血液透析护理查房有内容两篇

透析中国智能医疗发展20XX.12.12血液透析（Hemodialysis），简称血透，通俗的说法也称之为人工肾、洗肾，是血液净化技术的一种。关于背景的介绍it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeactionentrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantiallydependingonthetypeof添加标题entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantiallydependingonthetypeof添加标题entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantiallydependingonthetypeof添加标题Theoutlinepreparedbythecreativeteamofanadvertisingagencyforthelaunchingofanadvertisingcampaignormessage.Thecreativestrategygenerallyexplainshowtheadvertisingcampaignwillmeettheadvertisingobjectivesofthebusiness.entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantially添加标题entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantially添加标题entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantially添加标题entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantially添加标题关于透析背景介绍Theoutlinepreparedbythecreativeteamofanadvertisingagencyforthelaunchingofanadvertisingcampaignormessage.Thecreativestrategygenerallyexplainshowtheadvertisingcampaignwillmeettheadvertisingobjectivesofthebusiness.Theoutlinepreparedbythecreativeteamofanadvertisingagencyforthelaunchingofanadvertisingcampaignormessage.Thecreativestrategygenerallyexplainshowtheadvertisingcampaignwillmeettheadvertisingobjectivesofthebusiness.添加标题关于透析背景概况Theoutlinepreparedbythecreativeteamofanadvertisingagencyforthelaunchingofanadvertisingcampaignormessage.Thecreativestrategygenerallyexplainshowtheadvertisingcampaignwillmeettheadvertisingobjectivesofthebusiness.中国智能医疗发展entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantiallydependingonthetypeof添加标题entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantiallydependingonthetypeof添加标题entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantiallydependingonthetypeof添加标题关于透析背景概况Theoutlinepreparedbythecreativeteamofanadvertisingagencyforthelaunchingofanadvertisingcampaignormessage.Thecreativestrategygenerallyexplainshowtheadvertisingcampaignwillmeettheadvertisingobjectivesofthebusiness.Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称0102Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称0304Theoutlinepreparedbythecreativeteamofanadvertisingagencyforthelaunchingofanadvertisingcampaignormessage.Thecreativestrategygenerallyexplainshowtheadvertisingcampaignwillmeettheadvertisingobjectivesofthebusiness.肾结石Theoutlinepreparedbythecreativeteamofanadvertisingagencyforthelaunchingofanadvertisingcampaignormessage.Thecreativestrategygenerallyexplainshowtheadvertisingcampaignwillmeettheadvertisingobjectivesofthebusiness.添加标题1关于透析经典案例Theoutlinepreparedbythecreativeteamofanadvertisingagencyforthelaunchingofanadvertisingcampaignormessage.Thecreativestrategygenerallyexplainshowtheadvertisingcampaignwillmeettheadvertisingobjectivesofthebusiness.2关于透析经典案例Theoutlinepreparedbythecreativeteamofanadvertisingagencyforthelaunchingofanadvertisingcampaignormessage.Thecreativestrategygenerallyexplainshowtheadvertisingcampaignwillmeettheadvertisingobjectivesofthebusiness.Thisoptionhasatriangleontheupperleft.Throughoutthedesign,weusesubtlecolorshiftstoaddvisualinterestandconveyforwardmomentum.