyincludedineverylargedictionary,yet,asawhole,theyareratherontheoutskirtsoftheEnglishlanguagethanactuallywithinitsborders.

Differentoccupations,however,differwidelyinthecharacteroftheirspecialvocabularies.Intradesandhandicraftsandothervocations,suchasfarmingandfishing,thathaveoccupiedgreatnumbersofmenfromremotetimes,thetechnicalvocabularyisveryold.Itconsistslargelyofnativewords,orofborrowedwordsthathaveworkedthemselvesintotheveryfiberofourlanguage.Hence,thoughhighlytechnicalinmanyparticulars,thesevocabulariesaremorefamiliarinsound,andmoregenerallyunderstoodthanmostothertechnicalities.Thespecialdialectsoflaw,medicine,divinity,andphilosophyhavealso,intheiroldstrata,becomeprettyfamiliartocultivatedpersons,andhavecontributedmuchtothepopularvocabulary.Yet,everyvocationstillpossessesalargebodyoftechnicaltermsthatremainessentiallyforeign,eventoeducatedspeech.Andtheproportionhasbeenmuchincreasedinthelastfiftyyears,particularlyinthevariousdepartmentsofnaturalandpoliticalscienceandinthemechanicarts.Herenewtermsarecoinedwiththegreatestfreedomandabandonedwithindifferencewhentheyhaveservedtheirturn.Mostofthenewcoinagesareconfinedtospecialdiscussionsandseldomgetintogeneralliteratureorconversation.Yet,noprofessionisnowadays,asallprofessionsoncewere,aclosedguild.Thelawyer,thephysician,thescientist,andtheclericassociatesfreelywithhisfellowcreatures,anddoesnotmeettheminamerelyprofessionalway.Furthermore,whatiscalledpopularsciencemakeseverybodyacquaintedwithmodernviewsandrecentdiscoveries.Anyimportantexperiment,thoughmadeinaremoteorprovinciallaboratory,isatoncereportedinthenewspapers,andeverybodyissoontalkingaboutit—asinthecaseoftheRoentgenraysandwirelesstelegraphy.Thus,ourcommonspeechisalwaystakingupnewtechnicaltermsandmakingthemcommonplace.

13.Theauthor’smainpurposeinthepassageisto__________.

14.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingspecialvocabulariesisunderstoodbymorepeople?

15.Whentheauthorreferstoprofessionsasnolongerbeing“closedguilds”hemeansthat_______.

16.Itseemsthatthepassageimplies__________.

问题1选项

A.proposeasolution

B.argueagainstabelief

C.describeaphenomenon

D.provideentertainment

问题2选项

A.Medicalvocabulary.

B.Legalvocabulary.

C.Politicalvocabulary.

D.Agriculturalvocabulary.

问题3选项

A.itismucheasiertobecomeaprofessionaltodaythanitwasinthepast

B.thereismoresocialinteractionbetweenprofessionalsandothers

C.popularsciencehastoldtheirsecretstotheworld

D.anyonecannowunderstandanythinginaprofession

问题4选项

A.thewordsoftheEnglishlanguagearealwayschanging

B.onecanneverbesureofwhatawordmeanswithoutconsultinganexpert

C.likeEnglish,alllanguagesarebecomingmoreandmoretechnical

D.technicaltermsinmostnon-scientificfieldshavelittlechanceofbecomingpartofthemainbodyofthelanguage

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:A

【解析】13.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。段首句Everyprofession,everyart,andeverysciencehasitstechnicalvocabulary,thefunctionofwhichispartlytodesignatethingsorprocesseswhichhavenonamesinordinaryEnglish,andpartlytosecuregreaterexactnessinnomenclature.（每一种职业、每一种艺术、每一门科学都有它的专业词汇，其作用部分是用来指定在普通英语中没有名称的事物或过程，部分是为了确保命名的更精确。）与结尾句Thus,ourcommonspeechisalwaystakingupnewtechnicaltermsandmakingthemcommonplace.（因此，我们的日常用语总是会接受新的技术术语，并使它们变得司空见惯。）扫描全文可知，文中主要对技术术语现象进行了介绍和描述。因此C选项“描述一种现象”正确，符合题意。A选项“提出一种解决方案”，B选项“辩论一种看法”，D选项“提供娱乐”均不符合题意，可排除。故选C。

