计算机英语教案2010

Unit1ComputerandComputerScience

SectionAComputerOverview

Review:

电子设备、指令、数值数据、数据的存储和处理、

事务（处理）、自动化、

数据库、计算机网络、数字计算机、穿孔卡片、编译

data：datum（单数）

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

•analyticalengine：分析机，analyze,analysis；

searchengine

•workout：可以解决、设计出、作出、计算出、

消耗完

•principle：原理，principlesofmicrocomputer

•differenceengine：差分机，differential：微分，

微分的

•handle/dealwith/process/perform/carryout/

•inputstream：input/output；filestream

•store：存储，商店；mill：碾磨、磨房，工厂

•printer：permanentrecord,permanent/temporary

•analog/analoguecomputervsdigitalcomputer

•evaluate：评价，估计，求值，evaluation

•course：过程,经过,进程,方针,路线,跑道,课程,

一道菜；追猎，急行，运行，流动

•electronicdigitalcomputer

•incorporate:合并，混合，组成公司；合并的，

一体化的

•vacuumtube

•cipher：密码，用密码书写；encipher：把...译成

密码；code,encode

•prototype

•integrator；integrate：使成整体，使一体化，求…

的积分，结合；integrated

•patent：专禾

•processor：处理器，microprocessor,process,

•programstorage：程序存储器

•memory：内存；vsstorage：外存，或者指二

者，存储器

•paper-tapereader

•transistor

•versatilelogicalelement：通用逻辑元件

•second-generationcomputer

•integratedcircuits,IC

•microprocessor,chip,microchip,

microcomputer,minicomputer

•large-scaleintegratedcircuit,LSI;verylarge-scale

integratedcircuit,VLSI

•toreturn：【插入语】，言归正传

•switching：开关、转换、交换、配电、配单系

统、整流

•switch：开关、电闸；转换（n/v）；交换机

•cycle：周期、循环

•graphics：图形，图形学

•symbol：符号、标识、象征

•binary>decimal、hex十六进制、hexadecimal+

六进制的、octal八进制的；bit>byte

review:

穿孔卡片、分析机、搜索引擎、输入流、模拟计算

机、真空管、晶体管、集成电路、大规模集成电路、

超大规模集成电路、内存、通用逻辑元件、微处理

器、微芯片、二进制、计算机图形学

•instructionset：指令集合

00000000000000000000

Q：Giveadescriptionofhistoryofcomputer/

computer'sdevelopmentfromthehistoricalpointof

view

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•regardlessof：不管、不顾、不注意

•performance：性能

•microcomputer

(desktop/laptop/notebook/palmtop、

workstation/server)、minicomputer、

mainframe、supercomputer

•CPU：centralprocessingunit中央处理器

•Input/outputdevices：peripheraldevices/external

devices：输入输出设备、外围设备

•Memorystoragedevices：存储设备

•Bus：总线

ooooooooooooooo

QI:Howmanytypesofmoderncomputers/classify

themoderncomputers

Q2:Whataretheelementscomposingacomputer

system?

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•specialized/dedicatedcomputer：专用计算机

•general-purposecomputer：通用计算机

•ROM:read-onlymemory;RAM:randomaccess

memory

•embeddedsystem>embeddedcomputersystem：

嵌入式

•built-in：内置的，内部的

•applicationprogram：应用程序

ooooooooooooooooo

•microminiaturization：微小型化，超小型化

•superconductivity：超导性

•effort：努力；尽力；成果

•merit：优点，价值，功绩；值得，应得

•AI:artificialintelligence：人工智能

Artificialintelligence(AI)istheintelligenceof

machinesandthebranchofcomputersciencethat

aimstocreateit.Textbooksdefinethefieldas"the

studyanddesignofintelligentagents."wherean

intelligentagentisasystemthatperceivesits

environmentandtakesactionsthatmaximizeits

chancesofsuccess.JohnMcCarthy,whocoinedthe

termin1956,definesitas"thescienceandengineering

ofmakingintelligentmachines."

