高考英语阅读理解五步法专项带练(68)讲义

【材料出自：高考第二次适应性练习英语试题】Youmaywellrememberthelasttimeyoumadeafoolofyourselfwhenaskedaquestioninfrontoftheentireclassorwhenyoufeltyoustoodout,eitherpositively,likescoringaperfectgoalinasoccergame,ornegatively,likewearingapieceofclothingthatmadeyoulookentirelyoutofplace.Thesesituationsdiffergreatly,butonethingisforsure:innoneofthemdidpeoplepayattentiontoyoutotheextentthatyoumighthavethoughttheydid.Weestimateourownsignificancefromourperspective,coloredbythefactthatweareallthecenterofourownuniverses,whichisthenoted“egocentricbias”,representedbythespotlighteffect.AstudyconductedbyTomGilovichandotherresearchersfoundtheparticipantsgreatlyoverestimatedthenumberofpeoplewhomighthavenoticedanembarrassingT-shirttheywerewearing.ButwhenrequiredtoviewarecordingofathirdpersonwearinganembarrassingT-shirt,theygottheestimateofthenumberofpeoplewhonoticeditnearlyright.WhatseemstoshiftthememorabilityoftheT-shirtinoureyes,then,isus.Thespotlighteffectdoesn’tapplymerelytoappearancebuttoactions.Inanotherpartofthesamestudy,thestudentparticipantssimilarlyoverestimatedhowmuchimportancetheirclassmatesinagroupdiscussionattachedtotheirperformance.Havinganaccurateideaofhowmuchourperformancematterstootherpeopleisvital.Overestimatinghowimpressedourclassmatesarewithourpositiveperformancecancauseustohaveaballooningsenseofself-importance.Yetunderstandingfewerpeoplethanwerealizeactuallycareaboutournegativeperformanceorerrorscanbeincrediblyfreeing.Ifwecontinuouslyfallintothetrapofthespotlighteffect,itmayharmourmentalhealth.Wemayrespondwithinactiontoopportunitieswewanttoparticipateinbasedonamistakenassumptionthatotherswillanalyzeandjudgeusforthem.Thecomfortingtruthisthatjustremindingourselvesofthefactthatothersalmostnevernoticeusasmuchaswethinktheydocanbeenoughtocounteractthespotlighteffect.12.Whatoccasionsarementionedinparagraph1?A.Whenyouarejudged.B.Whenyoufeelnoticed.C.Highlightsofyourlife.D.Yourembarrassingmoments.13.WhydidresearchersaskparticipantstowatchathirdpersoninanembarrassingT-shirt?A.Tomakeacomparison.B.Toapplythespotlighteffect.C.Tostresstheessenceofevaluation.D.Toanalyzeexternalfactors’effectonthinking.14.Ifweperformpoorly,insightintothespotlighteffectmaymakeus________.A.gainrespectB.feelliberatedC.takeprideinourselvesD.breakdownmentally15.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“counteract”meaninthelastparagraph?A.Actout.B.Findfaultwith.C.Cancelout.D.Takenoticeof.【五步法解析】第一步，串联题干，搜索关键词，推断全文主旨Whatoccasionsarementionedinparagraph1?WhydidresearchersaskparticipantstowatchathirdpersoninanembarrassingT-shirt?Ifweperformpoorly,insightintothespotlighteffectmaymakeus________.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“counteract”meaninthelastparagraph?