14.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】客观细节题。第二段中谈及Intradesandhandicraftsandothervocations,suchasfarmingandfishing,thathaveoccupiedgreatnumbersofmenfromremotetimes,thetechnicalvocabularyisveryold.（在贸易、手工业和其他职业中，例如农业和渔业，这些从遥远的时代就占据了大量的人口，技术词汇非常古老。）以及后文Hence,thoughhighlytechnicalinmanyparticulars,thesevocabulariesaremorefamiliarinsound,andmoregenerallyunderstoodthanmostothertechnicalities.（因此，尽管这些词汇（农业和渔业）的词汇在许多细节上具有很高的技术性，但它们在读音上更为人所熟知，也比大多数其他技术性词汇更为通俗易懂。）由此可知，让更多人知道的特殊表达应该是与农业和渔业有关的词汇。因此D选项“农业词汇”正确，符合题意。A选项“医学词汇”，B选项“法律词汇”，C选项“政治词汇”均不符合题意，可排除。故选D。

15.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。由关键词定位在最后一段Yet,noprofessionisnowadays,asallprofessionsoncewere,aclosedguild.（然而，如今没有一种职业像所有职业曾经那样，是一个封闭的公会。）Thelawyer,thephysician,thescientist,andtheclericassociatesfreelywithhisfellowcreatures,anddoesnotmeettheminamerelyprofessionalway.（律师和物理学家，以及科学家和牧师能自由地与同伴结交，并且在专业区域之外也能会面。）Furthermore,whatiscalledpopularsciencemakeseverybodyacquaintedwithmodernviewsandrecentdiscoveries.（此外，被称为通俗科学的东西使得每个人都熟悉时髦的观点和最近的发现。）因此，不再是closedguilds“封闭的公会”是因为现在不同专业的人之间也可以互相交流了。因此B选项“专业人员和其它人之间有更多的社交互动”正确，符合题意。A选项“如今相比过去更容易变成一位专业人员”，C选项“大众科学已经将他们的秘密告知了世界”，D选项“任何人如今都能理解一个专业方面的任何事情”，均不符合题意，可排除。故选B。

16.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。定位在最后一段Thus,ourcommonspeechisalwaystakingupnewtechnicaltermsandmakingthemcommonplace.（因此，我们的通用语一直在吸收新的技术术语，并让它们变成通用语）。可以知道我们所说的通用语都是将新的词汇融入后而形成的。因此A选项“英语语言词汇一直都在变化”正确，符合题意。B选项“在不咨询专家的情况下，一个人从不能确定一个单词的意思”，C选项“如英语一样，所有的语言正变得越来越专业”，D选项“大多数非科学领域的技术术语很少有机会变成语言主体的一部分”。B，C，D选项均未在文中提及，可排除。故选A。

5.单选题

______Stevesaid:“IwillbecomingbackandifconditionsdonotworsensounexpectedlyIhopetomeetyouagain.”

问题1选项

A.Cryptically

B.Deservedly

C.Exceedingly

D.Excessively

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词辨析。A项cryptically“隐秘地，意义含糊地”，B项deservedly“理所当然地，应得报酬地”，C项exceedingly“非常，极其，极度地”，D项excessively“过分地，极度”。由双引号内的句意“我会回来的，如果情况不会如此出乎意料地恶化，我希望能再次见到你”可知，四个选项中把A项代入进去最符合句子的语境。句意：史蒂夫含糊其词地说：“我会回来的，如果情况不会如此出乎意料地恶化，我希望能再次见到你。”因此，该题选择A项正确。

6.单选题

AtplanningmeetingswiththeseniormanagementIoftenhadtoendurepredictablelittlejokesaboutme,butItookthem______.

