高考英语一轮复习语法专题第三部分句法篇专题 定语从句素材外研

专题1定语从句1．功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。2．位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。Thosewhoarefortheplanraiseyourhands，please.3．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如：some­，any­，every­，no­与­body，­thing的合成词；或all，none，any，some，that，those等代词。数词和人称代词也同样可作先行词。4．关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。关系代词：who，whom，which，that，whose，as等。关系副词：when，where，why等。5．确定关系词的步骤：(1)先找先行词，看先行词指的是什么。(2)看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。注意：先行词与关系词是等量关系。(1)先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。Thisistheplacewhichisworthvisiting.(2)关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。Therearemanyplaceswecanvisit(them)inChina.6．在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which：(1)当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。(2)先行词被all，every，no，some，any，little，much，theonly，thevery，few等修饰时。(3)先行词为all，much，little，none，few，something，anything等不定代词时。(4)先行词中既有人又有物时。Hewaslookingpleasantlyatthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledhisbus.(5)先行词在主句中作表语时。Thevillageisnolongertheonethatwas5yearsago.(6)当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。Whicharethebooksthatyouboughtforme?7．宜用which而不用that的情况：(1)在非限制性定语从句中。(2)在关系词前有介词时。(3)当先行词本身是that时。(4)关系词后有插入语时。8．关系词who与that指人时，根据不同情况分别用不同的关系词。(1)当主句是therebe句型时，关系词用who。(2)先行词是anyone，those，someone，everyone，one等词时，关系词用who。(3)当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。Whoisthatgirlthatisstandingbythewindow?(4)whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。9．whose作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。DoyouknowMr.Smithwhosestoryisverymoving?Thereisaroom，whosewindowfacestheriver.10．关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。(1)先行词被such和thesame修饰，或句型asmany(much)中，从句都用as引导。Suchbooksasyouboughtareuseful.Theschoolisjustthesameasitwas10yearsago.注意：①such...that...引导结果状语从句。如：Theyaresuchlovelychildrenthatwelovethemmuch。②thesame...that...引导定语从句。如：Iwanttousethesametoolthatyouusedjustnow.(2)先行词为句子的定语从句用as和which引导。区别：①意义上：as含有“这点正如……一样”。②位置上：as从句可置句首，也可在另处。which引导的非限制定语从句只能放在主句之后。Hedidn’tpasstheexam，aswehadexpected.Thereislotsofairinloosesnow，whichcankeepthecoldout.Asisknown，theearthisround.11．关系副词when与where，why，thatwhen指时间＝in/at/on/duringwhichwhere指地点＝in/at/fromwhichwhy指原因＝forwhichthat可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词之后，取代when，where，why和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句，修饰的先行词常为theway，thetime，theday，theplace等，在口语中that常被省略。Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)hetalks.ThisisthefirsttimeIhavegivenyoualessoninFrench.12．必须注意的问题：(1)关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。(2)注意区别定语从句与强调句。①定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。②强调句中it无意义，that/who不是引导词。③去掉itis/was和that/who后，如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。Itisthemuseumthat/whichwevisitedlastyear.(定语从句)Itwasinthehotelthatwestayedlastnight.(强调句)(3)定语从句与同位语从句的区别。①定语从句的引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语，有时可省略。②同位语从句的引导词被叫做连接词，that不充当任何成分，不可省。Wordcamethattheirarmywasdefeated.(同位语从句)Weexpressedtothemourwishthatwasthesameastheirs.(定语从句)(4)关系词在从句中省略的情况。①关系词作宾语，前无介词时。②关系词作表语。(5)关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。(6)几个特殊的定语从句句型：①Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasgotverygoodmarksinthematch.(句中one为先行词)Heisoneofthestudentswhohavegotgoodmarksinthematch.(句中students为先行词)②Isthisplacetheone(that)wevisitedyesterday?Isthistheplace(that/which)wevisitedyesterday?