文章主旨推断：人与人穿着之间的聚光灯效益第二步，通读全文，搜索关键句子，验证所推断的文章主旨Youmaywellrememberthelasttimeyoumadeafoolofyourselfwhenaskedaquestioninfrontoftheentireclassorwhenyoufeltyoustoodout,eitherpositively,likescoringaperfectgoalinasoccergame,ornegatively,likewearingapieceofclothingthatmadeyoulookentirelyoutofplace.你可能还记得上一次在全班同学面前出丑，或者你觉得自己很突出的时候，不管是积极的，比如在足球比赛中打进了一个完美的进球，还是消极的，比如穿了一件让你看起来完全不合适的衣服。Thesesituationsdiffergreatly,butonethingisforsure:innoneofthemdidpeoplepayattentiontoyoutotheextentthatyoumighthavethoughttheydid.这些情况差别很大，但有一件事是肯定的:在这些情况下，人们对你的关注程度都没有你想象的那么高。Weestimateourownsignificancefromourperspective,coloredbythefactthatweareallthecenterofourownuniverses,whichisthenoted“egocentricbias”,representedbythespotlighteffect.which引导定语从句修饰前面主句我们从自己的角度来估计自己的意义，我们都是自己宇宙的中心，这就是著名的“自我中心偏见”，以聚光灯效应为代表。AstudyconductedbyTomGilovichandotherresearchersfoundtheparticipantsgreatlyoverestimatedthenumberofpeoplewhomighthavenoticedanembarrassingT-shirttheywerewearing.我们从自己的角度来估计自己的意义，我们都是自己宇宙的中心，这就是著名的“自我中心偏见”，以聚光灯效应为代表。ButwhenrequiredtoviewarecordingofathirdpersonwearinganembarrassingT-shirt,theygottheestimateofthenumberofpeoplewhonoticeditnearlyright.但当被要求观看第三个人穿着令人尴尬的t恤的录音时，他们对注意到这件事的人数的估计几乎是正确的。WhatseemstoshiftthememorabilityoftheT-shirtinoureyes,then,isus.因此，改变t恤在我们眼中的可记忆性的似乎是我们自己。Thespotlighteffectdoesn’tapplymerelytoappearancebuttoactions.聚光灯效应不仅适用于外表，也适用于行动。Inanotherpartofthesamestudy,thestudentparticipantssimilarlyoverestimatedhowmuchimportancetheirclassmatesinagroupdiscussionattachedtotheirperformance.在同一研究的另一部分中，学生参与者同样高估了小组讨论中同学对他们表现的重视程度。Havinganaccurateideaofhowmuchourperformancematterstootherpeopleisvital.准确了解我们的表现对他人有多重要是至关重要的。Overestimatinghowimpressedourclassmatesarewithourpositiveperformancecancauseustohaveaballooningsenseofself-importance.高估我们的同学对我们的积极表现的印象会导致我们有一种膨胀的自我重要性感。Yetunderstandingfewerpeoplethanwerealizeactuallycareaboutournegativeperformanceorerrorscanbeincrediblyfreeing.然而，了解比我们意识到的更少的人实际上关心我们的消极表现或错误，这可以令人难以置信的自由。Ifwecontinuouslyfallintothetrapofthespotlighteffect,itmayharmourmentalhealth.如果我们不断落入聚光灯效应的陷阱，它可能会损害我们的心理健康。Wemayrespondwithinactiontoopportunitieswewanttoparticipateinbasedonamistakenassumptionthatotherswillanalyzeandjudgeusforthem.我们可能会对我们想要参与的机会无动于衷，这是基于一个错误的假设，即别人会为他们分析和评判我们。Thecomfortingtruthisthatjustremindingourselvesofthefactthatothersalmostnevernoticeusasmuchaswethinktheydocanbeenoughtocounteractthespotlighteffect.第一个that引导表语从句第二个that引导同位语从句令人欣慰的事实是，只要提醒自己别人几乎从来没有像我们想象的那样注意到我们，就足以抵消聚光灯效应。第三步，细读题干，提取关键信息，回文定位12.Whatoccasionsarementionedinparagraph1?第1段提到了哪些场合?A.Whenyouarejudged.当你被评判的时候。B.Whenyoufeelnoticed.当你感到被注意的时候C.Highlightsofyourlife.你生活中的亮点。D.Yourembarrassingmoments.你的尴尬时刻。Youmaywellrememberthelasttimeyoumadeafoolofyourselfwhenaskedaquestioninfrontoftheentireclassorwhenyoufeltyoustoodout,eitherpositively,likescoringaperfectgoalinasoccergame,ornegatively,likewearingapieceofclothingthatmadeyoulookentirelyoutofplace.