问题1选项

A.withaviolentlaugh

B.onmyconscience

C.withagoodgrace

D.inthebesthumor

【答案】D

【解析】考查短语辨析。A项withaviolentlaugh“狂笑”，B项onmyconscience“在意”，C项withagoodgrace“情愿地，欣然地”，D项inthebesthumor“以最幽默的方式”。由前面句子的句意“在策划与高级管理人员的会议时，我经常不得不忍受那些不出所料关于我的小笑话”，结合后面的but转折可知，“以最幽默的方式”符合语境。句意：在策划与高级管理人员的会议时，我经常不得不忍受那些可以预见的关于我的小笑话，但我以最幽默的方式接受了它们。因此，该题选择D项正确。

7.单选题

Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Cognitiveresearchers,whostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,believethatrewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.

Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmallmonetaryrewardssparkscreativityingrade-schoolchildren,suggestingthatproperly—presentedinducementsindeedaidinventiveness,accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology.

“Ifkidsknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity.”saysRobertEisenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark,“Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”

Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Eisenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefailinggrades.

Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomies,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.

1.Psychologistsaredividedwithregardtotheirattitudestoward______.

2.Whichofthefollowingcanbestraisestudents’creativityaccordingtoRobertEisenberger?

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmajoruniversitiesaretryingtotightentheirgradingstandardsbecausetheybelieve______.

4.Thephrase“tokeneconomies”(Para.5)probablyrefersto______.

问题1选项

A.theeffectsofexternalrewardsonstudents’performance

B.theamountofmonetaryrewardsforstudents’creativity

C.thestudyofrelationshipbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences

D.thechoicebetweenspiritualencouragementandmonetaryrewards

问题2选项

A.Givingthemrewardstheyanticipate.

B.Givingthemrewardstheyreallydeserve.

C.Assigningthemtaskswhichrequireinventiveness.

D.Assigningthemtaskstheyhavenotdealtwithbefore.

问题3选项

A.punishmentismoreeffectivethanrewarding

B.rewardingpoorperformancemaykillthecreativityofstudents

C.failinguninspiredstudentshelpsimprovetheiroverallacademicstandards

D.discouragingthestudents’anticipationforeasyrewardsisamatterofurgency24.Thephrase“tokeneconomies”(Para.5)probablyrefersto______.

问题4选项

A.waystodevelopeconomy

B.approachestosolvingproblems

C.systemsofrewardingstudents

D.methodsofimprovingperformance

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】1.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“心理学家对……的态度有分歧”。第一段第一句提到Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.（心理学家对于从热烈的表扬到冷冰冰的现金的外部奖励如何影响动机和创造力持相反的观点），接着后面就阐述了Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.“Ifkidsknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEisenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.（研究行为和结果之间关系的行为主义者认为，奖励能提高工作和学习表现。研究精神生活各个方面的认知研究者认为，奖励鼓励了人们依赖他人的认可和礼物，从而常常会破坏创造力。）可知，心理学家对于外部奖励对他人的动机、创造力和表现方面的影响上有分歧，A项“外部奖励对学生表现的影响”正确；B项“对学生创造力的金钱奖励的数量”和D项“精神鼓励和金钱奖励之间的选择”并没有提到；C项“行为与结果之间的关系的研究”太广泛，并不够具体。因此，该题选择A项正确。

2.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据罗伯特艾森伯格的观点，下列哪项能最好地提高学生的创造力？”。根据第三段罗伯特艾森伯格说的两句话Ifkidsknowthey’reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity.（如果孩子们知道他们是为了奖励而学习，并且能够专注于相对具有挑战性的任务，他们就会表现出最大的创造力）和Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.（但是如果对表现不佳的孩子也给予奖励，或者让孩子对奖励有太多的预期，是很容易扼杀创造力的）可推断，给与孩子对奖励太多的预期容易扼杀创造力，而给与他们应得的奖励会鼓励他们表现出他们最大的创造力，那么B项“给他们应得的奖励”正确，A项“给予他们预期的奖励”错误；C项“分配给他们需要创造性的任务”和D项“分配给他们以前没有处理过的任务”并不是提高创造力的方法。因此，该题选择B项正确。

