ArgumentsandFallacies-知到答案、智慧树答案

ArgumentsandFallacies-知到答案、智慧树答案第一章单元测试1、问题：Youcangivethemeaningofawordbydescribinghowitisused.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】2、问题：Allargumentsaremadeupof(orexpressedin)languageofsomekind.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】3、问题：Topersuadesomeone,youneedtojustifyaconclusion.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】4、问题：Anexplanationanswersaquestionaboutwhysomethinghappened.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】5、问题：Languageiscompletelyarbitrary.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】6、问题：Thegoalofanargumentistobeatanopponent.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】7、问题：“WaterisH2O,andsaltisNaCl”isanargument.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】8、问题：Anargumentcansucceedinjustifyingitsconclusionevenifitsaudiencerejectstheargument’spremises.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】9、问题：Whenanargumentisusedforpersuasion,itspurposeistocauseitsaudiencetobelieveitsconclusion.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】10、问题：Ajustificationtriestopresentareasontobelieveitsconclusion.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】11、问题：Everyargumenthasmorethanonepremise.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】12、问题：Thegoalofanargumentistoabusetheaudience.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】13、问题：Tojustifyaconclusion,youneedtopersuadesomeone.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】14、问题：“33+66=99”isanargument.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】15、问题：Allargumentsareusedeithertojustifyortoexplaintheirconclusions.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】16、问题：Everyconclusioncontradictswhattheaudiencebelieves.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】17、问题：Anargumentthatisspokenisnogoodifitisnotspokenloudlyenough.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】18、问题：Whenanargumentisusedforexplanation,itspurposeistogiveareasontobelievethatitsconclusionistrue.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】第二章单元测试1、问题：Theword“since”isalwaysapremisemarker.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】2、问题：Ifawordinasentencecanbereplacedbyaconclusionmarkerwithoutsignificantlychangingthemeaningofthesentence,thenthewordisusedasaconclusionmarkerinthatsentence.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】3、问题：Negativeevaluativeutterancessaythatsomethingviolatesastandard.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】4、问题：Anassuringtermisreflexivewhenitreferstothementalstateofthespeaker.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】5、问题：Theword“too”in“toosmall”introducesanevaluation.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】6、问题：“If…then…”isanargumentmarker.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】7、问题：A(n)___termisusedtoindicatethatthespeakerhassomereasonsforwhathesayswithoutactuallyspecifyingwhatthosereasonsare.选项：A:G=guardingtermB:A=assuringtermC:D=discountingtermD:E=evaluativeterm答案:【A=assuringterm】8、问题：A(n)___termisusedtoindicatearesponsetoapossibleobjection.选项：A:A=assuringtermB:G=guardingtermC:D=discountingtermD:E=evaluativeterm答案:【D=discountingterm】9、问题：A(n)___termisusedtoweakenaclaiminordertomakeiteasiertodefendagainstpossiblecriticisms.选项：A:A=assuringtermB:G=guardingtermC:D=discountingtermD:E=evaluativeterm答案:【G=guardingterm】10、问题：A(n)___termcanbeeitherpositiveornegative.选项：A:A=assuringtermB:G=guardingtermC:D=discountingtermD:E=evaluativeterm答案:【E=evaluativeterm】11、问题：Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould—"ThePanda’sThumb":..Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddes.riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevo—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipote—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【D=adiscountingterm】12、问题：Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould—"ThePanda’sThumb":..Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddes.riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevo—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipote—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【G=aguardingterm】13、问题：Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould—"ThePanda’sThumb":..Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddes.riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevo—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipote—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【E+=apositiveevaluativeterm】14、问题：Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould—"ThePanda’sThumb":..Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddes.riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevo—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipote—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【A=anassuringterm】15、问题：Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould—"ThePanda’sThumb":..Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddes.riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevo—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipote—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【E+=apositiveevaluativeterm】16、问题：Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould—"ThePanda’sThumb":..Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddes.riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevo—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipote—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【C=aconclusionmarker】17、问题：Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould—"ThePanda’sThumb":..Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddes.riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevo—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipote—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【G=aguardingterm】18、问题：Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould—"ThePanda’sThumb":..Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddes.riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevo—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipote—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【N=noneoftheabove】19、问题：Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould—"ThePanda’sThumb":..Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddes.riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevo—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipote—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【D=adiscountingterm】20、问题：Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould—"ThePanda’sThumb":..Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesriggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevo.—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipote—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【E-=anegativeevaluativeterm】21、问题：Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould—"ThePanda’sThumb":..Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddes.riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevo—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipote—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【P=apremisemarker】第三章单元测试1、问题：Heissostrongthathecanlift100kilograms.选项：A:N=notanargumentB:A=anargumentthatisneithervalidnorsoundC:V=anargumentthatisvalidbutnotsoundD:B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound答案:【N=notanargument】2、问题：SinceMrs.Whitedidnotcommitthemurder,ColonelMustarddidit.Whichofthefollowingsentencescouldbeaddedasasuppressedpremisetomakethisargumentvalid?选项：A:Mrs.WhiteandColonelMustardarecharactersintheboardgameClue.B:EitherMrs.WhiteorColonelMustardcommittedthemurder.C:Mrs.WhiteandColonelMustardaresuspectsforthemurder.D:Mrs.WhiteandColonelMustardaretheonlysuspectsforthemurder.答案:【EitherMrs.WhiteorColonelMustardcommittedthemurder.】3、问题：Joedoesnotlikesteak.Therefore,somefarmersdon’tlikesteak.Whichofthefollowingsentencescouldbeaddedasasuppressedpremisetomakethisargumentvalid?选项：A:Farmersraiseplantsbutnotanimals.B:Farmersraiseanimalsbutnotplants.C:D:答案:【】4、问题：Anargumentissound(inthetechnicalsenseusedinthiscourse)whenandonlywhen选项：A:itsconclusionistrue.B:itspremisesaretrue.C:theargumentisvalidanditspremisesaretrue.D:theargumentisvalidoritspremisesaretrue.