•Parallel-processingcomputing:并行处理计算，

manychipstoperformseveraldifferenttasksat

thesametime.

•Distributedcomputing/Distributedandparallel

computing/grid/cloudcomputing：分布式计算、

分布式和并行计算、网格、云计算

•neuralnetwork:神经网络：mimicsthearchitecture

ofthenervoussystem.

•Architecture：体系结构

•Networking：联网

•Internet/computernetworks/communicationsystem

•Cable：电缆。Sometypesoftransmissionmedia

includingtwistedpair,coaxialcableandoptical

fiber,whichareusedinwiretransmission.Others

suchaslightandradiowavesareusedforwireless

network：双绞线、同轴电缆、光纤

•Opticalcomputer：光计算机

•Pulse：脉冲

OOOOOOOOOOO

Q:talkaboutsth.aboutthefuturedevelopmentof

computer

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ExerciseII

1.artificialintelligence人工智能

2.paper-tapereader名氏带阅读器

3.opticalcomputer光计算机

4.neuralnetwork神经网络

5.instructionset指令集

6.parallelprocessing并行处理

7.differenceengine差分机

8.versatilelogicalelement通用逻辑元件

9.siliconsubstrate硅衬底

10.vacuumtube真空管

11.数据的存储与处理thestorageandhandlingof

data

12.超大规模集成电路verylarge-scaleintegrated

circuit

13.中央处理器centralprocessingunit

14.个人计算机personalcomputer

15.模拟计算机analoguecomputer

16.数字计算机digitalcomputer

17.通用计算机general-purposecomputer

18.处理器芯片processorchip

19.操作指令operatinginstructions

20.输入设备inputdevice

ExerciseIV

•Speechrecognition:语音识另U

•Virtualreality：虚拟现实：Virtualreality(VR)is

acomputer-simulatedenvironment,whetherthat

environmentisasimulationoftherealworldoran

imaginaryworld.Mostcurrentvirtualreality

environmentsareprimarilyvisualexperiences,

displayedeitheronacomputerscreenorthrough

specialorstereoscopic(有立体感的)displays,

butsomesimulationsincludeadditionalsensory

information,suchassoundthroughspeakersor

headphones.

•Contributeto：捐献，有助于

•interface：接口、界面

•Organism：生物体，有机体

•DNA：deoxyribonucleicoxid：脱氧核糖核核酸

•Heredity：遗传

•Platform：平台

•Strictly：严格地，确实地

•Investigate：调查、审查、研究

Review:

微机、个人计算机、台式机、便携式计算机、掌上

电脑、服务器、工作站、小型机、大型机、超级计

算机、中央处理器、输入输出设备、总线、存储设

备、通用计算机、专用计算机、嵌入式系统、应用

程序、人工智能、并行处理计算、神经网络、分布

式系统、语音识别、虚拟现实、接口、平台

SectionBWhatIsComputerScience

I.Introduction

ComputerScienceisthestudyofthetheory,

experimentation,anengineeringthatformthebasisfor

thedesignanduseofcomputer.

•Experimentation:实验,试验，实验法

•Engineering:工程（学）：softwareengineering:软件

工程

•Programmablemechanicalcalculator：可编程的机

械计算器

•Distinguish:区别，辨别

•Discipline:纪律，学科；训练

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Q：HowtodefinethedisciplineofComputerScience?

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II.Thedevelopmentofcomputerscience