3.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以推断出，主要的大学正在努力提高他们的评分标准，因为他们相信……”。根据题干定位到第四段Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Eisenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefailinggrades.（艾森伯格认为，如果一个老师不断地把注意力放在奖励上，或者对普通的成绩给予高分，那么他最终得到的是毫无灵感的学生。作为后一种观点的一个例子，他指出，主要的大学越来越努力地使评分标准严格，并且恢复不及格分数。），由此可推知，主要的大学正在努力提高他们的评分标准，是因为给表现不好的学生奖励将使他变得没有创造力，故B项“奖励表现不佳的学生可能会扼杀学生的创造力”符合题意；A项“惩罚比奖励更有效”和C项“不受启发的学生有助于提高他们的整体学术水平”没有提到，也不能从文中推断出来；D项“打击学生对轻易获得奖励的期望是当务之急”中的discouraging（使人沮丧、打击）用词不当，根据文章可知主要的大学提高评分标准是鼓励学生表现出他们的创造力来处理具有挑战性的问题，并不是打击他们对奖励的预期，而是让他们通过自己的努力来获得应得的奖励。因此，该题选择B项正确。

4.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第五段中的‘tokeneconomies’最有可能指……”。根据题干定位到文章第五段Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomies,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.（这位特拉华州的心理学家声称，在较早的年级，使用所谓的“tokeneconomies”，即让学生处理具有挑战性的问题，并根据成绩获得有价值的奖励，有望提高学生的努力和创造力。）可知，tokeneconomies的含义是让学生处理具有挑战性的问题，根据他们的成绩获得相应奖励，目的是为了提高学生的创造力，所以该段中的“tokeneconomies”指的就是一种奖励学生的制度或者方法，C项“奖励学生的制度”符合题意；A项“发展经济的途径”、B项“解决问题的方法”和D项“提高业绩的方法”都不符合文意。因此，该题选择C项正确。

8.单选题

Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditions,customs,beliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissense,everygrouphasaculture,howeversavage,underdeveloped,oruncivilizeditmayseemtous.

Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages.

Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackwardgroupassavage,underdevelopedformsofspeech,consistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyof“backward”languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex,delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflecttheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.Eveninthisdepartment,however,twothingsaretobenoted:1.Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2.Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesanddistinctionsin“backward”languages,whiledifferentfromours,areoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagedistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness(“this”and“that”);somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeaker,ortothepersonaddressed,orremovedfromboth,oroutofsight,orinthepast,orinthefuture.

Thisstudyoflanguage,inturn,castsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependently,andwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy.

1.Theauthorsaysthatgrunt-and-groanformsofspeecharefound______.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,languages,whethercivilizedornot,have______.

3.Theauthorsaysthatprofessionallinguistsrecognizethat______.

4.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.nowheretoday

B.amongtheAustralianaborigines

C.amongEasterncultures

D.amongpeoplespeaking“backward”languages

问题2选项

A.thepotentialforexpandingvocabulary

B.theirownsoundpatterns

C.anabilitytotransferideas

D.grammaticalstructures

问题3选项

A.WesternlanguagesaresuperiortoEasternlanguages

B.alllanguagescomefromgruntsandgroans

C.thehierarchyoflanguagesisdifficulttounderstand

D.thereisnohierarchyoflanguages32.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedinthepassage?

问题4选项

A.Thestudyoflanguageshasdiscreditedanthropologicalstudies.

B.Thestudyoflanguageshasreinforcedanthropologistsintheirviewthatthereisnohierarchyamongcultures.

C.Thestudyoflanguagesisthesameasthestudyofanthropologists.

