快速成型中英文翻译、外文文献翻译、外文翻译

XXX设计（XXX）英文和翻译PAGEPAGE15XX设计（XXX）外文资料翻译题目：RapidPrototyping快速成型RapidPrototyping1RapidPrototypingbasicconceptRapidPrototypingisageneraltermappliedtoafamilyoffabricationtechnologiesthatallowengineeringofsolidspartstobemadeinminimumleadtime.ThecommonfeatureoftherapidprototypingprocessesisthattheyfabricatethepartdirectlyfromtheCADgeometricmodel.Thisisusuallydonebydividingthesolidobjectintoaseriesofsmallthicknessandthendefiningtheareashapesofeachlayer.Forexample,averticalconewouldbedividedintoaseriesofcircularlayers,eachcirclebecomingsmallerandsmallerasthevertexoftheconeisapproached.Therapidprototypingprocessesthenfabricatetheobjectatthebaseandbuildingeachlayerontopoftheprecedinglayertoapproximatethesolidshape.Thefidelityoftheapproximationdependsonthethicknessofeachlayer.Aslayerthicknessdecreases,accuracyincreases.Thereareavarietyoflayer-buildingprocessesusedinrapidprototyping.Themostcommonprocess,calledstereolithography,usesaphotosensitiveliquidpolymerthatcureswhensubjectedtointenselight.CuringofthepolymerisaccomplishedusingamovinglaserbeamwhosepathlayeriscontrolledbymeansoftheCADmodel.Byhardeningeachlayer,oneontopofthepreceding,asolidpolymerprototypeofthepartbuilt.Virtualprototyping,basedonvirtualrealitytechnology,involvestheuseoftheCADgeometricmodeltoconstructadigitalmock-upoftheproduct,enablingthedesignerandothertoobtainthesensationoftherealphysicalproductwithoutactuallybuildingthephysicalprototype.Virtualprototypinghasbeenusedintheautomotiveindustrytoevaluatenewcarstyledesigns.Theobserverofthevirtualprototypeisabletoassestheappearanceofthenewdesigneventhoughnophysicalmodelisondisplay.Otherapplicationsofvirtualprototypingincludecheckingthefeasibilityofassemblyoperations,forexample,partsmatting,accessandclearanceofpartsduringassembly,andassemblysequence.AutomatedDrafting.ThefourthareawhereCADisusefulispresentationanddocumentation.CADsystemscanbeusedasautomateddraftingmachinestopreparehighlyaccurateengineeringdrawingsquick.ItisestimatedthataCADsystemincreasesproductivityinthedraftingfunctionaboutfivefoldovermanualpreparationofdrawings.CADSystemHardwareThehardwareforatypicalCADsystemconsistsofthefollowingcomponents;(1)oneormoredesignworkstations;(2)digitalcomputer;(3)plotters,andotheroutputdevices,and(4)storagedevices.TherelationshipamongthecomponentsisillustratedinFig.18.5.Inaddition,theCADsystemwouldhaveacommunicationinterfacetopermittransmissionofdatetoandfromothercomputersystems,thusenablingsomeofthebenefitsofcomputerintegration.DesignWorkstations.TheworkstationistheinterfacebetweencomputeranduserintheCADsystem.Itsfunctionsarethefollowing:(1)communicatewiththeCPU;(2)continuouslygenerateagraphicimage;(3)providedigitaldescriptionsoftheimage”(4)translateusercommandsintooperatingfunctions;and(5)facilitateinteractionbetweentheuserandthesystem.ThedesignoftheCADworkstationanditsavailablefeatureshaveanimportantinfluenceontheconvenience,productivity,andqualityoftheuser’soutput.Theworkstationmustincludeagraphicsdisplayterminalandasetofuserinputdevices.Thedisplayterminalmustbecapableofshowingbothgraphicsandalphanumerictext.Itistheprincipalmeansbywhichthesystemcommunicateswiththeuser.Foroptimumgraphicsdisplay,themonitorshouldhavealargecolorscreenwithhighresolution.