答案:【theargumentisvalidanditspremisesaretrue.】5、问题：Ifjellyfishwerebirds,thentheywouldhavefeathers;sojellyfisharenotbirds.Whichofthefollowingsentencescouldbeaddedasasuppressedpremisetomakethisargumentvalid?选项：A:B:Birdsarenotfish.C:Jellyfishhavefeathers.D:Jellyfishdonothavefeathers.答案:【Jellyfishdonothavefeathers.】6、问题：Yououghttowearacoat,becauseitisfreezing.Whichofthefollowingsentencescouldbeaddedasasuppressedpremisetomakethisargumentvalid?选项：A:Yououghttowearacoatwhenitisfreezing.B:Coatskeepyoufromfreezing.C:Mostpeoplewearcoatswhenitisfreezing.D:Coatsaremadetobewornwhenitisfreezing.答案:【Yououghttowearacoatwhenitisfreezing.】7、问题：Hecanlift100kilograms,soheisstrong.Thisis选项：A:N=notanargumentB:A=anargumentthatisneithervalidnorsoundC:V=anargumentthatisvalidbutnotsoundD:B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound答案:【A=anargumentthatisneithervalidnorsound】8、问题：MostpeoplefromSaoPaulocheerfortheBraziliannationalteam.选项：A:N=notanargumentB:A=anargumentthatisneithervalidnorsoundC:V=anargumentthatisvalidbutnotsoundD:B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound答案:【N=notanargument】9、问题：IndicatewhichoftheproposedreconstructionsbestcapturestheargumentinthefollowingpassagefromJohnRussell,"IsEakinsOurGreatestPainter?"…weprizehimaboveallforthenewdimensionofmoralawarenessthathebroughttoAmericanpainting.选项：A:(1)WeprizeEakinsaboveallotherpainters.____________________________(2)EakinsbroughtanewdimensionofmoralawarenesstoAmericanpainting.(from1)B:(1)EakinsbroughtanewdimensionofmoralawarenesstoAmericanpainting.____________________________(2)WeprizeEakinsaboveallotherpainters.(from1)C:(1)EakinsbroughtanewdimensionofmoralawarenesstoAmericanpainting.(2)WeprizepaintersaboveallotherswhentheybringanewmoralawarenesstoAmericanpainting.____________________________(3)WeprizeEakinsaboveallotherpainters.(from1-2)D:(1)EakinsbroughtanewdimensionofmoralawarenesstoAmericanpainting.(2)ApainterwhobringsanewdimensionofmoralawarenesstoAmericanpaintingisbetterthanallothers.___________________________(3)WeprizeEakinsaboveallotherpainters.(from1-2)答案:【(1)EakinsbroughtanewdimensionofmoralawarenesstoAmericanpainting.(2)WeprizepaintersaboveallotherswhentheybringanewmoralawarenesstoAmericanpainting._____________________________(3)WeprizeEakinsaboveallotherpainters.(from1-2)】10、问题：Allcriminalshavetattoos,soGizelleisnotacriminal.Indicatewhichofthefollowingisasinglesuppressedpremisethatissufficienttomakethisargumentvalid.选项：A:Onlycriminalshavetattoos.B:Mostpeoplewithtattoosarecriminals.C:Gizellehasatattoo.D:Gizelledoesnothaveatattoo.答案:【Gizelledoesnothaveatattoo.】11、问题：JapanisbiggerthanIsrael.JapanisnotbiggerthanChina.Therefore,ChinaisbiggerthanIsrael.Howwouldyoudescribetheaboveexample?(Inassessingsoundness,youmayassumecommonlyknownfacts.)选项：A:N=notanargumentB:A=anargumentthatisneithervalidnorsoundC:V=anargumentthatisvalidbutnotsoundD:B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound答案:【B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound】12、问题：Pigscannotfly,sotheyarenotbirds.Indicatewhichofthefollowingisasinglesuppressedpremisethatissufficienttomakethisargumentvalid.选项：A:B:C:D:答案:【】13、问题：Therewasamurder,andtheonlysuspectswhocouldhavecommitteditareMr.GreenandMrs.Peacock,sothemurderermustbeMr.Green.Indicatewhichofthefollowingisasinglesuppressedpremisethatissufficienttomakethisargumentvalid.选项：A:Mr.GreenandMrs.Peacockdidnotcommitthemurdertogether.B:IfMr.Greencommittedthemurder,thenMrs.Peacockdidnot.C:Mrs.Peacockdidnotcommitthemurder.D:Mr.Greenisnottheonlysuspect.答案:【Mrs.Peacockdidnotcommitthemurder.】14、问题：SaoPauloisinSouthAmerica,foritisinBrazil,andBrazilisinSouthAmerica.Howwouldyoudescribetheaboveexample?(Inassessingsoundness,youmayassumecommonlyknownfacts.)选项：A:N=notanargumentB:A=anargumentthatisneithervalidnorsoundC:V=anargumentthatisvalidbutnotsoundD:B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound答案:【B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound】15、问题：Anargumentcannoteverbevalid(inthetechnicalsenseusedinthiscourse)when选项：A:itspremisesandconclusionarebothtrue.B:itspremisesandconclusionarebothfalse.C:itspremisesarefalse,anditsconclusionistrue.D:itspremisesaretrue,anditsconclusionisfalse.E:Noneoftheabove.