机构和机器原理外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

PAGEPAGE16外文资料MECHANISMSANDMACHINETHEORY1.IntroductiontoMechanism：Thefunctionofamechanismistotransmitortransformmotionfromonerigidbodytoanotheraspartoftheactionofamachine.Therearethreetypesofcommonmechanicaldevicesthatcanbeusedasbasicelementsofamechanism.1、Gearsystem,inwhichtoothedmembersincontacttransmitmotionbetweenrotatingshafts.2、Camsystem,whereauniformmotionofaninputmemberisconvertedintoanonuniformmotionoftheoutputmember.3、Planeandspatiallinkagesarealsousefulincreatingmechanicalmotionsforapointorrigidbody.Akinematicchainisasystemoflinks,thatis,rigidbodies,whichareeitherjointedtogetherorareincontactwithoneanotherinamannerthatpermitsthemtomoverelativetooneanother.Ifoneofthelinksisfixedandthemovementofanyotherlinktoanewpositionwillcauseeachoftheotherlinkstomovetodefinitepredictableposition,thesystemisaconstrainedkinematicchain.Ifoneofthelinksisheldfixedandthemovementofanyotherlinktoanewpositionwillnotcauseeachoftheotherlinkstomovetoadefinitepredictablepositionthenthesystemisanunconstrainedkinematicchain,Amechanismorlinkageisaconstrainedkinematicchain,andisamechanicaldevicethathasthepurposeoftransferringmotionand/orforcefromasourcetoanoutput.Alinkageconsistsoflinks(orbars),generallyconsideredrigid,whichareconnectedbyjoints,suchaspinCorrevolute)orprismaticjoints,toformopenorclosedchains(orloops).Suchkinematicchains,withatleastonelinkfixed,becomemechanismsifatleasttwootherlinksremainmobility,orstructuresifnomobilityremains.Inotherwords,amechanismpermitsrelativemotionbetweenits"rigidlinks";astructuredoesnot.Sincelinkagesmakesimplemechanismsandcanbedesignedtoperformcomplextasks,suchasnonlinearmotionandforcetransmissiontheywillreceivemuchattentioninmechanismstudy.Mechanismsareusedinagreatvarietyofmachinesanddevices.Thesimplestclosed-looplinkageisthefour-barlinkage,whichhasthreemovinglinks(plusonefixedlink)andfourpinjoints.Thelinkthatisconnectedtothepowersourceorprimemoverandhasonemovingpivotandonegroundpivotiscalledtheinputlink.Theoutputlinkconnectsanothermovingpivottoanothergroundpivot.Thecouplerorfloatinglinkconnectedthetwomovingpivots,thereby"coupling"theinputtotheoutputlink.Thefour-barlinkagehassomespecialconfigurationscreatedbymakingoneormorelinksinfiniteinlength.Theslider-crank(orcrankandslider)mechanismisafour-barchainwithasliderreplacinganinfinitelylongoutputlink.Theinternalcombustionengineisbuiltbasedonthismechanism.Otherformsoffour-linkmechanismsexistinwhichasliderisguidedonamovinglinkratherthanonafixedlink.Thesearecalledinversionsoftheslider-crank,producedwhenanotherlink(thecrank,coupler,orslider)isfixedlink.Althoughthefour-barlinkageandslider-crankmechanismareveryusefulandfoundinthousandsofapplications,wecanseethattheselinkageshavelimitedperformancelevel.Linkageswithmoremembersareoftenusedinmoredemandingcircumstances.Howeveritisoftendifficulttovisualizethemovementofamultilooplinkage,especiallywhenothercomponentsappearinthesamediagram.Thefirststepinthemotionanalysesofmorecomplicatedmechanismsistosketchtheequivalentkinematicorskeletondiagram.Theskeletondiagramservesapurposesimilartothatoftheelectricalschematicorcircuitdiagram.Organizationmovementanalysissecondstep:Drawsagraphicchart,ismustdeterminetheorganizationthenumberofdegreesoffreedom.Basedondegreeoffreedom,butItalyrefersneedscertainindependentinputsthemovementnumber,bydeterminedorganizationallcomponentsareoppositeinthegroundposition.Thepeoplehavethousandsofdifferenttypesconceivablythelinkmotiongear.Youmayimagineabagcontainingmassivelinkmotiongearthecomponent:Twopolegroups,threepolegroups,fourpolegroupsandsoon,aswellascomponents,rotation,motion,camfollower,gear,toothchain,chainwheel,leatherbelt,beltpulleyandsoon.