添加标题Theoutlinepreparedbythecreativeteamofanadvertisingagencyforthelaunchingofanadvertisingcampaignormessage.Thecreativestrategygenerallyexplainshowtheadvertisingcampaignwillmeettheadvertisingobjectivesofthebusiness.Entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantiallydependingonthetypeof添加标题Entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantiallydependingonthetypeof添加标题3关于透析经典案例Theoutlinepreparedbythecreativeteamofanadvertisingagencyforthelaunchingofanadvertisingcampaignormessage.Thecreativestrategygenerallyexplainshowtheadvertisingcampaignwillmeettheadvertisingobjectivesofthebusiness.添加标题4关于透析经典案例Theoutlinepreparedbythecreativeteamofanadvertisingagencyforthelaunchingofanadvertisingcampaignormessage.Thecreativestrategygenerallyexplainshowtheadvertisingcampaignwillmeettheadvertisingobjectivesofthebusiness.添加标题5关于透析经典案例Theoutlinepreparedbythecreativeteamofanadvertisingagencyforthelaunchingofanadvertisingcampaignormessage.Thecreativestrategygenerallyexplainshowtheadvertisingcampaignwillmeettheadvertisingobjectivesofthebusiness.添加标题amovementisn’taboutcreatingadsandhavingpeoplepassivelywatch.it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeaction.关于透析的经典案例it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeactionTheoutlinepreparedbythecreativeteamofanadvertisingagencyforthelaunchingofanadvertisingcampaignormessage.Thecreativestrategygenerallyexplainshowtheadvertisingcampaignwillmeettheadvertisingobjectivesofthebusiness.Thisoptionhasatriangleontheupperleft.Throughoutthedesign,weusesubtlecolorshiftstoaddvisualinterestandconveyforwardmomentum.添加标题Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称010203marketingisthebestthingtodousethesunrisewith.Theoutlinepreparedbythecreativeteamofanadvertisingagencyforthelaunchingofanadvertisingcampaignormessage.Thecreativestrategygenerallyexplainshowtheadvertisingcampaignwillmeettheadvertisingobjectivesofthebusiness.发展历程it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeaction日期日期日期添加描述Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Integerpulvinarnullautultriceseleifend.Etiamsitametturpisatnequelaciniafermentumsedvitaevelit.发展历程it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeaction日期日期日期添加描述Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Integerpulvinarnullautultriceseleifend.Etiamsitametturpisatnequelaciniafermentumsedvitaevelit.主要内容介绍it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeactionLoremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称01020304Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称05060708amovementisn’taboutcreatingadsandhavingpeoplepassivelywatch.it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeaction.entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffer添加标题entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffer添加标题entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffer添加标题entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffer添加标题图形图表it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeaction添加描述Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Integerpulvinarnullautultriceseleifend.Etiamsitametturpisatnequelaciniafermentumsedvitaevelit.