D.Thestudyoflanguagescastsanewlightupontheclaimofanthropologists.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】1.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者说，咕哝和呻吟的语言形式可以在……中找到”。根据第三段中的第二句Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyof“backward”languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.（虽然语言一般来说可能是从一系列的咕哝和呻吟开始的，但对“落后”语言的研究确立了这一事实，那就是如今没有哪种口语能与此描述相符）可知，咕哝和呻吟的语言形式在如今是找不到了，A项“在如今无处可寻”正确；B项“澳大利亚土著居民中”和C项“在东方文化中”文中都没有提及；D项“在说‘落后’语言的人中”，文中提到对“落后”语言的研究确立了“如今没有哪种口语能与此描述相符”这一事实，所以咕哝和呻吟的语言形式在说‘落后’语言的人中也不会找到。因此，该题选择A项正确。

2.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者认为，无论文明与否，语言都有……”。根据第三段中的Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex,delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflecttheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers…Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.（以我们最严格的标准来看，未开化群体的大多数语言都是极其复杂、精巧和巧妙的传递思想的机器。它们落后于我们的西方语言，不是在这些通常足以满足所有的语言需求的发音模式或语法结构上，而是在它们的词汇上，这些词汇反映了说话者所知道的对象和活动……所有的语言似乎都拥有扩大词汇量的机制，要么把现有的词汇组合在一起，要么从其他语言中借用它们，并将它们适应于自己的系统。）可知，无论文明与否，语言拥有扩大词汇量的机制，A项“扩大词汇量的潜力”符合题意；由此也可知，B项“它们自己的发音模式”和D项“语法结构”不正确；C项“传递思想的能力”为干扰项，语言虽然是传递思想的一种方式，但是词汇才是反映说话者所知道的对象和活动，这是以词汇为前提的。因此，该题选择A项正确。

3.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者说，专业语言学家认识到……”。根据文章第二段Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages.（对于专业的人类学家来说，一种文化并不比另一种文化有内在的优越性，就像对于专业的语言学家来说，语言之间没有内在的等级制度一样）可知，D项“没有语言的等级制度”符合题意；由此也可知C项“语言的层次体系很难理解”是错误的；A项“西方语言优于东方语言”，文中没有提到东方语言；B项“所有的语言都来自咕哝和呻吟”表述太绝对。因此，该题选择D项正确。

4.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节推断题。题干意思是“这篇文章暗示了下列哪一项？”。根据文章最后一段的内容Thisstudyoflanguage,inturn,castsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependently,andwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy.（对语言的研究反过来又为人类学家的这一主张提供了新的解释，即所有的文化都可以独立看待，没有等级和等级观念）可以推断，关于人类学家主张的文化没有等级观念的这一观点，语言的研究提供了新的解释，所以B项“对语言的研究加强了人类学家的观点，即文化之间不存在等级制度”是正确的；A项“语言研究败坏了人类学研究的声誉”和C项“研究语言就像研究人类学家一样”不能从文中找出相关信息；D项“对语言的研究使人们对人类学家的主张有了新的认识”是文中有的信息，并不需要从文章中推断出来，所以不符合题意。因此，该题选择B项正确。

9.单选题

SOMETHINGABOUTNAPLESjustseemsmadeforcomedy.Thenamealoneconjuresuppizza,andlovable,incorrigibleinnocentswarbling“OSoleMio”;anuttylittlecorneroftheworldwheretheidrunswildandtheonlyanswertothequestion“Why?”appearstobe“Whynot?”

Naples:thebutter-side-downofItaliancities,whereeventhetruthhasastrangelyfictitioustinge.Onedayacarrear-endedoneofthecity’sminibuses.Thebusdrivergotouttoinvestigate.Whilehestoodtheretalking,hisonlypassengertookthewheelanddroveoff.Neitherpassengernorbuswaseverseenagain.

Thentherewasthatbusylunchhourinthecentralpostofficewhenacrackintheceilingopenedandpostalworkerswereoverwhelmedbyanavalancheofstalecroissants.Asthecleanershauledawaygarbagebagsofmoldybreakfastrolls,thequestionsremained:Who?Why?Andwhatelsecouldstillbeupthere?

ButNaplesactuallyisn’tsofunny.Italy’sthirdlargestcity,with1.1millionpeople,hasamuchdarkerside,wherechaosreigns:bagsnatchingandmugging,cloggedstreetsofstupefyingconfusion,wheretrafficmovestomysteriouslawsofitsownthroughmultipleintersectionswhosetrafficlightshaven’tfunctionedformonths,maybeyears—iftheyhavelightsatall.Packsofwilddogsroamthecity’smainpark.Nineteenpolicemenontheanti-narcoticssquadarearrestedforacceptingpayoffsfromtheCamorra,thelocalMafia.

