2024年高考英语一轮复习第29讲阅读理解议论文（核心考点）（原卷版）

第29讲阅读理解议论文（核心考点精讲精练）1.三年真题议论文考点细目表时间卷次主题语境字数题型分类2023年新高考I卷///新高考=2\*ROMANII卷///全国甲卷///全国乙卷人与社会：物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性343+1312个推理判断题1个主旨大意题1个词义猜测题北京卷///浙江卷///天津卷///2022年新高考I卷///新高考=2\*ROMANII卷///全国甲卷人与社会：悉尼发展中面临的问题342+1521个细节理解题2个推理判断题1个主旨大意题全国乙卷///北京卷人与社会：量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？400+1091个细节理解题1个推理判断题1个主旨大意题1个词义猜测题浙江卷/+/天津卷人与社会：美好生活的秘诀403+1943个细节理解题2个推理判断题2021年新高考I卷///新高考=2\*ROMANII卷///全国甲卷人与社会：“天才”有很多种形式295+1231个细节理解题2个推理判断题1个主旨大意题全国乙卷人与社会：固定是非必需品326+1202个推理判断题1个主旨大意题1个词义猜测题北京卷人与自然：人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境480+1891个细节理解题2个推理判断题1个主旨大意题浙江卷1月卷///浙江卷6月卷///天津卷（第一次）人与自我：我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后，像蜥蜴一样，用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，作为人生的起点人与社会：要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家1）408+2142）409+2111)2个细节理解题2个推理判断题1个词义猜测题2)2个细节理解题2个推理判断题1个主旨大意题天津卷（第二次）///2.命题规律及备考策略【命题规律】议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解、推理判断和主旨大意题为主，但不排除对观点态度的考查。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。【备考策略】在阅读解题时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读全文，再区分事实和观点。通常来说，议论文会采用三段论式结构。首段会通过一个故事或对某种现象的描述来引入话题，明确论点；接下来是文章的主体部分，会用两个或两个以上的段落引用事实和理论论据进行论证，常用的论证方法有举例、引用和对比，这一部分要注意作者选用的论据，它们往往与细节理解题的考查点相对应，同时还要留意论证的方法；文章的最后一段是结论部分，要弄清作者最后得出了什么结论。在通读全文并了解文章的结构和内容后再阅读试题，到文章中去找相对应的信息，比如事实、观点、作者真正的意图和结论等。议论文结构特点写法一：正方（甲方），反方（乙方），我认为写法二：提出问题，分析问题，回答（解决）问题写法三：论点，理由（证据），重申论点。【命题预测】从近三年命题的发展趋势来看，预测2024年高考议论文阅读理解可能会出现且会继续考查考生快速而准确地获取和理解文中具体细节信息的能力，对文章信息的判断能力以及对文章的整体感知能力。议论文的文体分析议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。议论文文章类型演绎论证议论文是从已知的一般原理，规律出发，推知个别事物本质的论证方法。该类文体一般先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论。归纳论证议论文是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，从而得出一个一般性的结论。比较论证议论文是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常分为类比法和对比法两类。类比法是将性质或特点在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法。对比法是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的方法。命题要点由于议论的目的是表明自己对事物的看法和态度，因此，命题时常考察其观点态度以及根据文章内容归纳主旨大意等，有时也对文章的结构进行考察。解题技巧1.演绎论证议论文：注意文章的开篇，因为文章的开篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的观点，从而把握了文章的中心思想。2.归纳论证议论文：注意文章的尾段，因为尾段是对前面所举事例和分论点的归纳和概括。3.比较论证议论文：注意事物的相同点以及不同点，并由此来把握文章的主旨。做题时可使用以下三个步骤：重首尾，明方式，细推测。议论文长常考题型之一主旨大意题[常见设问形式]1．标题类常见的题干：①Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe________.②Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage？③Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?2．大意类常见的题干：①Thispassagechieflydealswith________.②What'sthetopicofthearticle?③Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?④Whatisthemainideaofthe...paragraph/thepassage?eq\a\vs4\al([正确选项特征])1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2．确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3．精确性强，不会改变语言表达的程度及色彩。eq\a\vs4\al([干扰选项特征])1．过于笼统，不知所云所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容2．以偏概全，主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点3．移花接木，偷换概念所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案4．无中生有，生搬硬套所给选项的关键词虽然在文章中提到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系考点一段落大意题【2023年全国乙卷D片段】Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented. B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords. D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.