你可能还记得上一次在全班同学面前出丑，或者你觉得自己很突出的时候，不管是积极的，比如在足球比赛中打进了一个完美的进球，还是消极的，比如穿了一件让你看起来完全不合适的衣服。Thesesituationsdiffergreatly,butonethingisforsure:innoneofthemdidpeoplepayattentiontoyoutotheextentthatyoumighthavethoughttheydid.Weestimateourownsignificancefromourperspective,coloredbythefactthatweareallthecenterofourownuniverses,whichisthenoted“egocentricbias”,representedbythespotlighteffect.这些情况差别很大，但有一件事是肯定的:在这些情况下，人们对你的关注程度都没有你想象的那么高。我们从自己的角度来估计自己的意义，我们都是自己宇宙的中心，这就是著名的“自我中心偏见”，以聚光灯效应为代表。同义替换：feelnoticed=payattentionto注意Extent=occasions场合13.WhydidresearchersaskparticipantstowatchathirdpersoninanembarrassingT-shirt?为什么研究人员让参与者看第三个人穿着令人尴尬的t恤?A.Tomakeacomparison.做一个比较。B.Toapplythespotlighteffect.应用聚光灯效果。C.Tostresstheessenceofevaluation.强调评价的本质。D.Toanalyzeexternalfactors’effectonthinking.分析外部因素对思维的影响。AstudyconductedbyTomGilovichandotherresearchersfoundtheparticipantsgreatlyoverestimatedthenumberofpeoplewhomighthavenoticedanembarrassingT-shirttheywerewearing.ButwhenrequiredtoviewarecordingofathirdpersonwearinganembarrassingT-shirt,theygottheestimateofthenumberofpeoplewhonoticeditnearlyright.WhatseemstoshiftthememorabilityoftheT-shirtinoureyes,then,isus.汤姆·吉洛维奇(TomGilovich)和其他研究人员进行的一项研究发现，参与者大大高估了可能注意到自己穿着一件令人尴尬的t恤的人数。但当被要求观看第三个人穿着令人尴尬的t恤的录音时，他们对注意到这件事的人数的估计几乎是正确的。因此，改变t恤在我们眼中的可记忆性的似乎是我们自己。注意：这是实验条件下要求去观察与非实验条件下平常去观察的对比；文章段落内转折关系实质就是一个对比14.Ifweperformpoorly,insightintothespotlighteffectmaymakeus________.如果我们表现不佳，洞察聚光灯效应可能会使我们A.gainrespect赢得尊重B.feelliberated感觉到解放C.takeprideinourselves以己为傲D.breakdownmentally精神崩溃Thespotlighteffectdoesn’tapplymerelytoappearancebuttoactions.Inanotherpartofthesamestudy,thestudentparticipantssimilarlyoverestimatedhowmuchimportancetheirclassmatesinagroupdiscussionattachedtotheirperformance.Havinganaccurateideaofhowmuchourperformancematterstootherpeopleisvital.Overestimatinghowimpressedourclassmatesarewithourpositiveperformancecancauseustohaveaballooningsenseofself-importance.Yetunderstandingfewerpeoplethanwerealizeactuallycareaboutournegativeperformanceorerrorscanbeincrediblyfreeing.聚光灯效应不仅适用于外表，也适用于行动。在同一研究的另一部分中，学生参与者同样高估了小组讨论中同学对他们表现的重视程度。准确了解我们的表现对他人有多重要是至关重要的。高估我们的同学对我们的积极表现的印象会导致我们有一种膨胀的自我重要性感。然而，了解比我们意识到的更少的人实际上关心我们的消极表现或错误，这可以令人难以置信的自由。同义替换：negativeperformance=performpoorly不好的表现Feelliberated=incrediblyfreeing感到自由15.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“counteract”meaninthelastparagraph?最后一段中划线的单词“中和”是什么意思A.Actout.表演出来B.Findfaultwith.批评C.Cancelout.取消；抵消D.Takenoticeof.注意；留心Ifwecontinuouslyfallintothetrapofthespotlighteffect,itmayharmourmentalhealth.Wemayrespondwithinactiontoopportunitieswewanttoparticipateinbasedonamistakenassumptionthatotherswillanalyzeandjudgeusforthem.Thecomfortingtruthisthatjustremindingourselvesofthefactthatothersalmostnevernoticeusasmuchaswethinktheydocanbeenoughtocounteractthe