(Thatis,anargumentcanbevalidwithanyofthesecombinationsoftruthvalues.)答案:【itspremisesaretrue,anditsconclusionisfalse.】16、问题：IndicatewhichoftheproposedreconstructionsbestcapturestheargumentinthefollowingpassagefromStevenJayGould,“ThePanda’sThumb.”Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdo选项：A:(1)Orchidsaremadeupofcommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers.(2)Thosecomponentsofordinaryflowersareusuallyfittedfordifferentpurposes(inordinaryflowersthaninorchids).(3)IfGodhaddesignedamachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,thenhewouldnothaveusedcomponentsgenerallyfashionedfordifferentpurposes.____________________________∴(4)Goddidnotdesignorchidstoreflecthiswisdomandpower.(from1-3)B:(1)Orchidsaremadeupofcommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers.(2)Thosecomponentsofordinaryflowersareusuallyfittedfordifferentpurposes(inordinaryflowersthaninorchids).___________________________(3)Orchidsaremadeupofcomponentsthatareusuallyfittedfordifferentpurposes.(from1-2)(4)IfGodhaddesignedamachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,thenhewouldnothaveusedcomponentsgenerallyfashionedfordifferentpurposes.(5)Orchidsareakindofmachine.___________________________(6)Goddidnotdesignorchidstoreflecthiswisdomandpower.(from4-5)C:(1)Orchidsaremadeupofcommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers.(2)Thosecomponentsofordinaryflowersareusuallyfittedfordifferentpurposes(inordinaryflowersthaninorchids).___________________________(3)Goddidnotdesignorchids.(from1-2)___(4)IfGodhaddesignedamachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,thenhewouldnothaveusedcomponentsgenerallyfashionedfordifferentpurposes.(5)Goddesignsthingstoreflecthiswisdomandpower.____________________________(3)Goddidnotdesignorchids.(from4-5)答案:【(1)Orchidsaremadeupofcommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers.(2)Thosecomponentsofordinaryflowersareusuallyfittedfordifferentpurposes(inordinaryflowersthaninorchids).____________________________(3)Orchidsaremadeupofcomponentsthatareusuallyfittedfordifferentpurposes.(from1-2)(4)IfGodhaddesignedamachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,thenhewouldnothaveusedcomponentsgenerallyfashionedfordifferentpurposes.(5)Orchidsareakindofmachine.____________________________(6)Goddidnotdesignorchidstoreflecthiswisdomandpower.(from4-5)】17、问题：WhichoftheproposedreconstructionsbestcapturestheargumentinthefollowingpassagefromPaulDavies,“LifeandDeathonMars”?Ifprovidedwiththerightequipment,astronautswouldhaveachanceoflivingonMarsforyears.Therefore,aone-waytriptoMarsneednotmeanaquickdemise.选项：A:(1)Astronautswouldbeprovidedwiththerightequipment.(2)AstronautswouldhaveachanceoflivingonMarsforyears.____________________________(3)Aone-waytriptoMarsneednotmeanaquickdemise.(from1-2)B:(1)Ifprovidedwiththerightequipment,astronautswouldhaveachanceoflivingonMarsforyears.(2)Astronautswouldbeprovidedwiththerightequipment.(3)AstronautswouldhaveachanceoflivingonMarsforyears.____________________________(4)Aone-waytriptoMarsneednotmeanaquickdemise.(from1-3)C:(1)Ifprovidedwiththerightequipment,astronautswouldhaveachanceoflivingonMarsforyears.(2)Astronautswouldbeprovidedwiththerightequipment.____________________________(3)AstronautswouldhaveachanceoflivingonMarsforyears.(from1-2)____________________________(4)Aone-waytriptoMarsneednotmeanaquickdemise.(from3)D:(1)Ifprovidedwiththerightequipment,astronautswouldhaveachanceoflivingonMarsforyears.(2)Astronautswouldbeprovidedwiththerightequipment.____________________________(3)AstronautswouldhaveachanceoflivingonMarsforyears.(from1-2)(4)IfpeopleliveonMarsforyears,thentheydonotsufferaquickdemise.____________________________(5)Aone-waytriptoMarsneednotmeanaquickdemise.(from3-4)答案:【(1)Ifprovidedwiththerightequipment,astronautswouldhaveachanceoflivingonMarsforyears.(2)Astronautswouldbeprovidedwiththerightequipment.