（2023·山东·山东省实验中学校考二模）DanonePortugalintroducedanewyogurtnamedJuntos.Foreverypackofyogurtthatapersonbought,hewoulddonateyogurttoafamilyinneed.Danonehaddoneitsresearch.Increasingly,peoplesaytheywanttobuyfrombrandsthatgivethemasenseofpurpose.Surelyayogurtthathelpedtheneedywouldbeappealing.ButJuntoswasafailure.Despitesinkingmillionsintoamarketingcampaign,DanonepulledJuntosfromthemarketonlymonthsafteritwaslaunched.Nowthesameproductissimplymarketedasatastyyogurt.Whathappened?TofindthereasonbehindJuntos’failure,LawrenceWilliamsandhiscolleaguesdidanexperimentwheretheyshowedpeoplesomeproductsandaskedthesepeopletopickoneoption.Theyremindedsometofocusonthe“purposefulandvaluable”aspectwhileothersweretoldto“enjoythemselves”andfocuson“delightandpleasure.”Theyfoundthatparticipantswhoprioritizedmeaningpreferredthelessexpensiveproductwhenparedwithpeoplewhoputpleasureinthefirstplace.Sowhyweremeaningseekerscheapingout?LawrenceWilliamsaskedparticipantstoexplaintheirdecisionmakingtofindout.Helearnedthatmeaningorientedpeoplewerenotthinkingabouthowtheproducttheymightbuycouldbringmeaningtotheirlives.Instead,theywereoccupiedwithwhatelsetheycoulddowiththeirmoney.Iamallforpeoplemakingwiseandstrategicfinancialchoices.Butcheapproductscancreatemanyproblems.Inexpensiveoptionsoftendonotlastaslongasthehigherendones.Asaresult,weshopmoreoften,whichisultimatelyworseforourwallets.Plus,thatspendingpatterncandoagreaterdamagetotheenvironment.Thanksinparttofastfashion,peoplebuy60percentmoreclothingtodaythantheydid15yearsago.Thefashionindustryaloneemitsmoregreenhousegasesthaninternationalflightsandmaritime(海洋的)shippingbined.Sobeforeyoudiveintoyourwalletforsomedeals,trynottofixonlyonwhatyouarespendingorsaving.Thinkcarefullyaboutwhatyouarebuying,too.56．WhatisthemainreasonforthefailureofJuntos?A．Itignoredmarketingstrategies. B．Itpriceditselfrelativelyhigh.C．Itlackedaparticularlygoodtaste. D．Itfocusedondelightandpleasure.57．Whatcanbeinferredaboutmeaningseekers?A．Theyfrequenthighendstores. B．Theythinkproductsextendtheirlives.C．Theyhesitatetomakedecisions. D．Theymakemorepurchaseswithmoney.58．HowisParagraph4mainlydeveloped?A．Bygivingsomeexamples. B．Bylistingnumbersanddata.C．Byexplainingreasons. D．Bymakingsomeparisons.59．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．Innovation:aProduct’sLife B．ToBuyornottoBuyC．MeaningseekersorQualitypursuers D．FastFashion:aHittoYourWallet考点二文章大意题3个做法4个窍门，快速确定文章大意一、文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心思想的基础上的。具体做法是：1．找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。2．文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要分步提炼，然后再进一步加工概括。3．观察全文的结构安排，区别文章的“核心”和“支撑性细节”。核心是概括性的、理论性的；支撑性细节是碎片化的、事例性的。事例是为理论性的“核心”服务的，“核心”即是文章的主题。二、用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，infact，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3．作者有意识重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，inshort，conclude，conclusion等。（2023·广东·校联考模拟预测）Whenweareborn,weareperfect.Aswegrow,wedevelopmanyplexitiesduetomanyinfluencesinourlives.Ourbraincollectsandsavesallkindsofinformationfromthemomentweareborn.Apartfromourbrainhavingmemory,cellsinourbodyhavetheirownmemory,meaningthatourbodystoresmemories,bothphysiologicalandpsychological.Weareplexemotionalbeingsinnatureparedwithanyotherlivingthings.Apparently,physicalandpsychologicalmemoriesstronglyinfluenceouremotions!Interestingly,wecancreate,store,andreleaseemotionslikeenergy.Moreover,ifwedonotprocessournegativeemotionsproperlyandsuppress(压制)themforalongtime,theycanfindawayoutviolentlyandunexpectedly.Unfortunately,wecarryourguiltthroughoutourlivesputtingtheeverincreasingburdenonourshoulders.Bothguiltandangerareuselessforus.Therefore,onemayask:isthereawaytoputdowntheburdenfromourshoulders?Itispossible,indeed.Importantly,sinceourguiltandangerinsideusareneitherreleasednorgivenattention,theyarestored.Actually,weshouldtakeactiontoaddressournegativeemotionsinordertoremovethemfromoursystem.Wecannotjustwishthemaway.Infact,byacknowledgingtheirpresenceandprovidingachannelforthem,wecandissolveouremotionsgradually.Isthereabetterwaytounloadourburden?Luckily,wehaveanaturalgiftforprocessingourfeelingsandemotionsforgiveness.Indeed,forgivingourselvesisagreatwaytodissolvenegativeemotions.Ofcourse,weshouldalsolearntoreadilyforgiveothers,andwhenwelearntoforgiveourselves,wealsonaturallyforgiveothers.Insummary,itisnogoodcarryingouryearsofemotionalbaggage.Byforgiving,wecanthrowawaytheemotionalbaggagewecarryforyears.Forgiveyourpastmistakes.Themomentyoustartforgiving,youwillfeelrelievedandyearsofheavinesswillliftmagically!32．