③Hestoodatthewindow，fromwherehecouldseewhatwashappening.④Itmayrain，inwhichcasethematchwillbeputoff.◆定语从句与语法填空定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词以及介词的选用是语法填空题中的考查点。首先判断是否是定语从句是做题的关键，其次判断关系词充当何种成分，确定答案。有些特殊的定语从句，如分割式定语从句和插入式定语从句，一定要先确定先行词，然后再判断作何成分，最后确定用何关系词。典题试做1在空白处填入适当的关系代词或关系副词1．Whenharvestcamearound，hewasalreadysellingherbs，vegetablesandcottoninthemarketpeoplefromthetownsmetregularly.(2015·广东)答案where解析根据句子结构可以判断，在这里应填关系词来引导一个定语从句，修饰表地点的先行词themarket，故填where。2．Maybeyouarefacinganimpossiblesituation.Maybeyouhaveahabitisdrivingyourfamilycrazy.(2014·新课标全国Ⅰ)答案that/which解析考查定语从句的引导词。定语从句的先行词为前面的habit，而该定语从句缺少主语，因此要用that或which引导。3．Peopleshouldnotdothingswilldisturbtheirneighborsunnecessarily.(2014·湖南)答案which/that解析本句中含有定语从句，先行词是things，关系词在定语从句中作主语，可以使用which或that引导定语从句。4．Nick’sguests，hadheardtheirconversation，askedwhytheyshouldnotbuysaltmorecheaplyiftheycould.(2013·广东)答案who解析该空需填一个定语从句的引导词，先行词为Nick’sguests，指人，故引导词用who。5．Ofcoursewhenevertheyturnedtolookathim，theyhadtolookatMary，madeherfeellikeastar.(2012·广东)答案which解析由逗号可知此处是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子所表述的内容，故用which引导。6．Behindhimwereotherpeopletohewastryingtotalk，butaftersomeminutestheywalkedawayandsatnearme，lookingannoyed.(2011·广东)答案whom解析此处是一个定语从句，缺少关系代词，因为先行词为otherpeople，指的是人，而且与介词to连用，所以填whom。应对策略1一旦判断是定语从句，就根据定语从句的先行词和代表先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分，来确定关系词。若在从句中作主语和宾语，就用关系代词；若作状语，就用关系副词。◆定语从句与短文改错短文改错中对于定语从句的考查主要涉及限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句中关系代词或关系副词的错用。典题试做2单句改错(每小题1处错误)1．Havingteainthelateafternoonprovidesabridgebetweenlunchanddinner，thatmightnotbeserveduntil8o’clockatnight.(2013·新课标全国Ⅱ)答案that→which2．Third，weshouldfindwaystoreusethewaterusedinwashing，especiallybathwaterforwhichisquitealot，andthatwillsavemuchwater.(2012·大纲全国Ⅱ)答案去掉for解析此处考查which引导的定语从句，which在从句中作主语，从句是主系表结构，句子成分齐全，for在此处多余，故去掉。3．There，Katiawillintroducemetosomeofherfriends，oneofwhohasbeentoChinaseveraltimes.Ijustcan’twait.(2011·重庆)答案who→whom解析非限制性定语从句中“介词of＋whom”，不能用who。4．Itturnedouttobeherowncup，thatshe’dleftontheshelfbymistake.(2010·陕西)答案that→which解析逗号后为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词herowncup，故应用which引导，不能用that。5．OnedayIsawasecond­handbicycle，thatwasonlyonehundredyuan.(2009·辽宁)答案that→which解析逗号后为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词asecond­handbicycle，故应用which引导。应对策略2确定定语从句中关系词的步骤：1．找出先行词；2．看先行词被代入从句后在句子中的成分(作主语、宾语还是状语)；3．选择合适的关系词。◆书面表达中定语从句易错点聚焦(一)定语从句意识缺失1．关系代词被普通代词取代(误)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，someofthemaremyfavorite.(正)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，someofwhicharemyfavorite.2．关系代词遗漏(误)Thelastoneleavestheclassroompleaseclosethewindows.(正)Thelastonewholeavestheclassroompleaseclosethewindows.第一句从汉语意思角度是对的，但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。(二)假冒伪劣的定语从句1．有从无主式(误)MyfriendJane，whoisveryfriendlytousclassmates.(正)MyfriendJaneisveryfriendlytousclassmates.(正)MyfriendJane，whoisveryfriendlytousclassmates，hasavarietyofhobbies.第一句虎头蛇尾，属于有从无主式的句子，即有从句但没有主句。2．从句成分残缺式(误)Thosewhoagainstitthinkthatitisunnecessarytomovethezoosoutofthecity.(正)Thosewhoareagainstitthinkthatitisunnecessarytomovethezoosoutofthecity.第一句定语从句的谓语不完整。介词against不能单独作谓语。3．画蛇添足式(误)Ascanbeseenfromthepicture，thatasadboystandsbetweenhisangryparents.(误)Ascanbeseenfromthepicture，amanwhoistalkinghappily.(误)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，andsomeofwhicharemyfavorite.第一句中关系代词as代替逗号后面的整个主句，因此主句是不需要连接词来引导的。所以，应去掉that。