•Focuson：集中

•Theory,theoreticalmodel：理论模型

•efficient/efficiency：有效率的、效率

•numericalanalysis：数值分析

•accuracyandprecisionofcalculation：计算的准确

性和精确性

•programminglanguage：编程语言artificial

language

•operatingsystem：操作系统

•interface：接口、界面

•application：应用，应用程序，应用软件

•explore：探险,探测，探究

•thought：思考,想法，思想，思潮,关心,关怀,挂念

•resultin:导致

•explosion:爆发，发出,爆炸,

•inaneffortto:inorderto+努力的意思，为了

•drive：驾车,驱动器，快车道,推进力，驱使，动力,

干劲，击球；driver：驱动程序

•frontier：边界；边境，新领域

•pioneer：开拓；为…开路；作先驱者

•complex,reliable,powerful

•behave：举动，举止,运转，行为表现

•becomeanincreasinglyintegralpartof:日益成为

基本组成部分

•underlie：位于…之下,成为…的基础

•specific：详细而精确的，明确的,特殊的，特效的,

III.Theoryandexperiment

•Engineer：工程师；设计，策划

•Theory-driven：理论驱动

•Softwareengineering：软件工程

Review：

软件工程、数值分析、编程语言、操作系统、接口、

应用程序、驱动程序

IVMajorbranchesofcomputerscience

•Softwaredevelopment：软件开发

•Computerarchitecture:计算机体系结构

•Human-computerinterfacing：人机接口

•Artificialintelligence：人工智能

1.Softwaredevelopment

•Programminglanguage:编程语言

•Algorithm：算法：Inmathematics,computer

science,andrelatedsubjects,analgorithmisan

effectivemethodforsolvingaproblemusinga

finitesequenceofinstructions.Algorithmsareused

forcalculation,dataprocessing,andmanyother

fields

•Retrieve:检索，retrieval:检索（名词）

•forthesakeof:为了…起见

•feature：特征，characteristic,property

•facilitate：使容易，使便利,推动,帮助,使容易，促

进

•reliable：可靠的，reliability：可靠性

•robust：健壮的，robustness：健壮性

•softwarelifecycle：生命周期

•specification(specs)：规格

•testing：测试，Softwaretestingisan

investigationconductedtoprovidestakeholders

withinformationaboutthequalityoftheproductor

serviceundertest.

•programmaintenance:程序维护

•programmingenvironment:编程环境；

IDE=integrateddevelopmentenvironment:集成开

发环境/IDE=IntegratedDeviceElectronics,

集成设备电路

2.Computerarchitecture

•computerarchitecture：Incomputerscience,

computerarchitectureordigitalcomputer

organizationistheconceptualdesignand

fundamentaloperationalstructureofacomputer

system.

•Architect：建筑师，设计师;缔造者；创造者

•Imageprocessing：图像处理

•Signalprocessing：信号处理

•Mechanical：机械的，mechanism：机缶I

•Optimization：优化，optimize

3.Artificialintelligence

•machinelearning：机器学习。Machinelearning

isascientificdisciplinethatisconcernedwiththe

designanddevelopmentofalgorithmsthatallow

computerstoevolvebehaviorsbasedonempirical

data,suchasfromsensordataordatabases.Amajor

focusofmachinelearningresearchisto

automaticallylearntorecognizecomplexpatterns

andmakeintelligentdecisionsbasedondata

•inference：推理。Inferenceistheprocessof

drawingaconclusionbyapplyingclues(oflogic,

statisticsetc.)toobservationsorhypotheses;orby

interpolatingthenextlogicalstepinanintuited

pattern.