(Spheremovement,screwvice-aswellasthepermissionthreedimensionalrelativemotionotherconnectionsnotyetincludes,here,discussesinparallelplanesmerelyplanemotion).Moreoveryouconceivableputthesecomponentsvarioustypeslinkmotiongearpossibilitywhichformsinthesameplace.Howexistshelpsthepeopletocontrolformstheseorganizationstherule?Infact,themajorityorganizationdutyisrequestsasoleinputtotransmittoasoleoutput.Thereforethesingledegreeoffreedomorganizationusesmostonekindoforganizationtype.Forexample,namelymayseebytheintuition:Fourpoleorganizationsareasingledegreeoffreedomlinkmotiongear.Thepicturemotiondiagramandthedeterminationorganizationdegreeoffreedomprocess,isthemovementanalysisandthesynthesisprocessfirststage.Inthemovementanalysis,addsonitscharacteristicaccordingtotheorganizationgeometryshapewhichpossiblyknew(forexampleinputangle,speed,angleaccelerationandsoon)studiesthedeterminationconcreteorganization.Ontheotherhand,themovementsynthesisisdesignsanorganizationtocompletethedutyprocesswhichaninstituterequests.Inthis,choosestheneworganizationthetypeandthesizeisamovementsynthesispart.Conceivestherelativemotionability,canguessthereasonthatdesignsanorganizationthereasonandmakestheimprovementtoaconcretedesignabilityislikethisasuccessfulorganizationscientist'ssymbol.Althoughtheseabilitiescomefromthecongenitalcreativity,howevermoreisbecausehasgraspedthetechnologywhichenhancesfromthepractice.1.1Themovementanalysis：simpleoneofmostusefulorganizationsisfourpoleorganizations.Inonfollowingelaborationmajorityofcontentcentralismdiscussionlinkmotiongear,butthisprocedureisalsosuitableforthemorecomplexlinkmotiongear.Wealreadyknewfourpoleorganizationshaveadegreeoffreedom.Aboutfourpoleorganizations,hastheusefulmorecontentswhichmustknow?Indeedissome!ThesepulltheXiaohusbandcriterionincludingthestandard,thetransformationconcept,theblindspotposition(divergencepoint),branchoffice,transmissionangle,withtheirsmovementcharacteristic,includingposition,speedandacceleration.Fourpoleorganizationsmayhaveonekindofbeingcalledascrankrockerorganizationform,onekindofdoublerockingleverorganization,onekindofdoublecrank(tensionbar)doestheorganization,whichoneformsendiniscalledastheorganization,isdecidedintwopolemovementscopeswhich(fixedcomponent)connectswiththerack.Thecrankrockerorganizationinputcomponent,thecrankmayrevolvethrough360°andthecontinuousrotation,butoutputsthecomponenttomaketheundulationmerely(i.e.swingmember).Asanexceptionalcase,intheparallelfourpoleorganization,inputsthepolethelengthtobeequaltooutputsthepolethelength,thego-betweenlengthandthefixedlink(rack)length,alsoisequal.Itsinputandtheoutputallmaymakethecompletealternationrotationortransformthebeingcalledasantiparallelquadrangleorganizationtheoverlappingstructure.ThestandardpullstheXiaohusbandcriterion(theorem)toindicatethat,Ifinfourpoleorganizations,betweentwopolescandowillfullyrelativelyrotatescontinuously,that