TomanyItalians,particularlythoseinthewealthy,industrializednorth,noneofthisissurprising.TothemNaplesmeanspoliticalcorruption,wastedfederalsubsidies,rampantorganizedcrime,appallinglylargefamilies,andcunning,lazypeoplewhoprefertodosomethingshadyratherthanhonestwork.

Neapolitansknowtheirreputation.“Peoplethinknothingevergetsdonehere,”saidayoungprofessionalwoman.Sometimestheysay,“SurelyyoucomefromMilan.YoucomefromNaples?”

GiovannidelForno,aninsuranceexecutive,toldmeabouthisflighthomefromanorthernItaliancity,theplanewaitedonthetarmacforhalfanhourforagatetobecomeavailable.“AndIbegantohearthecommentsaroundme:“Well,hereweareinNaples,”hesaidwithawince.“Thesecommentsmakemesuffer.”

Neapolitansmaycomplain,butmostcan’tconceiveoflivinganywhereelse.Thecityhastheintimacy,tension,andcrazinessofalargebutintenselydevotedfamily.ThepeoplehavethesameperverseprideasNewYorkers.Theyloveeventhethingsthatdon’twork,andtheylovebeingNeapolitans.Theyknowoutsidersdon’tgetit,andtheydon’tcare.“Evenifyougoaway”,onewomansaid,“youremainaprisonerofthiscity.Mycityhasmanyproblems,butawayfromitIfeelbad.”

Thisisacityinwhichlivingonthebrinkofcollapseisnormal.Napleshassurvivedwars,revolutions,floods,earthquakes,anderuptionsofnearbyVesuvius.FirstawealthycolonyfoundedbytheGreeks(whocalleditNeapolis,or“newcity”),thenaflourishingRomanresort,itlivedthroughvariousincarnationsunderdynastiesofNormans,Swabians,Austrians,Spanish,andFrench,nottomentionagloriousperiodastheresplendentcapitaloftheKingdomoftheTwoSicilies.

Itwasabrilliant,cultivatedcitythatoncerankedwithLondonandParis.TheNunziatella,theoldestmilitaryschoolinItaly,stillbasksinitstwocenturiesofhistoricglory;theTeatroSanCarloremainsoneofthegreatestoperahousesintheworld.ThetreasuresofPompeiigracetheNationalMuseum.StretchedluxuriantlybetweenmountainsandseaalongthecurvingcoastoftheBayofNaples,fullofornatepalaces,gardens,churches,andworksofart,withitsmildclimateandrichfolklore,Naplesinthelastcenturywasbelovedbyartistsandwriters.Themostfamousresponsetothismagnificencewasthecommentbyanunknownadmirer,“SeeNaplesanddie.”

Todaythatremarkcarrieslesspoeticconnotations.ThebombardmentsofWorldWarIIwerefollowedbythedepredationsofprofiteersandpoliticians-for-rentwhoreducedthecitytoademoralizedshadowofitself,survivingongovernmenthandouts.Untilfiveyearsagocitygovernmentswerecobbledtogetherbywarringpoliticalfactions;somemayorslastedonlyafewmonths.Acholeraoutbreakin1973wasfollowedin1980byamajorearthquake.Itsfamousporthaswithered(thoughtheU.S.SixthFleetcommandisstillbasedjustupthecoast),industrieshavefailed,touristshavefled,nativeshavemovedout—itseemsthatonlydrugtraffickingisbooming.“Unlivable,”theNeapolitanssay,“Incomprehensible”,“Martyred”.

1.Thetwoexamplesinthesecondandthirdparagraphsintendtoshowthat______.

2.ItcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheNortherners______.

3.TheauthorimpliesthatNeapolitans’affectionforthecity______.

4.Whentheauthorsays“Todaythatremarkcarrieslesspoeticconnotations,”heactuallymeansthat______.