•cognition：认知

•knowledgerepresentation：知识表示

•problemsolving：问题解决

•case-basedreasoning：基于事例的推理

•naturallanguageunderstanding：自然语言理解

•speechrecognition：语音识另ll

•computervision：计算机视觉

•artificialneuralnetwork：人工神经网络

4.Robotics

•modeling:建模

•planning：规戈U,intelligentplanning：智'能规戈

•sensor：传感器，sensornetwork

•feedback：反馈

•adaptability：可适应性，adapt,adaptable

5.Human-computerinterfacing

•correspondto：对应

•experimentalevaluation：实验评价

•effectiveness：有效性

•three-dimensional:3D

•visualization:可视化，visual：看的，视觉的,形象

的，栩栩如生的，visualize：形象，形象化

V.Connectionofcomputersciencetootherdisciplines

•datastructure：数据结构

1.artificialneuralnetwork人工神经网络

2.computerarchitecture计算机体系结构

3.robustcomputerprogram健壮的计算机程序

4.human-computerinterface人机接口

5.knowledgerepresentation知识表示

6.数值分析numericalanalysis

7.程序设计环境programmingenvironment

8.数据结构datastructure

9.存储和检索信息storeandretrieveinformation

10.虚拟现实virtualreality

KeywordsofsectionC

•handheld(pl8)：手持式计算机、掌上电脑，

palmtop

•mobile：移动的，windowsmobile2003：用于移

动设备的windows操作系统。

•easeofuse(pl9)：易用性

•compatibility：兼容性，incompatibility

•multimedia：多媒体

•launchprogram：启动程序

•icon：图标

•handwriting-recognition(p20)：手写体识别

•characterset：字符集

•datafield(p21)：数据字段、数据域

•sync：synchronization(p22)：同步

•module：模块

•utility(p23)：实用程序

•client：客户程序；client/server：客户/服务器

•attachment(p24)：附件

•webpage：网页

•browser：浏览器

•retrieval：检索

•spreadsheet(p25)：电子表格

•folder：文件夹

•update：更新，修改

•pixel：像素

•boot(p26)：启动

1.datafield数据字段，数据域

2.learningcurve学习曲线

3.third-partysolution第三方解决方案

4.WindowsMediaPlayerWindows媒体播放器

5.开始按钮Startbutton

6.指定输入区designatedinputarea

7.手写体识另ij系统handwriting-recognitionsystem

8.字符集characterset

Unit2ComputerArchitecture

SectionAComputerhardware

•Keywordinthefigure：

Monitor:显示器、diskdrive：磁盘驱动器、floppy

disk：软盘、laserprinter：激光打印机、CD-ROM：

CompactDiskread-onlymemory：只读光盘（存储

器）

CD-ROMdrive：光盘驱动器、keyboard：键盘、

mouse：鼠标、modem：调制解调器、speaker：扬声

器、喇叭、memory：内存

•Computerhardwareistheequipmentinvolvedinthe

functionofacomputerandconsistsofthecomponents

（部件、组件）thatcanbephysicallyhandled.

•Input>output、storage：输入、输出、存储。

•Softwareisthesetofinstructionsacomputerusesto

manipulatedata.

•Transfer:转移，搬迁，调动；倒车

•Interaction:互相影响，互动，交互

•BIOS：basicinput/outputsystem,基本输入输出系

统

•Firmware:固件

Q:hardware&software

IIInputhardware

•Inputhardwareconsistsofexternaldevices,

componentsoutsideofthecomputer'sCPU,that

provideinformationandinstructionstothecomputer.

•Lightpen

•Mouse

•Cursor：光标pointer

•Joystick:控制杆

•Keyboard

•Touch-sensitive：触敏的

•Scanner：扫描仪，flatbedscanner平板式扫描仪、

photocopier复印机、hand-heldscanner手持式扫描

仪

•Microphone：麦克风，speaker：扬声器；喇叭

•Modem：standsformodulator-demodualtor

•Signal：信号

IIIoutputhardware

•Outputhardwareconsistsofexternaldevicesthat

transferinformationfromthecomputer'sCPUtothe

computeruser.

•Videodisplay：视频显示器、CRT(cathoderaytube),

阴极射线管LCD(liquidcrystaldisplay),液晶显示器

CRT-basedscreen,LCD-basedscreen

•Printer:dot-matrixprinter（点阵式打印机）、laser

printer（激光打印机）、inkjetprinter（喷墨打印

机）

IVstoragehardware

•Thetwomaintypesostoragedevicesarediskdrives

andmemory.

•Thereareseveraltypesofdiskdrivers:hard,floppy,

magneto-opticalandcompact.