Theuserinputdevicespermittheoperatortocommunicatewiththesystem.TooperatetheCADsystem,theusermustbeabletoaccomplishthefollowing:(1)enteralphanumericdate;(2)entercommandstothedisplayscreen.Toenteralphanumericdate,analphanumerickeyboardisprovided.Aconventionaltypewriter-likekeyboardallowsthedesignertoinputnumericalandalphabeticcharactersintothesystem.Thealphanumerickeyboardcanalsobeusedtoentercommandsandinstructionstothesystem.However,otherinputdevicesaccomplishthisfunctionmoreconveniently.Specialfunctionkeyboardshavebeendevelopedtoallowentryofacommandinonlyoneortowkeystrokes.Thesespecialkeypadshavefrom10to50functionkeys,dependingonthesystem.However,eachkeyprovidesmorethanonefunction,dependingonthecommandstoaCADsystemistheelectronictablet,anelectronicallysensitiveboardonwhichaninstructionsetisdisplayed,andcommandsareenteredusingapuckorelectronicpen.Cursorcontrolpermitstheoperatortopositionthecursorinthescreentoidentifyalocationwheresomefunctionistobeexecuted.Forexample,todrawastraightlineonthescreen,theendpointsofthelinecanbeidentifiedbylocatingthecursorinsequenceatthetowpointsandgivingthecommandtoconstructtheline.TherearevariouscursorcontroldevicesusedinCAD,includingpucks,mousse,joysticks,trackballs,thumbwheels,lightpens,andelectronictablets.AninputdeviceforenteringcoordinatesfromanexistingdrawingintotheCADsystemisadigitizer,whichconsistsofalargeflatboardandanelectronictrackingelementsuchasapuckthatcanbemovedacrossthesurfaceoftheboardtorecordx-andy-coordinatepositions.1.2DigitalComputer.CADapplicationsrequireadigitalcomputerwithahigh-speedcentralprocessingunit;mathcoprocessorsystemshave32-bitprocessors,whichpermithigh-speedexecutionofCADgraphicsandengineeringanalysisapplications.SeveralCADsystemconfigurationsareavailablewithinthegeneralarrangementshowinFig.18.5.Letusidentifythreeprincipalconfigurations,illustratedinFig.18.6:(a)hostandterminal,(b)engineeringworkstation,and(c)CADsystembasedonapersonalcomputer.ThehostandterminalwastheoriginalCADconfigurationinthe1970sandearly1980whenthetechnologywasfirstdeveloping,formanyyears,itwastheonlyconfigurationavailable.Inthisarrangement,alargemainframecomputeroraminicomputerservesasthehostforoneormoregraphicsterminals.Thesesystemswereexpensive,eachinstallationtypicallyrepresentinganinvestmentofamilliondollarsormore.Thepowerfulmicroprocessorsandhigh-densitymemorydevicesthataresocommontodaywerenotavailableatthattime.TheonlywaytomeetthecomputationalrequirementsforgraphicsprocessingandrelatedCADapplicationswastouseamainframeconnectedtomultipleterminalsoperatingonatime-sharingbasis.HostandterminalCADsystemsarestillusedtodayintheautomotiveindustryandotherindustriessinwhichitisdeemednecessarytooperatealargecentraldatabase.Anengineeringworkstationisastand-alonecomputersystemthatisdedicatedtooneuserandcapableofexecutinggraphicssoftwareandotherprogramsrequiringhigh-speedcomputationalpower.Thegraphicsdisplayisahigh-resolutionmonitorwithalargescreen.Asshowninourfigure,engineeringworkstationsareoftennetworkedtopermitexchangeofdatefilesandprogramsbetweenusersandtoshareplottersanddatestoragedevices.APC-basedCADsystemisaPCwithhigh-performanceCPUandmedium-to-highresolutiongraphicsdisplayscreen.Thecomputerisequippedwithalargerandomaccessmemory,mathcoprocessor,andlarge-capacityharddiskforstorageofthelargeapplicationssoftwarepackagesusedforCAD.PC-basedCADsystemscanbenetworkedtosharefiles,outputdevices,andforotherpurposes.Startingaround1996,CADsoftwaredevelopersbeganofferingproductsthatutilizetheexcellentgraphicsenvironmentofMicrosoftWindowsNT,thusenhancingthepopularityandfamiliarityofPA-basedCAD.WhentheengineeringworkstationiswiththePC-basedsystem,theformerissuperiorintermsofmostperformancecriteria.Itscapacitytoefficientlyaccomplish3-DgeometricmodelingandexecuteotheradvancedsoftwareexceedsthatofaPC,andthismakestheworkstationmoreresponsiveandinteractivethanaPC-basedCADsystem.However,theperformancecharacteristicsofPCsareimprovingeachyear,andthepricesofengineeringworkstationsaredroppingeachyear,sothatthedistinctionbetweenthetwotypesisbecomingblurred.1.3PlottersandPrinters.TheCRTdisplayisoftentheonlyoutputdevicephysicallylocatedattheCADworkstation.Thereisaneedtodocumentthedesignonpaper.TheperipheralsoftheCADsystemincludeonemoreormoreoutputdevicesforthispurpose.Amongtheseoutputdevicesarethefollowing.Penplotters.Therearex-yplotterstypesusedtoproducehighaccuracylinedrawings.Electrostaticplotters.Thesearefasterdevicesbasedonthesametechnologyasphotocopying.Theresolutionofdrawingsfromelectrostaticplottersisgenerallylowerthanthosemadebyapenplotter.Dot-matrixprinters.Intheoperationoftheseprinters,smallhammersstrikesaninkribbonagainstthepapertoformadrawingconsistingofmanyinkdots.Inkjetprinters.Thesearesimilartodot-matrixprintersexceptthatthedotsareformedbyhigh-speedjetsofinkimpactingthepaper.StorageDevices.StorageperipheralsareusedinCADsystemtostoreprogramsanddatafiles.Thestoragemediumisusuallyamagneticdiskormagnetictape.Filescanberetrievedmorequicklyformmagneticdisks,whichfacilitatesloadingandexchangeoffilesbetweenCPUanddisk.Magnetictapeislessexpensive,butmoretimeisrequiredtoaccessagivenfileduetothesequentialfilestorageonthetape.Itissuitedtodiskbackup,archivalfiles,andtransfertooutputdevices.CAM,CAD/CAM,ANDCIMWehavebrieflydefinedthetermsCAM/CAM,andCIMinourintroduction.Letusexplainanddifferentiatethesetermsmorethoroughlyhere.ThetermcomputerintegratedmanufacturingissometimesusedinterchangeablywithCAMandCAD/CAM.Althoughhetermscloselyrelated,ourassertionisthatCIMpossessesabroadermeaningthandoeseitherCAMorCAN/CAM.2Computer-AidedManufacturingComputer-aidedManufacturingisdefinedastheeffectiveuseofcomputertechnologyinmanufacturingplanningandcontrol.CADismostcloselyassociatedwithfunctionsinmanufacturingengineering,suchasprocessplanningandnumericalcontrolpartprogramming.Withreferencetoourmodelofproduction,theapplicationofCAMcanbedividedintotwobroadcategories:(1)manufacturingplanningand(2)manufacturingcontrol.LetusprovideabriefdiscussionofthemheretocompleteourdefinitionofCAM.2.1ManufacturingPlanning.CAMapplicationsformanufacturingplanningarethoseinwhichthecomputerisusedindirectlytosupporttheproductionfunction,butthereisnodirectconnectionbetweenthecomputerandtheprocess.Thecomputersused“off-line”toprovideinformationfortheeffectiveplanningandmanagementofproductionactivities.ThefollowinglistsurveystheimportantapplicationsofCAMinthiscategory:Computer-aidedprocessplanning.Processplanningisconcernedwiththepreparationofroutessheetsthatlistthesequenceofoperationsandworkcentersrequiredtoproducetheproductanditscomputers.CAPPsystemsareavailabletodaytopreparetheseroutesheets.Computer-assistedNCpartprogramming.ThesubjectofpartprogrammingforNCwasdiscussed.Forcomplexpartgeometries,computer-assistedpartprogrammingrepresentsamuchmoreefficientmethodofgeneratingthecontrolinstructionsforthemachinetoolthatmanualpartprogrammingis.Computerizedmachinabilitydatesystems.Oneoftheproblemsinoperatingametalcuttingmachinetoolisdeterminingthespeedsandfeedsthatshouldbeusedtomachineagivenworkpart,computerprogramshavebeenwrittenarebasedondatethathavebeenobtainedeitherinthefactoryorlaboratorythatrelatetoollifetocuttingconditions.Developmentofworkstandards.Thetimestudydepartmenthastheresponsibilityforsettingtimestandardsondirectlaborjobsperformedinthefactory.Establishingstandardsbydirecttimestudycanbeatediousandtime-consumingtask.Thereareseveralcommerciallyavailablecomputerpackagesforsettingworkstandards.Thesecomputerprogramsusestandardstimedatathathavebeendevelopedforbasicworkelementsthatcompriseanymanualtask.Bysummingthetimesfortheindividualelementsrequiredtoperformanewjob,theprogramcalculatesthestandardtimeforthejob.Costestimating.Thetaskofestimatingthecostofanewproducthasbeensimplifiedinmostindustriesbycomputerizingseveralofthekeystepsrequiredtopreparetheestimate.Thecomputerisprogrammedtoapplytheappropriatelaborandoverheadratestothesequenceofplannedoperationsforthecomponentsofnewproducts.Theprogramthensumstheindividualcomponentcostsformtheengineeringbillofmaterialstodeterminetheoverallproductcost.2.2Productionandinventoryplanning.Thecomputerhasfoundwidespreaduseinmanyofthefunctionsinproductionandinventoryplanning.Thesefunctionsinclude:maintenanceofinventoryrecords,automaticreorderingofstockitemswheninventoryisdepleted,productionscheduling,maintainingcurrentprioritiesforthedifferentproductionorders,materialrequirementsplanning,andcapacityplanning.Computer-aidedlinebalancing.Findingthebestallocationofworkelementsamongstationsonanassemblylineisalargeanddifficultproblemifthelineisofsignificantsize.Computerprogramshavebeendevelopedtoassistinthesolutionofthisproblem.ManufacturingControl.ThesecondcategoryofCAMapplicationsisconcernedwithdevelopingcomputersystemstoimplementthemanufacturingcontrolfunction.Manufacturingcontrolisconcernedwithmanagingandcontrollingthephysicaloperationsinthefactory.Thesemanagementandcontrolareasinclude:2.3Processmonitoringandcontrol.Processmonitoringandcontrolisconcernedwithobservingandregulatingtheproductionequipmentandmanufacturingprocessesintheplant.Wehavepreviouslydiscussedprocesscontrol.Theapplicationsofcomputerprocesscontrolarepervasivetodayinautomatedproductionsystems.Theyincludetransferlines,assemblysystems,NC,robotics,materialhandling,andflexiblemanufacturingsystems.Allofthesetopicshavebeencoveredinearlierchapters.Qualitycontrolincludesavarietyofapproachestoensurethehighestpossiblequalitylevelsinthemanufacturedproduct.Shopfloorcontrol.Shopfloorcontrolreferstoproductionmanagementtechniquesforcollectingdatafromfactoryoperationsandusingthedatatohelpcontrolproductionandinventoryinthefactory.Inventorycontrolisconcernedwithmaintainingthemostappropriatelevelsofinventoryinthefaceoftwoopposingobjectives:minimizingtheinvestmentandstoragecostsofholdinginventoryandmaximizingservicetocustomers.Thetermjust-in-timereferstoaproductionsystemthatisorganizedtodeliverexactlytherightnumberofeachcomponenttodownstreamworkstationsinthemanufacturingsequencejustatthewhenthatcomponentisneeded.Thetermappliesnotonlytoproductionoperationsbuttosupplierdeliveryoperationsaswell.CAD/CAMisconcernedwiththeengineeringfunctioninbothdesignandmanufacturing.Productdesign,engineeringanalysis,anddocumentationofthedesignrepresentengineeringactivitiesindesign.Processplanning,NCpartprogramming,andotheractivitiesassociatedwithCAMrepresentengineeringactivitiesinmanufacturing.TheCAD/CAMsystemsdevelopedduringthe1970sandearly1980sweredesignedprimarilytoaddressthesetypesofengineeringproblems.Inaddition,CAMhasevolvedtoincludemanyotherfunctionsinmanufacturing,suchasmaterialrequirementsplanning,productionscheduling,computerproductionmonitoring,andcomputerprocesscontrol.ItshouldalsobenotedthatCAD/CAMdenotesanintegrationofdesignandmanufacturingactivitiesbymeansofcomputersystems.Themethodofmanufacturingaproductisadirectfunctionofitsdesign.Withconventionalprocedurespracticedforsomanyyearsinindustry,engineeringdrawingswerepreparedbydesigndraftsmenandlaterusedbymanufacturingengineerstodeveloptheprocessplan.Theactivitiesinvolvedindesigningtheproductwereseparatedfromtheactivitiesassociatedwithprocessplanning.Essentiallyatwo-stepprocedurewasemployed.Thiswastime-consumingandinvolvedduplicationofeffortbydesignandmanufacturingpersonnel.UsingCAD/CAMtechnology,itispossibletoestablishadirectlinkbetweenproductdesignandmanufacturingengineering.Ineffect,CAD/CAMisoneoftheenablingtechnologiesforconcurrentengineering.ItisthegoalofCAD/CAMnotonlytoautomatecertainphasesofdesignandcertainphasesofmanufacturing,butalsotoautomatethetransitionformdesigntomanufacturing.IntheidealCAD/CAMsystem,itispossibletotakethedesignspecificationoftheproduct,thisconversionbeingdoneautomaticallycontrolledmachinetool.Aspartoftheprocessplan,theNCpartprogramisgeneratedautomaticallybyCAD/CAM.TheCAD/CAMsystemdownloadstheNCprogramdirectlytothemachinetoolbymeansofatelecommunicationsnetwork.Hence,underthisarrangement,productdesign,NCprogramming,andphysicalproductionareallimplementedbycomputer.2.4ComputerIntegratedManufacturingComputerintegratedmanufacturingincludesalloftheengineeringfunctionsofCAD/CAM,butitalsoincludesthefirm’sbusinessfunctionsthatarerelatedtomanufacturing.TheideaCIMsystemappliescomputerandcommunicationstechnologytoalloftheoperationalfunctionsandinformationprocessingfunctionsinmanufacturingformorderreceipt,thoughdesignandproduction,productshipment.ThescopeofCIM,comparedwiththemorelimitedscopeofCAD/CAM,isdepictedinFig.18.7.TheCIMconceptisthatofthefilm’soperationsrelatedtoproductionareincorporatedinanintegratedcomputersystemtoassist,augment,andautomatetheoperations.Thecomputereaterispervasivethroughthefilm,touchingallactivitiesthatsupportmanufacturing.Inthisintegratedcomputersystem,theoutputofoneactivityservesastheinputtothenextactivity,throughthechainofeventsthatatartswiththesalesorderandculminateswithshipmentoftheproduct.Customerorderareinitiallyenteredbythecompany’ssalesforceordirectlybythecustomerintoacomputerizedorderentrysystem.TheorderscontainthespecificationsdescribingtheproductsaredesignedonaCADsystem.Thecomponentsthatcomprisetheproductaredesigned,thebillofmateralsiscompiled,andassemblydrawingsareprepared.Theoutputofthedesigndepartmentservesastheinputtomanufacturingengineering,whereprocessplanning,tooldesign,andsimilaractivitiesareaccomplishedtoprepareforproduction.ManyofthesemanufacturingengineeringactivitiesaresupportedbytheCIMsystem.ProcessplanningisperformedusingCAPP.ToolandfixturedesignisdoneonaCADsystem,makinguseoftheproducttoproductionplanningandcontrol,wherematerialrequirementsplanningandschedulingareperformedusingthecomputersystem.Andsoitgoes,througheachstepinthemanufacturingcycle.FullimplementationofCIMresultsintheautomationoftheinformationflowthrougheveryaspectofthecompany’sorganization.快速成型1快速成型的基本概念快速成型是一个主要的述语使应于组合式的生产技术。它能让工程师模型的液体部分被生成在最小的引导时间内。速度模型的普便特征是制造部分直接来自CAD的几何系统。这通常实行靠分配的液体物质输入一系列的小厚度层和定义每一层区域形状。例如：一个垂直的锥体分配到一系列的循环层，每一个圆环变地越来越小，而且每一个圆锥物被确定途径。速度模型工作过程中，物质的购成装配在顶地每层的开始。顶地每层都在液体行成的过程中处于领先地位。精确度的靠近值取决于每个层的厚度，厚度减小，精确度提高，这一系列的建筑层过程应用速度模型。大部分的生产过程叫作液体行成过程。用一个感光性的聚合物来补救。聚合物的补救被达到应用一个移动的激光电子束。在每一层当中，这些移动的激光电子束的路径被控制靠CAD模型的方式。每一层硬化都处于领先的位置。一个液体的聚光物模型就形成了。实质上的样版建立在实质上的技术上，包括应用CAD几何模型控制一个数字模仿的生产，使设计者和其它人去获得一种感觉能力。真正的几何生产不包含实质上样版的建立。实质模型已经应用于自动化行业，去评估新的样版设计。实际模型的观察者创新设计出现的机率虽然没有实际模型陈列。实际模型的其它应用包括检查组装生产的可实行性。例如：组装和组装系列的部件配合，过程和清理工作。1.1设计工作站设计工作站是计算机和CAD系统应用的纽带，它的功能如下：（1）和CPU的联系（2）连系的一个主要的轮廓图像（3）提供一个想象的数字描述（4）翻译应用命令另其变成操作功能（5）应用者和系统之间的连接。CAD工作站的设计和它可能的特征有一个重要的影响在便利系统.生产和应用者输出的质量。工作站必须包含图解的显示终端和一套输入设备的系统。县示终端必须能够显示数字和字符。这是系统和应用者沟通的主要方式。最佳效果的数字显示，这个监视器应该有一个大的彩色显示屏幕，其中有高的记录效果。应用输入设备允许与操作者和系统联系。去操作CAD系统应用者必须完成下列内容（1）输入字母和字符串（2）输入命令给显示屏，输入数据。一个字符的键盘是必备的一个方便的键盘允许输入者输入字符和数字类型进入系统，然而，其它输入设备完成这些功能更方便。特殊功能键盘已经被改进。允许输入命令在仅仅一个或两个按键，这种按键具有十到五十个功能（依靠这个系统）。然而，每一个按钮提供多于一个功能。依靠这种组合按键决定哪种软件被应用。另外一种输如设备提供进入命令给CAD系统是电子块。一个电子感应板，在上面命令被显示，并且命令用一个电子笔输入。横线控制玻璃板允许输入者在显示屏上定位数子板。去确定一个位置，在这个位置上一些功能被实现。例如：在显示屏上画条直线直线的尺寸端被确定在这块板上，确定两个点以及给出命令控置直线。横线控制玻璃板设备应用CAD鼠标，激光操作杆光笔和电板块。一个输入设备是用来输入混合的信息进入CAD，从一个外来的数字化系统，起中包括一个大的平板和电子追踪系统，一个冰球从板的顶部到x--y确定的位置。1.2数字化计算机数字化计算机CAD应用要求一个数字计算机，其中有CPU，数字处理器去完成计算机感应操作和一个大的网络记忆。今天的命令系统有32节的，他允许高速的CAD调试运行和数字分析结果。一些CAD系统构造是多种多样的，其中主要排序显示在18章5节里，让我们鉴别三种主要的数字类型。显示在18章.6节,(a)主体和终点站；（b）工作站；（c）建立在个人电脑上的CAD系统.主体和终点站最原始的数据型式在二十世纪七十年代之间，一个技术的先发时期。多年后，仅仅是数字多样化。在排序部分，一个大的计算机主体或一个微型计算机服务作为主体的一个图解终点站。这种系统是昂贵的，每个典型的按装系统都要百万或者更多权威的微型计算机和高频的记忆系统在今天如此普便，以往是那么的单调。满足电脑系统的唯一方式图解其过程和论述CAD陈述应用一个主要的框架连接若干复合的终点站操作时间基础系统。主板和终端CAD系统在自动化作业和其它作业方面仍有很多应用，在其中它必须操作一个中心数字系统。一个工程的工作站是一个单独的计算机系统用于一个操作者和实现终点软件和其它项目要求高速计算机能力。终点显示是一个能解决问题的高效大屏幕机。在我们的数字里显示，工作站是网络工作的允许改变数据和目录中和一个策划师的数据储存系统。PC基础的CAD系统是一个PC其中有多的显示CPU和多媒体的结果显示大屏幕。计算机要求具有DAM，数字组和具有大圆盘的储存能力。其中的应用软件为CAD服务的。PC基础上的CAD系统可以被网络化为了分子空间,熟出系统内容和其它目标.从1996年开始,CAD软件的发展开始提供产品,,产利用优异的NCwindows系统设备茺端环境,这些提供了流行度家庭型PC--CAD系统.当这些工作站同PC系统比较时,前者的优越性表现在很多方面,它能够高效率地完成3—D几何模型和精确的进化软件过程。这使得工作站更敏感和网络连接PC—CAD系统。然而，这些表显特征是每年改进的，工作站的价格每年在跌，所以这方面的区别也显得模糊。1.3策化师和印刷师策化师和印刷师--CRT显示系统往往在CAD工作中是唯一的输出系统。这是这张纸张设计的一个要求。CAD周边系统包括一个或者更多的输出系统和这个目标。输出系统如下：笔的策划这是X--Y多种策划应用的方式，主要去生产高精度的线绘。电子策绘这是比较快的设施统制照片的一些技术上，这种来自它的策绘结过果普便要比笔制低。朵特—母体印制--在这些印制的过程中，印制带分布在许多印制纸上，墨水喷发印制，这种是比朵特--母体印制小的当朵特被行成在高速喷射的墨水印制纸上。储存折施储存的周围环境在CAD系统中行成，去储存项目和数据。电影行成可以很快地被补救从磁性反射器中，其中的设施锁定和改变电影在CPU和反射器之间。磁性反射器不昂贵，但大多时候要求给出一个特定的途径，因为系统储存的行式和反射器的系统配套，数据的显示和转换连接于输出系统。CAD，CAD/CAM和CIM--我们主要在我们的产品中定