第二句中同样as代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句中的who是多余的。第三句中如果要满足定语从句的话，显然并列连词and是多余的。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．AccordingtoDr.LanceWorkman，thesepeoplemaydevelopatemporarymoralcodeintheirmindsjustifiestheiractions：therearerichpeoplewhohavethingsIdon’thavesoit’srightthatItakeit.答案which/that解析which/that引导定语从句并在从句中作主语。2．Thisistheveryfactorytheyvisitedlastsummerholiday.答案that解析先行词为factory，其前有very修饰，定语从句只能用that引导。3．Whenfacinghardships，onlythoseareconfidentwillachievesuccess.答案who解析关系代词who引导定语从句，修饰前面的those(那些人)。4．Thatevening，Iwilltellyoumoreaboutlater，Iendedupworkingverylate.答案which解析本题考查定语从句。先行词为thatevening，将先行词代入定语从句后为：Iwilltellyoumoreaboutthateveninglater，由此可见先行词在定语从句中作about的宾语，且表示“物”，故用which引导。5．IwishtothankProfessorSmith，withouthelpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.答案whose解析分析句子结构可知，空格处为定语从句的引导词，先行词为ProfessorSmith，将先行词代入定语从句后为：WithoutProfessorSmith’shelpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar，由此可见先行词在定语从句中作help的定语，故答案为whose。6．Aftertheflooding，peopleweresufferinginthatarea，urgentlyneededcleanwater，medicineandsheltertosurvive.答案who解析本题考查非限制性定语从句。将先行词people代入定语从句后为：peopleurgentlyneededcleanwater，medicineandsheltertosurvive，可知先行词在从句中作主语，所以用who。7．Weliveinanagemoreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.答案when解析本题考查定语从句。先行词是age，因为关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用when引导。8．Thenextday，mybrotherandIwenttothebeachwewatchedsomepeopleplayvolleyball.答案where解析考查定语从句的引导词。分析结构可知，关系副词where引导定语从句，并在从句中作地点状语。9．Hewrotemanychildren’sbooks，nearlyhalfofwerepublishedinthe1990s.答案which解析根据句子结构可知此处考查非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，代指前面的先行词books，故应填which。10．We’llreachthesalestargetsinamonthwesetatthebeginningoftheyear.答案which/that解析考查分割式定语从句，先行词thesalestargets与关系代词which/that被inamonth隔开，先行词在定语从句中充当动词set的宾语，故填which/that。Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题1处错误)1．I’veneverheardofthepeopleandthingswhichyoutalkedaboutjustnow.答案which→that2．Thisistheonlyquestionwhichhasbeenanswered.答案which→that3．ThisisthemuseumwherewevisitedlastSunday.答案where→which/that或去掉where4．Wehavemadethesamemistakewhichyoumadelasttime.答案which→as5．IshallneverforgettheyearsIspentinthecountrywiththefarmers，thathasagreateffectonmylife.答案that→which6．Ayoungmanhadanewgirlfriend，whohewantedtoimpress.答案who→whom7．Ialsoenjoyedtheeveningswhenwespenttogether.答案when→which/that或去掉when8．Thevisitorssawrowsofhouses，theroofsofwhosearered.答案whose→which9．Pleasetellmethewaywhichyoudidthejob.答案which→that或去掉which或which前加in10．Littlehasbeendonewhatishelpfultoourwork.答案what→thatⅢ.语法填空A(定语从句专练)Yangshuo，ChinaItwasraininglightlywhenIarrivedinYangshuojustbeforedawn.ButIdidn’tcare.Afewhoursbefore，I’dbeenathomeinHongKong,1.whereIbreathedwithitschokingsmog.Here，theairwascleanandfresh，evenwiththerain.I’dskippednearbyGuilin,2.whichisadreamplacefortourists3.who/thatseekthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiver4.that/whicharepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinesepaintings.Instead，I’dheadedstraightforYangshuo.Forthose5.whoflytoGuilin，it’sonlyanhourawaybycarandoffersallthesceneryofthebetter­knowncity.Yangshuoisreallybeautiful.Astudyoftravelers6.that/whichwasconductedbythewebsiteTripAdvisornamesYangshuoasoneofthetop10destinations7.that/whicharefamousintheworld.Andthetownisfastbecomingapopularweekenddestinationforpeopleandtheirfamilies8.thatareinAsia.Abercrombie&Kent,9.whichisatravelcompanyinHongKong，saysitregularlyarrangesquickgetawayshereforpeople10.who/thatlivein