•Harddisk：硬盘、floppydisk：软盘、magneto-

opticaldisk:磁光盘、compactdisk：光盘

•RAM（random-accessmemory）：随机存储器、

ROM（read-onlymemory）：只读存储器

•Volatilememory,nonvolatilememory：易失性存储

器、非易失性存储器

VHardwareConnection

•Bus：总线，addressbus地址总线、databus数据总

线，buswidth总线宽度，bandwidth带宽

•Serialconnection：串行连接、parallelconnection：

并行连接

Figure2A-1：anexampleofthePCmotherboard(主

板)

•Slot：插槽、connector：连接器、连接头、接口、

port：端口、socket：管套；插座、bank:slot

•PCI:PCI=peripheralcomponentinterconnect：夕卜围

部件互联

•AGP：acceleratedgraphicsport加速图形端口

•Memorycontrollerhub：内存控制集线器、The

northbridge,alsoknownasamemorycontrollerhub

(MCH)oranintegratedmemorycontroller(IMC)in

Intelsystems(AMD,VIA,SiSandothersusuallyuse

'northbridge'),isoneofthetwochipsinthecorelogic

chipsetonaPCmotherboard,theotherbeingthe

southbridge.

•I/Ocontrollerhub:输入输出控制集线器：I/O

ControllerHub(ICH),alsoknownasIntel82801,is

anIntelsouthbridgeonmotherboardswithIntel

chipsets(IntelHubArchitecture).Aswithanyother

southbridge,theICHisusedtoconnectandcontrol

peripheraldevices.

•Primary/secondaryIDEconnetctor：主IDE接口/第

二IDE接口

•Floppydisketteconnector=floppydiskconnector

•Powerconnector

•RAMmemorybank：内存插槽

•Processor(CPU)socket：处理器插座

•Audioandmicrophoneport：音频和麦克风端口

1.functionkey功能键，操作键

2.voicerecognitionmodule语音识另U模块

3.touch-sensitiveregion触敏区

4.addressbus地址总线

5.flatbedscanner平板扫描仪

6.dot-matrixprinter点阵打印机(针式打印机)

7.parallelconnection并行连接

8.cathoderaytube阴极射线管

9.videogame电子游戏

10.audiosignal音频信号

11.操作系统operatingsystem

12.液晶显示(器)LCD(liquidcrystaldisplay)

13.喷墨打印机inkjetprinter

14.数据总线databus

15.串行连接serialconnection

16.易失性存储器volatilememory

17.激光打印机laserprinter

18.磁盘驱动器diskdrive

19.基本输入/输出系统BIOS(BasicInput/Output

System)

20.视频显示器videodisplay

REVIEW:

Q:Whatarethecomponentsinacomputersystem?And

whatisthefunctionofeachcomponent?

硬件/软件/固件、输入设备（键盘、鼠标、扫描仪/平

板扫描仪/手持扫描仪、调制解调器）、输出设备

（视频显示器/阴极设线管显示器/液晶显示器、打印

机/点阵打印机/喷墨打印机/激光打印机）、存储设备

（辅存auxiliary/secondarystorage/磁盘驱动器（硬盘/

软盘/光盘/磁光盘）、内存（随机存取存储器/只读存

储器）、总线（地址总线/数据总线）、串行连接/并

行连接、端口、插槽、插座、PCLAGP、IDE

Mid-termhomework:TranslatingsomeEnglishmaterials

（documents,papers,chaptersofEnglishbooks,sections

ofourtextbookandothers）relatedwithcomputer

scienceintoChinese.

Requirements:1）about3-4pages.2）deadline:handin

beforethefinaltest.

SectionBcomponentsofanoperatingsystem:shelland

kernel

LTheShellofanOperatingSystem

•Shell:Ashellisapieceofsoftwarethatprovidesan

interfaceforuserstoanoperatingsystemwhich

providesaccesstotheservicesofakernel.Operating

systemshellsgenerallyfallintooneoftwocategories:

command-lineandgraphical.Command-lineshells

provideacommand-lineinterface(CLI)tothe

operatingsystem,whilegraphicalshellsprovidea

graphicaluserinterface(GUI).

•Kernel:Incomputing,thekernelisthecentral

componentofmostcomputeroperatingsystems;itisa

bridgebetweenapplicationsandtheactualdata

processingdoneatthehardwarelevel.

•Compatible:兼容的，compatibility.Incompatible

•Unixshell:ThemostprominentUnixshellsarethe

Bourneshell,whichistheoriginalUnixcommandline

interpreterfbrsystemcontrolandusersessions,and

theCshell,ashellprimarilyusedforinteractiveuser

sessionsinthelineofUnix-derivedoperatingsystems

basedontheBerkeleySoftwareDistribution(BSD).