添加描述Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Integerpulvinarnullautultriceseleifend.Etiamsitametturpisatnequelaciniafermentumsedvitaevelit.添加描述Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Integerpulvinarnullautultriceseleifend.Etiamsitametturpisatnequelaciniafermentumsedvitaevelit.图形图表it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeactionOfshoppingcartsareabandonedrightbeforethetransactionitscompleted.Suitableforallcategories90%Forevery6emailsreceived,weget3Phonecalls.Suitableforallcategoriesbusinessandpersonalpresentation,SuitableforallcategoriesbusinessandpersonalpresentationLoremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称图形图表it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeactionLoremIpsumhastwomaindatastatisticalthismethodologiesimportantPreOrderLoremIpsumhastwomaindatastatisticalthismethodologiesimportantErgonomyDesignLoremIpsumhastwomaindatastatisticalthismethodologiesProductDivisionLoremIpsumhastwomaindatastatisticalthismethodologiesFinalize01020304图形图表it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeactionLoremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称图形图表it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeactionLoremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Sedimperdiettincidunt.Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Sedimperdiettincidunt.Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Sedimperdiettincidunt.Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Sedimperdiettincidunt.Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Sedimperdiettincidunt.Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Sedimperdiettincidunt.Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Sedimperdiettincidunt.图形图表it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeactionLoremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称图形图表it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeaction56%69%89%LoremIpsumissimplydummytextoftheprintingandtypesettingindustryDeliveryLoremIpsumissimplydummytextoftheprintingandtypesettingindustryTimmingLoremIpsumissimplydummytextoftheprintingandtypesettingindustryDocument图形图表it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeactionLoremipsumodiositametodiotristiquequistempusLoremipsumodiositametodiotristiquequistempusYourTitle

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Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Sedimperdiettincidunt.Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Sedimperdiettincidunt.Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Sedimperdiettincidunt.Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Sedimperdiettincidunt.智能app介绍it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeactionCreativityisthekeytosuccessinthefuture,andprimaryeducationwhereourteacherscanbringcreativity.添加标题Creativityisthekeytosuccessinthefuture,andprimaryeducationwhereourteacherscanbringcreativity.添加标题Creativityisthekeytosuccessinthefuture,andprimaryeducationwhereourteacherscanbringcreativity.