,itslongestpolelengthissmallerthansumofwiththeshortestpolelengthorisequaltosumoftheothertwopolelength.Shouldpayattention:Thesamefourpoleorganization,mayhavethedifferentform,whichpoleisthisdecidedinwasstipulated(i.e.makesfixedlink)astherack.Themovementtransformationprocessisinthefixedorganizationtransmissionchaindifferentmemberhasthedifferentorganizationrateprocess.Besideshasaboutthecomponentrotationscopeknowledge,butalsomusthavehowcausestheorganizationbeforethemanufactureonenergy“therevolution”thegoodmeasure,thatwillbeveryuseful.Hardenbergh(Hartenberg)speaksof:“Therevolution”isterminology,itssignificancepassestooutputsthecomponentthemovementvalidity.Itmeanttherevolutionissteady,inwhichcaninoutputinthecomponenttohaveastrengthorthetorquebiggestforcecomponentiseffective.Notonlyalthoughthefinaloutputstrengthorthetorquearetheconnectingrodgeometricfigurefunctions,moreoveralsoisgenerallythepowerortheforceofinertiaresult,thatisfrequentlybigtolikestaticstrengthseveraltimes.Inordertoanalyzetheidlingorinordertoeasytoobtainhowcancauseanyorganization“therevolution”theindex,thetransmissionangleconceptisextremelyuseful.Inorganizationmovementperiod,thetransmissionanglevalueischanging.Thetransmissionangle0°mayoccurinthespecialposition.Willoutputthepolebutinthisspecialpositionthemovementwithnottoexertinputsonthepolethestrengthmanytohavenothingtodowithgreatly.Infact,asaresultofthemovementvice-frictioninfluence,thegeneralbasispracticalexperience,withthetransmissionangleplanningboardwhichisbiggerthantherating.Theweightlinkmotiongeartransmissionmovementabilitymatrixfoundationdefinitionalreadystudied.Adeterminingfactorvalue(itincludesregardingsomeassignsorganizationgraph,positionoutputmovementvariabletoinputvariablederivative)isathislinkmotiongearinconcretepositionmobilitycriterion.Iftheorganizationhasadegreeoffreedom(e.g.fourpoleorganizations),thenstipulatedalocationparameter,iftheinputangle,completelydeterminedthisorganizationstopsposition(neglectbranchoffice'spossibility).Wemaystudyoneaboutfourpoleorganizationcomponentabsoluteangularpositionanalysisexpression.Whenanalyzescertainpositionsand(or)certaindifferentorganizationtime,thiswillbemustbemuchmoreusefulthanthegeometricfigureanalysisprogram,becausethisexpressionwillcausetheautomatedcomputationeasytoprogram.Therealizationorganizationspeedanalysisrelativevelocitylawisthespeedpolygonisoneofseveraleffectivemethods.Thisend(goesagainst)thespottorepresentontheorganizationallspots,hasthezerospeed.Fromthisthelinewhichstipplesrespectivelytothespeedpolygoninisrepresentingtheabsolutespeedwhichthisorganizationphotographwellshouldselectrespectively.Inalineconnectionspeedpolygonrandomtwopointsrepresentsistakingonthisorganizationtwocorrespondingspotrelativevelocity.Othermethodistheinstantaneouscenterlaw,namelytheinstantaneouscenterlaw,thismethodisextremelyusefulmoreoverisfrequentlywhenthecomplexlinkmotiongearanalysisquickmethod.Theinstantaneouscenterisaspot,thisspotinthatflash,onbetweentheorganizationtwocomponentsdoesnothavetherelativemotion.Inordertodiscoverknownorganizationcertaininstantaneouscenterstheposition,Kennedythe(Kennedy)threecentertheoriesextremelyareuseful.Itissaidthat,Eachotherrelativemotionthreeobjectthreeinstantaneouscentersaresurelyinastraightline.Theorganizationvariouscomponentsaccelerationismakesonebeinterested,becauseitaffectstheforceofinertia,subsequentlyaffectsthemachinepartthestress,thebearingload,thevibrationandthenoise.Becausethefinalgoalisthemachineandtheorganizationforceofinertiaanalysis,theallaccelerationvariouscomponentsallshouldthedisposablepicture--intheorganizationfixedcomponentinertialcoordinatesystemexpressintheidenticalcoordinatesystem.Shouldpayattention:Isoppositeinrotatesonthevice-rotationrigidbodyanaccelerationcomponentusuallytohavetwofixedly.Aforcecomponentdirectioncutsinthispath,itsdirectionissamewiththisobjectangleaccelerationdirection,andiscalledthetangentialacceleration.Itsexistenceiscompletelybecausetheangularspeedrateofchangecauses.Anothercomponent,alwaysaimsattheobjectthecenterofrotation,iscalledthestandardthecentripetalacceleration,becausethiscomponentthevelocityvectordirectionhasthechangetoexist.ThemovementcomprehensiveGanizationisformsmanymechanismsthebasicgeometrystructuralunits,thesemechanismsincludingautomaticpackaging,printer,mechanicaltoy,textilemachineryandothermachineriesandsoon.Thetypicalorganizationmustdesigncausesthemovementwhichtherigidcomponentrelativedatumcomponentproduceshoped.Theorganizationmovementdesignisthemovementsynthesis,firststepfrequentlydesignstheentiremachinefirst.Whenconsiderationstress,mustaskdynamicsaspectquestion,thebearingload,thestress,thelubricationandsoonthesimilarquestion,butthemajorproblemisthemachinestructurequestion..Themovementscientistdefinesthekinematicsas“thedevelopmentfacilitymovementandthefoundationorganizationmethod”.Thisdefinitionfirstpartinvolvesthekinematicanalysis.Theknownorganization,itsconstitutionstateofmotiondeterminedbythekinematicanalysis.Thenarrationmovementanalysisdutycontainstheorganizationbetweenthemaindimension,thecomponentlinksmutuallywiththeinputmovementtechnicalcharacteristicortheactuationmethod.Thegoalismustdiscoverthedisplacement,thespeed,theacceleration,theimpactorthebeat(twostepaccelerations),withvariouscomponentshigherorderaccelerationwhichpossiblyoccursaswellasdescribesthediametermarkandthemovementwhichrealizesbycertaincomponents.Thedefinitionsecondpartofavailablefollowingtwoaspectexplained：1.researchproduceswiththeaidoftheorganizationassignsthemovementthemethod.2.researchconstructiontobeabletoproduceassignsthemotionthemethod,butintwoplans,themovementisassignstheorganizationisthefoundation.Thisisthemovementsynthesisessence.Suchmovementsynthesisinvolvestoforassignstheperformancetheorganizationsystemdesign.Themovementsynthesisaspectmaysumupasfollowingtwokinds:1.typesarecomprehensive.Thestipulationrequeststheperformance,howisonekindoftypeorganizationappropriate?(Toothgeartrain,linkmotiongear?Camgear?)Howmanycomponentsbutshouldtheorganizationhave?Howmanydegreesoffreedomneeds?Howoutlinestructureishoped?.Aboutthemembernumberandthedegreeoffreedomconsiderationwasusuallyconsideredisinthetypesynthesisisbeencalledasforaquantitysynthesisbranchdomain.2.sizesarecomprehensive.Themovementsynthesissecondpredominanttypeisthebestmethodwhichdeterminedthroughthegoallaw.Thesizesynthesisattemptstodeterminetheorganizationtheimportantsizeandthestartingposition,thisorganizationisconceivesbeforehandfortherealizationstipulationdutyandtheanticipatedperformance.Oftheso-calledimportantsizemeaningsarereferabouttwopoles,threepolesandsoonbetweenthelengthorthepoleareawayfrom,anglebetweennumberofarticlesandspoolthread,camcontoursize,camfollowerdiameter,eccentricity,gearquotaandsoon.Expectedtheorganizationtypepossiblyisthecrankslideorganization,fourpoleorganizations,thetapereelfromthemovingpartscamgear,butorisnon-hassomekindofstructureshapemorecomplexlinkmotiongearbecausebytheanalysissitusmethodwhichtheinferioranalyticmethoddetermined.Iscomprehensiveregardingthemovement,intheconventionhasthreeduties:Functionproduction,pathproductionandmovementproduction..Inputsandoutputsthecomponentinthefunctionproductionorganizationtherotationorthemigrationmustbetheinterdependence.Regardingarbitraryfunctiony=f(x),amovementsynthesisdutypossiblyisdesignsalinkmotiongeartocausetheinputandtheoutputestablishestherelationsinordertocauseinthexo<x<xn-1scopetoinputaccordingtoxmovement,butoutputsaccordingtothey=f(x)movement.Intheinputandintheoutputgyroscopicmotionsituation,thecornerphiandphirespectivelyisxandtheylinearsimulation.Wheninputsrotatestoanindependencexvalue,inone“blackbox”intheorganization,causestooutputwhichthecomponenttochangetocorrespondsinthevaluewhichbyfunctiony=f(x)decided.Thismayconsideristhemechanicalanalogycomputersimplesituation.Eachkindofdifferentorganizationallmaycontaininthis“theblackbox”in,howeverproducesregardingthearbitraryfunctionnon-error,fourpoleorganizationsarehelpless,possiblymatchesmerelyinthelimitedprecisionwithit.Itwidelyusesintheindustry,becausefourpoleorganizationsintheconstructionandtheserviceallaresimple.Inthepathproductionorganization,in“floatsthewalkingbeam”onaspottohavetodrawonetobeoppositeinafixedcoordinatesystemdeterminationpath.Ifthispathspotisbothmustandhavetoberelatedwiththetimecorrelationwiththeposition,thisdutyiscalleditthepredeterminedcyclicalpathproduction.Apathproductionorganizationexampleisthedesignthrowsthebaseballorthetennisfourpoleorganization.Inthiscase,willselectPthepathwillbethis:Picksaballinthepredeterminedposition,andtransmitsinthepredeterminedtimecyclealongthepredetermineddiametermarktheball,canachievetheappropriatespeedandthedirection.Inthemechanismdesignhasmanysituations,bothmustguidetherigidbodyinthesesituationsthroughaseriesofstipulations,theindependentpositionwhichlimits,andmustlimitinthereductionwhenindependentpositionnumber,tothevehiclespeedand(or)theaccelerationrestrains,thatisnecessary.Movementproductionorrigidbodyguidingorganizationrequest:Acompleteobjectmustguidepassesapredeterminedmovementsequence.Tooktheobjectwhichguidesusuallyis“thefluctuationcomponent”notonlyapart,thatisthetargetpointPpath,alsoisandinsertsinthisobjectthroughthisspotthelinerotation.Forexample,thispossiblyrepresentsintheautomatedmachineryacarrier,butthathasapredeterminedpathinacarrieronspotthiscarrieralsotohaveapredeterminedangleposition.Thepredeterminedwaychargercablewaybucketmovementisthemovementproductionorganizationanotherexample.Thecablewaybucketendpathhasthelimit.Becauseitsportmustrealizetheexcavationpath,isfollowingcloseonthepathwhichmustrealizepromotesandfallsintorrents.Thecablewaybucketanglepositiontoguaranteedfightsthematerialtofallintorrentsfromthecorrectpositionsimilarlyis(butactually)important.ThecamandthegearcamgearischangesonekindofmovementChengLingonekindofmovementtheconvenienceinstallment.Thiskindofmachineparthasthecurvedsurfaceorthetroughsurface,thiscurvedsurfaceorthetroughsurfacewithpassestofromthemovingpartsappropriatematchmergethemovementfromthemovingparts.Thecammovement(usuallyisrotation)istransmittedfordoesfromthemovingpartstheundulationorthemigration,orbothhave.Becausevariousgeometricsolidandthemassivecamswithunifyfromthemovingparts,thereforethecamisonekindofextremelynumerousfunctionmulti-purposemachineparts.Althoughthecamandfromthemovingpartsmayforthemovement,thepathandthefunctionproductiondesigns,butitmainlyisusesinusingthecamandtakesthefunctionproductioncomponentfromthemovingparts.Accordingtothecamshape,themostuniversalcamtypeis:Disctransmissioncam(twodimensional,namelyplane)andcylindricalcam(threedimensional,namelyspace)organization.Mayuseseveralmethodsfromthemovingpartstoclassify:Accordingtofromthemovingpartsmovement,forexamplethemigrationortheundulationclassifies,accordingtothetranslationtype(straightline)fromthemovingpartsmovementisalongtheradialdirectionfromthecamshaftcenterbiasandthebasisfromthemovingpartscontactfaceshape(forinstanceplane,rollarounds,spot--knifepointtype,sphericalsurface,planecurveorspace-likesurface).Regardingonetothehearttranslationrollerfromthemovingpartsdiskcam,maydrawandcamsurfacecontactingalsowiththewheelaxleconcentricmostsmallcircleisthebasecircle.Thefollowerspotproducesthepitchlinerollaroundscenterspot.Theangleofpressureistherollercenterpathcourselineandpassestherollaroundscenterbetweenthepitchlinenormalincludedanglemoreoveristhetransmissionanglecoangle.Theneglectfrictionalinfluence,thisnormaldirectionwiththecamwithfromthemovingpartsthecontactforcedirectionisthesuperpositionconsistent.Inalinkmotiongear,theangleofpressurethechangeispreciselylikelythecamtransmitsinthecirculationgeneratingprocessthemovementactiononekindofmeasurementwhichgoesfromthemovingparts.Thebigangleofpressurewillproduceexertsfromthemovingpartspolesideforce,becauseofthefrictionforceexistence,thatinevitablywilllimitfromthemovingpartsintheguidechannel.Needtheintermittentmotioninautomatedmachinerymanyapplications.Assoonasatypicalexamplewillrequestonetoincludetherisetostandstillareturnsandthepossibleanotheridletimecycle,eachstagewillpassthroughtheanglewhichwillassign,willfollowaninstitutetorequestfromthemovingpartsdisplacement,thisdisplacementorwillmeasurebythecentimeter.Designer'sworkdesignsthiscamcorrespondingly.Firstmustdothedecision-makingismustchoosethecamfromthemovingpartstype.Thestipulationapplicationpossibletorequestthecamandunifiesfromthemovingparts.Transformsincludesforpolicy-makingcertainfactors:Geometryshapecondition,dynamiccondition,environmentalconditionandeconomicagent.Oncethecamwithwasdesignatedfromthemovingpartsmovementvice-type,thensurelydesignatedfromthemovingpartsmovement.Therefore,thespeed,theaccelerationandincertainsituations,reallyaretheextremefromthemovingpartsdisplacementfurtherplantobeimportant.Thegearisdrawssupportingearteethsuccessmeshingtransmitsthemovementthemachinepart.Gearfromagyro-axletoanothergyro-axletransmissionmovementortransmissionmovementtoatransmissionrack.Inthemostapplicationsall(oroftendecidestorquebytheconstantangletransmissionratiotocompare)exists.Intheconstantangletransmissionratioapplicationissurelytheaxialtransmission.Invarioususefulgeartypefoundation,theinputaxisandtheoutputshaftneedorneedparallelmutuallyinastraightlineallnotanylimit