•Bourneshell(sh)—WrittenbySteveBourne,whileat

BellLabs.FirstdistributedwithVersion7Unix,circa

1978,andenhancedovertheyears.

•Cshell(csh)WrittenbyBillJoy,whileatthe

UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Firstdistributed

withBSDin1978

•TheKornshell(ksh)isaUnixshellwhichwas

developedbyDavidKorn(AT&TBellLaboratories)

intheearly1980s.Itisbackwards-compatiblewith

theBourneshellandincludesmanyfeaturesoftheC

shellaswell,suchasacommandhistory,whichwas

inspiredbytherequestsofBellLabsusers.

•Windowsmanager：windowmanagerissystem

softwarethatcontrolstheplacementandappearanceof

windowswithinawindowingsysteminagraphical

userinterface.

•Keeptrackof:记录；与…保持联系

IITheKernelofanOperatingSystem

•Kernel:Incomputing,thekernelisthecentral

componentofmostcomputeroperatingsystems;itisa

bridgebetweenapplicationsandtheactualdata

processingdoneatthehardwarelevel.

•Installation:安装；设施;装置；设备

Q:Accordingtothefollowingparagraphs,whatarethe

softwarecomponentsthatperformtheverybasic

functionsinOSkernel?

1.FileManager：（FileSystem）

•Filemanager:coordinatetheuseofthemachine's

massstoragefacilities.

•Massstorage:海量存储器、大容量存储器

•Facility：设备；灵巧；容易；设施

•Record：记录

•Storagemedium：存储介质，medium（单数），

media（复数）

•Bundle：捆；束

•Directory：目录，subdirectory

•Hierarchicalorganization：层次结构，hierarchy：

层次，classhierarchy

•Access：存取、访问

•Grant：授予；承认；允许；同意

•Openthefile：打开文件；create,open,edit,view,

print,play,rename,move,copy,delete,save,

search/find

•Procedure:过程

•Filedescriptor：文件描述符

•Reference:弓|用

2.DeviceDriver：设备驱动程序：softwareunitsthat

communicatewiththecontrollerordirectlywith

peripheraldevicestocarryoutoperationsonthe

peripheraldevicesattachedtothemachineo

•Peripheraldevice

•Decoding：解码

•Statusword：状态字

•Handshake：握手，Toestablishaconnection,TCP

usesathree-wayhandshake.

•Customize：定制

•Tailor:

3.MemoryManager：bechargedwiththetaskof

coordinatingthemachine'suseofmainmemory.

•Bechargedwith:充满;承担，被控告

•Multiuser,multitasking：多用户、多任务，single

user,singletasking

•Incomputing,multitaskingisamethodbywhich

multipletasks,alsoknownasprocesses,share

commonprocessingresourcessuchasaCPU.Inthe

caseofacomputerwithasingleCPU,onlyonetaskis

saidtoberunningatanypointintime,meaningthat

theCPUisactivelyexecutinginstructionsforthattask.

Multitaskingsolvestheproblembyschedulingwhich

taskmaybetheonerunningatanygiventime,and

whenanotherwaitingtaskgetsaturn.Theactof

reassigningaCPUfromonetasktoanotheroneis

calledacontextswitch.Whencontextswitchesoccur

frequentlyenoughtheillusionofparallelismis

achieved.

•Acontextswitchisthecomputingprocessofstoring

andrestoringthestate(context)ofaCPUsothat

executioncanberesumedfromthesamepointata

latertime.Thisenablesmultipleprocessestosharea

singleCPU.

•Reside：驻留,residentprogram

•Concurrency：并发，parallel并行

•Paging：Incomputeroperatingsystemsthereare

variouswaysinwhichtheoperatingsystemcanstore

andretrievedatafromsecondarystorageforusein

mainmemory.Onesuchmemorymanagement

schemeisreferredtoaspaging.Pagingisan

importantpartofvirtualmemoryimplementationin

mostcontemporary(当代的)general-purpose

operatingsystems,allowingthemtousediskstorage

fordatathatdoesnotfitintophysicalRandom-access

memory(RAM).Inthepagingmemory-management

scheme,theoperatingsystemretrievesdatafrom

secondarystorageinsame-sizeblockscalledpages.

Themainadvantageofpagingisthatitallowsthe

physicaladdressspaceofaprocesstobe

noncontiguous.

•segment

•Magneticdisk:磁盘

•Bitpattern：位模式

•Virtualmemory：Virtualmemoryisacomputer

systemtechniquewhichgivesanapplicationprogram

theimpressionthatithascontiguous(邻近的)working

memory(anaddressspace),whileinfactitmaybe

physicallyfragmentedandmayevenoverflowonto

diskstorage.

4.SchedulerandDispatcher：scheduler是时间调度程

序，负责时间分配；dispatcher是任务调度程序，负

责在时间单元中切换进程，分派任务。作为动词，

schedule有安排日程时间的意思,dispatch有派遣，

分派的意思。

•Programvs.process

•Time-sharing:Time-sharingissharingacomputing

resourceamongmanyusersbymeansof

multiprogrammingandmulti-tasking.Batch

processing

•Processtable:进程表

•Priority:优先级

•Ready/waiting/running

•Delay

•Event-driven

•Timeslice:时间片

•Processswitch:contextswitch:Acontextswitchis

thecomputingprocessofstoringandrestoringthe

state(context)ofaCPUsothatexecutioncanbe

resumedfromthesamepointatalatertime.This

enablesmultipleprocessestoshareasingleCPU.

•Interrupt:Incomputing,aninterruptisan

asynchronoussignalindicatingtheneedforattention

orasynchronouseventinsoftwareindicatingtheneed

forachangeinexecution.

•Interrupthandler:Aninterrupthandler,alsoknown

asaninterruptserviceroutine(ISR),isacallback

subroutineinanoperatingsystemordevicedriver

whoseexecutionistriggeredbythereceptionofan

interrupt.

•Preempt:抢占.Incomputing,preemption

(sometimespre-emption)istheactoftemporarily

interruptingataskbeingcarriedoutbyacomputer

system,withoutrequiringitscooperation,andwiththe

intentionofresumingthetaskatalatertime.Sucha

changeisknownasacontextswitch.Itisnormally

carriedoutbyaprivilegedtaskorpartofthesystem

knownasapreemptivescheduler,whichhasthepower

topreempt,orinterrupt,andlaterresume,othertasks

inthesystem.

•preemptivemultitasking:Preemptivemultitasking

allowsthecomputersystemtomorereliablyguarantee

eachprocessaregular"slice"ofoperatingtime.Italso

allowsthesystemtorapidlydealwithimportant

externaleventslikeincomingdata,whichmight

requiretheimmediateattentionofoneoranother

process.

•Cooperativemultitasking:Thetermpreemptive

multitaskingisusedtodistinguishamultitasking

operatingsystem,whichpermitspreemptionoftasks,

fromacooperativemultitaskingsystemwherein

processesortasksmustbeexplicitlyprogrammedto

yieldwhentheydonotneedsystemresources.

1.interrupthandler中断处理程序

2.virtualmemory虚拟内存

3.contextswitch上下文交换/语境交换

4.mainmemory主存

5.bitpattern位模式

6.peripheraldevice

7.processtable

8.timeslice

9.graphicaluserinterface

10.massstorage

SectionCSystemOrganization系统组织（软件工程）

•Map:映射

•threeorganizationalstylesarewidelyused:

repositorystyle（仓库模式），asharedservicesand

serversstyle（client/serverstyle）（共享服务和服务

器模式/客户服务器模式）,andanabstractmachine

orlayeredstyle（抽象机或分层模式）.