添加标题智能app介绍it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeactionTheoutlinepreparedbythecreativeteamofanadvertisingagencyforthelaunchingofanadvertisingcampaignormessage.Thecreativestrategygenerallyexplainshowtheadvertisingcampaignwillmeettheadvertisingobjectivesofthebusiness.Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称0102Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称Loremipsumdolorsitduduamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.添加副标题名称0304智能app介绍it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeactionentrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantiallydependingonthetypeof添加标题entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantiallydependingonthetypeof添加标题entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantiallydependingonthetypeof添加标题entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantiallydependingonthetypeof添加标题智能app介绍it’saboutcreatingthetoolssopeopletakeactionhttps://wwwcomentrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantiallydependingonthetypeof添加标题entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantiallydependingonthetypeof添加标题entrepreneurialactivitiesdiffersubstantiallydependingonthetypeof添加标题30%40%50&90%Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Sedefficiturpulvinardolorauctor.添加标题Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Sedefficiturpulvinardolorauctor.添加标题Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Sedefficiturpulvinardolorauctor.添加标题Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Sedefficiturpulvinardolorauctor.添加标题Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Curabiturelementumposuerepretium.Quisquenibhdolor,dignissimacdignissimut,luctusacurna.Aliquamaliquetnonmassaquistincidunt.Maurisullamcorperjustotristiqueduiposueretincidunt.Inneclacuslaoreetorcivariusimperdietsitametinaugue添加标题20190610marketingisthebestthingtodousethesunrisewith.Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Curabiturelementumposuerepretium.Quisquenibhdolor,dignissimacdignissimut,luctusacurna.Aliquamaliquetnonmassaquistincidunt.Maurisullamcorperjustotristiqueduiposueretincidunt.Inneclacuslaoreetorcivariusimperdietsitametinaugue谢谢欣赏20XX.12.12慢性肾功能衰竭的护理演讲人：XXX病例介绍护理问题/措施疾病介绍病史介绍现病史：患者于20XX年X月X日以“恶心、乏力、纳差，尿少，24小时尿量<400ml”为主诉入院。患者于20XX年X月X日行腹膜透析置管术，20XX年X月X日起行规律腹膜透析。透析期间反复发生腹透液浑浊，查腹水常规白细胞高，诊断为腹膜感染并给予腹腔内注射抗生素抗感染治疗。10天前无明显诱因出现心慌、胸闷、气短不适，伴双下肢水肿，否认腹痛、腹泻、反酸、嗳气等不适，无头晕、头痛等不适，无尿频、尿急、尿痛、腰痛等不适，在家自行更改腹膜透析方案，症状未见明显好转，故今日进一步诊治就诊于我院门诊，门诊以“2型糖尿病并糖尿病肾病、冠心病，尿毒症，腹膜炎”收入我科。病程中患者精神尚可，饮食入眠差，大便正常，小便量少，近期体重增加3公斤。查体：体温：36.4℃脉搏：80次/分呼吸：20次/分血压：146/70mmHg.体重：69kg,贫血貌，神志清,精神尚可，眼睑、口唇、甲床色泽轻度苍白，皮肤黏膜未见明显异常，眼睑水肿，腹部平坦，对称，腹部可见长约7cm的陈旧性手术瘢痕，切口愈合良好，腹透管在位，出口处无分泌物，双下肢中度凹陷性水肿。入院后的确诊诊断:1.慢性肾脏疾病V期(CKDV期)2.肾性贫血