问题1选项

A.Napleshasahighincidenceoftrafficaccidents

B.anythingextraordinarycanhappeninNaples

C.peopletherelovetostorefoodforyears

D.everythingappearstobeonthewrongside

问题2选项

A.arecriticalofwhatNaplesrepresents

B.sympathizewithNeapolitans

C.sharemanythingswithNeapolitans

D.makeeveryefforttoshunNeapolitans

问题3选项

A.wasunrealistic

B.wentabittoofar

C.wasextraordinary

D.gaverisetoconcern

问题4选项

A.thecitycannowboastveryfewpoets

B.artistsandwritershaveleftforLondonandParis

C.thecityunderwentheavybombingduringtheWar

D.Thecity’spresentproblemsobscureditsgloriouspast

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:D

【解析】1.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“第二段和第三段中的两个例子旨在说明……”。第二段首句提到Naples:thebutter-side-downofItaliancities,whereeventhetruthhasastrangelyfictitioustinge.（那不勒斯：意大利糟糕的城市，在那里甚至连真相都有一种奇怪的虚构色彩），接着第二段和第三段举出了两个例子：一个是Onedayacarrear-endedoneofthecity’sminibuses.Thebusdrivergotouttoinvestigate.Whilehestoodtheretalking,hisonlypassengertookthewheelanddroveoff.（一辆小汽车与一辆城市小型公共汽车追尾。公共汽车司机下车去调查。当他站在那里说话时，他唯一的乘客拿起方向盘开走了）；另外一个是Thentherewasthatbusylunchhourinthecentralpostofficewhenacrackintheceilingopenedandpostalworkerswereoverwhelmedbyanavalancheofstalecroissants.Asthecleanershauledawaygarbagebagsofmoldybreakfastrolls,thequestionsremained:Who?Why?Andwhatelsecouldstillbeupthere?（在中央邮局忙碌的午餐时间，天花板上的一条裂缝裂开了，邮政工人被一大堆过期的羊角面包压得喘不过气来。当清洁工把装着发霉的早餐面包卷的垃圾袋拖走时，问题来了：是谁？为什么？那上面还可能有什么？），从这两个例子可以推知，那不勒斯这个城市的糟糕的状况，故D项“一切似乎都是错位的”符合题意；A项“那不勒斯的交通事故发生率很高”和C项“那里的人们喜欢把食物储存多年”只是例子；B项“在那不勒斯，任何不寻常的事情都可能发生”表示不够准确，这些事情并不是不寻常的，而是糟糕的。因此，该题选择D项正确。

2.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以得出结论，北方人……”。根据文章的第五段TomanyItalians,particularlythoseinthewealthy,industrializednorth,noneofthisissurprising.TothemNaplesmeanspoliticalcorruption,wastedfederalsubsidies,rampantorganizedcrime,appallinglylargefamilies,andcunning,lazypeoplewhoprefertodosomethingshadyratherthanhonestwork.（对许多意大利人来说，尤其是那些生活在富裕、工业化的北方的意大利人来说，这一切都不足为奇。对他们来说，那不勒斯意味着政治上的腐败，浪费的联邦补贴，猖獗的有组织犯罪，可怕的大家庭，以及狡诈、懒惰的人们，他们宁愿做一些阴暗的事情也不愿做诚实的工作。）可知，北方的意大利人对那不勒斯是批判的态度，A项“对那不勒斯所代表的东西持批评态度”正确；由此也可知B项“同情那不勒斯人”和C项“和那不勒斯人有很多共同点”不正确；D项“尽量避开那不勒斯人”，文章在此处主要是表达意大利的北方人对那不勒斯的批判，并不能推断出他们想尽量避开那不勒斯人。因此，该题选择A项正确。

3.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者暗示那不勒斯人对城市的感情……”。根据文章的第八段Neapolitansmaycomplain,butmostcan’tconceiveoflivinganywhereelse.Thecityhastheintimacy,tension,andcrazinessofalargebutintenselydevotedfamily.Thepeoplehave