•Toolset:工具箱

•Editor:编辑程序

•Generator:生成程序,生成器

•Analyzer:分析程序

•CAD:computer-aideddesign

•CASE:computer-aidedsoftwareengineering

•Schema:模式

•Backup,security,accesscontrolandrecoveryfrom

error:后备,安全,访问控制,错误恢复

•Redundancy:冗余

•Inconsistency:不一致性

•Trigger:触发,触发器

•distributedsystem:分布式系统

•procedurecall:过程调用

•protocol:协议

•library:库

•compression&decompression:压缩，解压

•e-commerce:电子商务

•integrateduserinterface:综合用户接口

•webbrowser:网络浏览器

•upgrade:升级

•configuration:酉己置

•incrementaldeployment:增量部署

•portable:可移植的

1.codegenerator代码生成器

2.abstractmachine抽象机

3.programeditor程序编辑程序

4.configurationitem酉己置项

5.CAD(computer-aideddesign)

6.dataredundancy

7.commandandcontrolsystem

8.videocompressionand

decompression

Unit3ComputerLanguageandProgramming

SectionAProgrammingLanguage

Mainidea:threetypesofprogramminglanguages

includingmachinelanguages,assemblylanguagesand

highlevellanguagesandfurtherclassificationofhigh-

levellanguages;languagestructureandcomponents

includingstatements,expressionandprocedureand

functionstatements.

IIntroduction

•programminglanguage:

•syntax:句法，syntactic,semantics:语义学，

semantic

•versatility:多用途，通用性

•portable:portability:可移植的

IILanguagetypes

•machinelanguage:

•assemblylanguage/intermediatelanguage:

•mnemonics:助记符

•high-levellanguage:

•executable:可执彳亍的,executablefile,execute

•storageregister:存储寄存器

•statement:语句

•compiler:编译程序,编译器

IIIClassificationoftheHigh-Levellanguages

•programmodule:程序模块

•procedurallanguages:

•functionallanguages

•object-orientedlanguages

•hierarchy

IVLanguagesStructureandComponents

•statement:语句

•macro:宏

•datadeclaration:数据声明

•array:数组

•expression:表达式

•assignmentstatement:贝武值语句

•conditionalstatement:条件语句

•functionstatement:函数语句

•parameter:参数variable:变量

1.storageregister

2.functionstatement

3.programstatement

4.object-orientedlanguage

5.assemblylanguage

6.intermediatelanguage

7.relationallanguage

8.artificiallanguage

9.datadeclaration

10.SQL

11.executableprogram

12.programmodule

13.conditionalstatement

14.assignmentstatement

15.logiclanguage

16.machinelanguage

17.functionallanguage

18.programminglanguage

19.runacomputerprogram

20.computerprogrammer

SectionBTheJavaLanguage

IncontrasttoC++,Javaisdescribedfrom7aspects.

1.JavaisFamiliarandSimple

•overhead:开销

•headfile:头文件

•preprocessor:预处理程序

•API=applicationprograminterface

•Softwarepackage:软件包

2.Javaisobject-oriented

•Javaprovidesalltheluxuries（奢侈品）ofobject-

orientedprogramming:classhierarchy,inheritance,

encapsulation,andpolymorphism-inacontextthat

istrulyusefulandefficient.

Java提供了面向对象的所有特征:类层次，继承,封

装和多态一就真正有用和有效而言.

•Reuse:重用

3.JavaisSaferandMoreReliable

•Assemblycode:汇编码

•Runtime:运行时刻

•Linker:连接程序

•Boundschecking:边界检查

4.JavaisSecure

•Hacker

•Securityflaw:securityhole

•Spoof:IPspoofing

•Authorized:authorization授权，unauthorized,

authentication认证，audit审计

•Vulnerable:脆弱的,vulnerability

•Applet

•Trojanhorse,worm,virus,maliciouscode

•Bytecode:字节码

•Theoremprover:定理证明程序

•Segregate:隔离

•Trust,dependable:dependablecomputing,secure

computing

5.Javaismultithreaded

•Multithreading

6.JavaisInterpretedandPortable

•Compliedcode

•Interpretedcode

•Nativecode

•Sourcecode

7.JavaisProgrammingLanguageoftheWeb

•Defacto:事实上

•Vendor:

•Release:版本，distribution