查体既往史既往有21年的“糖尿病病史，平日使用（诺和灵30R早14iu、晚10iu皮下注射）降血糖对症，平日血糖控制尚可；发现血压高5个月，最高血压200/120mmHg，现口服（美托洛尔片25mg/Qdpo）降压对症，平日血压控制尚可，有3个月的“糖尿病足病”病史；有4个月的“冠心病”病史，平日口服（单硝酸异山梨酯缓释片40mg/Qdpo）扩血管对症；于20XX-11月在我院我科考虑诊断“陈旧性肺结核”，否认“肝炎、伤寒”等传染病史，于20XX年行“白内障”手术（具体不详），20XX-11-9至19日Q3D血液透析治疗20XX-11-19日行腹膜透析置管术。2014-12-06起至今行腹膜透析治疗。否认外伤史，否认输血史，否认药物、食物过敏史，预防接种史不详,20XX年1月在本院请自治区第二人民医院肾脏病学专家行动静脉吻合瘘术。20XX年6月5日查血肌酐：329.60μmol/L血清葡萄糖：23.24mmol/L尿素氮：8.73mmol/L血钾2.10mmol/LD-二聚体1.170氧分压：69mmHg二氧化碳分压：46.20mmHg血清白蛋白：15g/L红细胞计数2.92*10^12/L血红蛋白：80g/L腹水常规：颜色半透明、白细胞计数：250*10^6/L20XX年6月19日腹水常规：颜色半透明辅助检查结果微信诊疗经过入院以后给予Ⅱ级护理，低盐低脂低糖优质动物蛋白饮食，保护左上肢（左上肢有动静脉瘘），给予重组人红细胞生成素１万单位皮下注射ＱＷ。入院以后给予做腹透液常规及培养，并抗感染治疗，给予0.9%氯化钠注射液10ml+五水头孢唑啉钠1gQid腹腔注射，0.9%氯化钠注射液10ml+头孢他啶1g腹腔注射过夜用。腹膜透析管出口处良好，每周1次出口处换药。于6月9日腹水培养结果示多重耐药菌感染，表皮葡萄球菌感染，给予停止0.9%氯化钠注射液10ml+头孢他啶1g腹腔注射过夜用，改为0.9%氯化钠注射液10ml+五水头孢唑啉钠1gQid腹腔注射。因患者反复出现腹膜炎，暂时改为血液透析治疗，于6月8、9日加做血透。血液透析后患者血压86/45mmHg,诉头晕，乏力，心慌胸闷气短，恶心呕吐，血钾低。给予卧床休息，补液，补钾，保护胃黏膜等治疗。两天后症状缓解。患者坚持做腹膜透析治疗。于6月19日感染控制，再次培训居家腹膜透析物品准备，腹膜透析换液操作，感染的预防，饮食的注意事项等，考核通过后再予以报出院。1、感染与机体免疫力低下、腹膜透析操作有关目标：患者能够规范操作、腹透液的颜色变清亮护理措施：①观察感染症状，即体温、血象、有无腹痛、置管处有无红肿或分泌物，腹透液的颜色和量。②避免诱因，加强患者对操作的培训，再次强调居家腹膜透析时紫外线消毒灯的重要性③增强免疫力④合理使用抗生素

护理诊断/目标/措施2、营养失调：低于机体需要量与长期限制蛋白质摄入、消化功能紊乱，水电解质紊乱、贫血，腹膜透析等因素有关目标：病人能保持足够的营养物质的摄入，身体营养状况有所改善护理措施：①饮食护理：补充足够的能量，进食低糖优质蛋白饮食，补充维生素②增进食欲③合理用药，纠正贫血。给予重组人促红素1万单位皮下注射，QW，遵医嘱定期查血常规④充分透析，将毒素排出体外，增进食欲护理诊断/目标/措施3、体液过多与肾小球滤过功能降低导致水钠潴留，腹膜透析不充分，腹膜感染等因素有关目标：患者在住院期间水肿消退护理措施：①病情观察严密观察出入量情况及水肿程度②饮食指导低盐、优质蛋白、糖尿病饮食。限制入量:1）每日水分的摄取为每日尿量+超滤量+500毫升水分。使用固定的有刻度的水杯喝水。2）饮品中加入薄荷叶、柠檬片。3）将饮品制成冰块含化、含糖果或嚼口香糖。4）分餐：先盛出少盐的饮食患者用，再加盐家人吃。5）正确估算食物重量和含水量。6）清水漱口后吐掉。7）使用润唇膏。常可自动减少饮水量，可防止水潴留、高血压、充血性心力衰竭及透析中的并发症。对维持性血液透析病人来说，限盐比限水更重要。食盐量通常为3～5g/d。③定期透析④皮肤护理保持皮肤的完整性护理诊断/目标/措施4、活动无耐力：与心血管病变、贫血、水、电解质和酸碱平衡紊乱有关目标：患者活动耐力增强护理措施：①指导患者注意休息，让家属陪护②协助患者生活护理③必要时吸氧④给予患者安全的指导，患者上下床或活动时要有人陪护⑤根据医嘱纠正贫血，纠正酸碱平衡。护理诊断/目标/措施5、自我形象紊乱：与疾病本身（与贫血，腹膜透析管，左上肢的动静脉瘘，皮肤瘙痒、发黑，水肿，口腔异味儿）有关护理措施：帮助患者正确认识疾病；指导患者保护身上的导管和瘘管，保持口腔清洁，减少异味儿；提供社会支持６、潜在并发症1.有皮肤完整性受损的危险：与体液过多致皮肤水肿、瘙痒、凝血机制异常、机体抵抗力下降有关目标：护士密切观察皮肤情况，如有皮肤问题积极解决护理措施：①做好基础护理，注意床单位整洁，修剪指甲，注意个人卫生保持皮肤清洁。皮肤瘙痒时嘱患者不抓，用温毛巾擦拭②定期做透析，排除毒素，纠正水电解质紊乱，减轻水肿

护理诊断/目标/措施７、潜在并发症2：心力衰竭与体液过多，心脏负荷过重有关目标：在住院期间不发生心力衰竭护理措施：严密观察生命体征，避免诱因，定期透析８、焦虑：与预后差有关目标：在住院期间焦虑减轻或消失护理措施：做好心理护理、健康宣教，使患者充分的认识疾病和透析的利与弊护理诊断/目标/措施腹膜透析前准备1.知识：宣教终末期肾病一体化替代疗法有关知识；培训腹膜透析的基本知识，分发《腹透居家指导手册》和《腹透居家日记》。2.备皮：术前一日备皮，清洁腹壁皮肤，减少感染可能。3.肠道及膀胱准备：手术当天早晨排空大便，无便者可采用开塞露通便甚至灌肠，去手术室前排空膀胱。4.皮试：术前一日做好抗生素皮试（指需做过敏试验的抗生素）。术后返病房管理1.妥善安排病人，测血压一次。2.检查钛接头与短管连接紧密性，短管固定良好，避免折叠、扭曲等。3.检查敷料是否干燥，有无渗血、渗湿。术后返病房管理5.术后三天以卧床为主，除解大、小便和进食时取坐立位，夜间200ml留腹/干腹。三天后视体力鼓励下床做适度活动，以免漂管。6.术后一周出口处换药，此后隔日/每天换药。7.术后12-14天创口拆线。8.饮食：一周内低盐优质蛋白（0.8g/kg.d），一周后低盐优质高蛋白饮食(1g/kg.d)。腹透相关感染性并发症的预防和处理腹膜炎出口处感染隧道感染具备下列3项中的2项：透出液浑浊、腹痛、伴或不伴发热；腹透液中白细胞增高>100×106/L，中性粒细胞>50%；透出液中培养有病原微生物生长。腹膜炎定义：感染途径及原因1.腹膜透析技术因素换液操作时污染—触摸接头—透析液及加药口污染—接头脱落—未戴口罩腹透管植入术中污染

2.导管相关因素—导管出口处/隧道感染—导管破裂—导管生物膜形成3.腹腔因素肠道感染腹腔脏器感染腹腔局部抵抗力下降妇科疾患4.全身因素免疫能力低下营养不良菌血症腹膜炎小结绝大部分腹膜炎是可预防的加强病人的无菌观念和规范操作是降低腹膜炎的关键。腹透相关感染性并发症的预防和处理腹膜炎出口处感染隧道感染出口处感染重要性出口处感染的重要性不在于其感染本身，而是在于它很容易导致腹膜炎的发生和拔管特别是同时伴有隧道炎的时候后果尤为严重出口处感染(ESI)定义急性出口处感染：出口处出现脓性分泌物其它症状还包括：局部皮肤红斑、压痛、肿胀以及肉芽组织生长出口处感染预防改善营养对糖尿病患者控制好血糖坚持出口处换药6个月妥善固定导管避免涤纶套脱出及早发现任何异常情况腹透相关感染性并发症的预防和处理腹膜炎出口处感染隧道感染总结腹透是一个长期的过程，管路相关并发症来自众多方面，任何年龄、性别、文化层次、经济状况，都有可能发生，只有持之以恒地管理，才是唯一的办法。各种病因引起肾脏的损害并进行性恶化，到后期发展为慢性肾功能不全和尿毒症，在内科常规疗法不能缓解症状、延缓病情发展时，就应该进行肾脏替代治疗，包括血液透析、腹膜透析和肾移植。血液净化包括：血液透析血液滤过血液透析滤过血液灌流血浆置换免疫吸附等是通过将体内血液引流至体外，经一个由无数根空心纤维组成的透析器中，血液与含机体浓度相似的电解质溶液（透析液）在一根根空心纤维内外，通过弥散/对流进行物质交换，清除体内的代谢废物、维持电解