.Becauseusesthenon-roundgear,thenon-linearangletransmissionratioalsoisveryuseful.Inordertomaintaintheconstantangularspeed,eachgeartoothprofilemustobeythegearmeshingthebasicrule:Inordertoapairoftoothcantransmittheconstantangletransmissionratio,theycontactthetoothprofiletheshapetohavetobemustlikethis:Thecommonnormalpassesintwogearcentersegmentthefixedpoint.Satisfiesthemeshingbasicruletwomeshingtoothprofiletobecalledtheconjugatetoothprofile.Althoughhasmanysatisfiesmeshesthetoothpossibletoothprofiletobeabletodesign,satisfiesthebasicmeshingrule,butonlyhastwokindstousegenerally:Cycloidtoothprofileandinvolutetoothprofile.Hascertainimportantmeritsinvolute:Butiteasytoprocessbetweenthemanufactureandapairofinvolutegearcenterdistancemaychangedoesnotchangethetransmissionratio,whenusestheinvolutetoothprofile,butdoesnotrequestbetweenthepreciseaxisthecommondifference.Someseveralkindofstandardgearsmaysupplytoselect.Inordertoappliesundertheparallelaxiscondition,usuallyusesthestraighttoothcylindricalgears,parallelaxletiltgearorherringbonetoothgear.Usesthestraightbevelgearorthehelicalgearintheintersectionaxissituation.Regardingthenon-intersectionaxisandthenon-parallelgearshafttransmission,willinterlocktheaxishelicalgear,thewormbearingadjusterwormgear,theendsurfacegear,theskewedtoothbevelgearortheaccuratehyperboloidgearisselected.Regardingthestraighttoothcylindricalgears,thecountergearfestivalcircleiseachothercontacting.Theyrollmutuallydonothavetheglide.Thegearaddendumisthegearteethstretchesoutsurpassesthefestivalcircle(alsoishighlybetweenfestivalcircleandaddendumcircleinradialdirectiondistance).Goesagainstthecrackisassignsthetooththededendum(inthefestivalcirclefollowingtoothdepth)tobebiggerthanthegeargearaddendumquantitywhichmesheswithit(interpolation).Thetooththickisalongthefestivalroundcirculararcinthecrosstoothdistance,butthetoothspacing(socketS)isalongthefestivalroundcirculararcintheneighboringtwospacebetweenteethspacelength.Butthetoothsideclearanceisbiggerthanitscountergearinfestivalcircletooththickinterpolationinthefestivalcirclesocketwidth..中文翻译机构和机器原理1.机构介绍：机构的功用是作为机械作用的一个部分从一个刚体到另一个刚体传送即传递运动。一般能用作机构基本零件的机械装置有三种类型：1．齿轮装置。那是在回转轴之间进行接触传动的啮合构件。2．凸轮装置。把输入构件的均匀运动转换成输出构件的非均匀运动的装置。3．平面机构和空间机构也是能使一个点或一个刚体产生机械运动的有用装置。运动链是一个构件系统装置即若干个刚体，它们或者彼此铰接或者互相接触，方式上是允许它们彼此间产生相对运动。如果构件中的某一构件被固定而使任何其他一个构件运动到新的位置将会引起其他各个构件也运动到确定的预期的位置上的话，该系统装置就是一个可约束的运动链。如果构件中的某一构件仍保持固定而使任一运动到达一新的位置而不会使其他各个构件运动到一个确定的预期的位置上的话，则该系统装置是一个非约束运动链。机构或连杆构件是一个可约束的传动链而且是一个从输入到输出以传递运动和（或）力为目的的机械装置。连杆机构是由通常被认为是刚体构件或杆组成的，它们是以销轴铰接的，例如用柱销（圆形的）或棱柱体销轴铰接，以便成形开式或闭式（回环式）的运动链。这样的运动链在至少有一个构件被固定的条件下：（1）如果至少有两个构件能保持运动，就变为机构，（2）如果没有一个构件能够运动，则就成为结构。换句话说，机构是允许其“刚性构件”之间相对运动，而结构则不能。由于连杆机构做成一简单机构而且能设定实现复杂的任务，例如非线性运动和力的传递运动。它们在机构学研究中将受到更多的关注。机构被用于许多许多的机器和装置中。最简单的封闭式的连杆机构就是四杆机构，四杆机构有三个运动构件（加上一个固定构件）并且有四个销轴。连接动力源的构件即原动件，而具有一个移动铰和一个固定铰者叫做输入构件。输出构件将一个移动铰和另一个固定铰连系起来。连接构件即浮动构件将两个移动的铰（回转副）连系起来，因而连接构件就将输入传送到输出。四杆机构若使一个或几个构件无限长而产生某些特殊的构造。曲柄滑块（即曲柄和滑块）机构就是一个四杆机构特例。其以一个滑块替换一个无限长的输出件。内燃机就是建立在这一机构基础上。有着另一种形式的四杆机构，其中滑块是在一运动的构件上导移运动而不是在一固定构件上。这些就被称为曲柄滑块机构的变换，它是其中一个构件（曲柄、连杆或滑块）被固定时形成的。虽然四杆机构和曲柄滑块机构是非常有用而且在成千上万的应用中都可找到。但是我们还看到，这些连杆机构其性能水平的发挥已经受到限制。具有更多构件的连杆机构常常用于更多要求的情况中。然而可以设想多回环的连杆机构的运动常常是更为困难的，特别是当其他零件出现在同一图中的时候，要进行更复杂机构的运动分析：第一步是绘制一等效运动图即示意图。这示意图用于电路图解类似的目的，即仅仅表示机构的主要本质的意图，然而它要体现影响其运动的关键的尺寸。运动图可用两种形式中的一种：一是草图（按比例画出，但放大比例不精确），二