____________________________(3)AstronautswouldhaveachanceoflivingonMarsforyears.(from1-2)(4)IfpeopleliveonMarsforyears,thentheydonotsufferaquickdemise.____________________________(5)Aone-waytriptoMarsneednotmeanaquickdemise.(from3-4)】18、问题：IndicatewhichoftheproposedreconstructionsbestrepresentstheargumentinthefollowingpassagefromanadvertisementforEqualExchangeCoffee.…Webelieveintradingdirectlywithsmallfarmingcooperativesatmutuallyagreed-uponpriceswithafixedminimumrate.Then,shouldthecoffeemarketdecline,thefarmersarestillguaranteedafairprice.SohaveacupofEqualExchangeCoffee….选项：A:(1)Webelieveintradingdirectlywithsmallfarmingcooperativesatmutuallyagreed-uponpriceswithafixedminimumrate.(2)Ifthecoffeemarketdeclines,thenthefarmersarestillguaranteedafairprice.____________________________(3)HaveacupofEqualExchangeCoffee.(from1-2)B:(1)EqualExchangeCoffeecompanytradesdirectlywithsmallfarmingcooperativesatmutuallyagreed-uponpriceswithafixedminimumrate.(2)Ifacoffeecompanytradeswithafixedminimumrate,then,ifthecoffeemarketdeclines,thefarmersarestillguaranteedthatminimumprice.(3)Ifaminimumpriceismutuallyagreed-uponbythefarmers,thenthatminimumpriceisfair.____________________________(4)EqualExchangeCoffeecompanyguaranteesfarmersafairprice.(from1-3)(5)Youshouldbuycoffeefromacompanythatguaranteesfarmersafairprice.____________________________(6)YoushouldbuyEqualExchangeCoffee.(from4-5)C:(1)Webelieveintradingdirectlywithsmallfarmingcooperativesatmutuallyagreed-uponpriceswithafixedminimumrate.____________________________(3)Youshouldtradedirectlywithsmallfarmingcooperativesatmutuallyagreed-uponpriceswithafixedminimumrate.(from1-2)(4)Ifyoutradedirectlywithsmallfarmingcooperativesatmutuallyagreed-uponpriceswithafixedminimumrate,thenthecoffeemarketwillnotdecline.(5)Ifthecoffeemarketdoesnotdecline,thenthefarmerswillstillbeguaranteedafairprice.(6)Ifthefarmersareguaranteedafairprice,thenyoushouldbuyEqualExchangeCoffee.____________________________(7)YoushouldbuyEqualExchangeCoffee.(from3-6)答案:【(1)EqualExchangeCoffeecompanytradesdirectlywithsmallfarmingcooperativesatmutuallyagreed-uponpriceswithafixedminimumrate.(2)Ifacoffeecompanytradeswithafixedminimumrate,then,ifthecoffeemarketdeclines,thefarmersarestillguaranteedthatminimumprice.(3)Ifaminimumpriceismutuallyagreed-uponbythefarmers,thenthatminimumpriceisfair.____________________________(4)EqualExchangeCoffeecompanyguaranteesfarmersafairprice.(from1-3)(5)Youshouldbuycoffeefromacompanythatguaranteesfarmersafairprice.____________________________(6)YoushouldbuyEqualExchangeCoffee.(from4-5)】19、问题：IndicatewhichoftheproposedreconstructionsbestrepresentstheargumentinthefollowingpassagefromanadvertisementforEqualExchangeCoffee.…Ofcourse,yourdecisiontobuyEqualExchangeneednotbecompletelyaltruistic.Forwetakeasmuchprideinrefiningthetasteofourgourmetcoffeesaswedoinhelpingthefarmerswhoproducethem….选项：A:(1)YourdecisiontobuyEqualExchangeCoffeeneednotbecompletelyaltruistic.____________________________∴(2)Wetakeasmuchprideinrefiningthetasteofourgourmetcoffeesaswedoinhelpingthefarmerswhoproducethem.(from1)B:(1)Wetakeasmuchprideinrefiningthetasteofourgourmetcoffeesaswedoinhelpingthefarmerswhoproducethem.____________________________(2)YourdecisiontobuyEqualExchangeCoffeeneednotbecompletelyaltruistic.(from1)∴C:(1)EqualExchangeCoffeecompanytakesasmuchprideinrefiningthetasteoftheirgourmetcoffeesastheydoinhelpingthefarmerswhoproducetheirgourmetcoffees.(2)EqualExchangeCoffeecompanytakesgreatprideinhelpingthefarmerswhoproducetheirgourmetcoffees.____________________________∴(3)EqualExchangeCoffeecompanytakesgreatprideinrefiningthetasteoftheirgourmetcoffees.(from1-2)(4)IfEqualExchangeCoffeecompanytakesgreatprideinrefiningthetasteoftheirgourmetcoffees,thentheirgourmetcoffeeswilltastegood.____________________________(5)EqualExchangegourmetcoffeeswilltastegood.(from3-4)(6)IfEqualExchangegourmetcoffeeswilltastegood,thenyoucanmakeyourselfhappybybuyingEqualExchangegourmetcoffees.___________________________(7)YoucanmakeyourselfhappybybuyingEqualExchangegourmetcoffees.(from5-6)(8)Ifyoucanmakeyourselfhappybydoingsomething,thenyourdecisiontodoitneednotbecompletelyaltruistic._______