What’sthemainideaofthispassage?A．LearningtoforgivehelpspeopleunloadtheirpsychologicalburdenB．ForgivingisthebestwayforpeopletodissolvenegativeemotionsC．ForgivingourselvesisthefirststepofforgivingothersD．Beingenergeticandoptimisticleadstoahappierlife（2023·重庆·重庆巴蜀中学校考模拟预测）“Iknowwhentogoout,andwhentostayin.”,EnglishrockstarDavidBowieonceconfidentlysanginhishitsingle.Whenitestoconsumingfood,thedecisivenessclaimedbythesingersongwriterishardtoachieve.Idisagreewiththestatementandargueit’sbettertoeatoutthantoorderhomedelivery.Tobeginwith,whensettingfootinarestaurant,we’reimmediatelygreetednotonlybyaserverreadytoseatus,butbyafloodofphysicalfeelings—theeyestakeintheinternaldecorationoftheplace,thenosebreathesinthepleasantsmellofexpertlyplatedfoodandtheearspickuponpetingsoundsofcustomerchatterandattractiveinstoremusic.Toeatoutistoexperienceanatmosphereuniquetoeachrestaurant.Somethingasspecialasthatsimplycan’tbereproducedbyorderinghomedelivery.Eatingoutis,withoutdoubt,themoreexcitingandthusbetterchoice.Eatingoutbeesevenmoreappealingwhenstayinghomeprovestoopainful.Whetheritisbecauseweneedatemporaryfightfromourfamilyorthatwesimplywanttospendsomequalitytimeoutsidewithlovedones,goingoutforamealcanbeabreakfromthehardlabourofdomesticliving.Wecouldtakeitasanopportunityforselfcare—totreatourselvesbydressingup,arrivinginstyleatafancyrestaurantandorderingaslightlymoreluxuriousmealtorefreshourwearysoul.Orderinghomedeliverywouldonlycontributetofeelingsofbeingpennedinwhile;eatingoutisanescapeforthetrappedindividual.Fooddeliveryappusersreasonit’satroubleandlessconvenienttodressupandeatout.However,it’sworthnotingwemaynotalwaysgetourfoodinthemostsatisfactoryconditionwhenoptingforhomedelivery.There’sariskofreceivingfoodorderswithmissingitemsorevenentirelywrongordersthatcan’tbesentback.Whatwesacrificeforconveniencemightjustwindupbeinginconvenient.Consequently,itmakesmoresensetoeatoutratherthanriskdisappointmentbyorderinghomedelivery.52．Whatdoestheauthormainlytalkabout?A．Diningoptions. B．Cuisineculture.C．Consumptionlevel. D．Foodcategories.53．Whatadvantageofeatingoutishighlightedinparagraph2?A．Qualityservice. B．fortandconvenience.C．Sensoryenjoyment. D．Areasonablemixofnutrition.54．Whatdoestheauthorthinkoforderinghomedelivery?A．It’squitepricey. B．Itmayletconsumersdown.C．Itmaycausefoodwaste. D．It’snotenvironmentalfriendly.55．Howisthetextdeveloped?A．Byprovidingexamples. B．Byfollowingspaceorder.C．Bymakingparisons. D．Byanalyzingmentalprocesses.考点三标题归纳题理解标题的三大特点，巧用三大方法确定文章标题。一个好的标题应具备三大特点：1．概括——准确而又简短；2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3．醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。【2022年北京卷】Quantum(量子)putershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantumputingexperts.OneisputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechpanieshaveinvestedinquantumputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumputingresearchers.”Asquantumputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmhecofoundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thepany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelyparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthepetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.IsJohnsonMorepetentThanTaylor?B.IsQuantumputingRedefiningTechnology?C.WillQuantumputersEvereintoBeing?D.WillQuantumputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?（2023·福建泉州·泉州五中校考一模）Technologyseemstodiscourageslowreading.Readingonscreenstireseyeseasily.Soonlinewritingismoreskimmablethanprint.TheneuroscientistMaryWaltarguedthis“newnorm”ofskimreadingisproducing“aninvisible,dramatictransformation”inhowreadersprocesswords.Andbrainsnowfavorrapidabsorptionofinformation,ratherthanskillsdevelopedbydeeperreading,likecriticalanalysis.Weshouldn’toverplaythisdanger.Allreadersskim.Skimmingistheskillweacquireaswelearntoreadmoreskillfully.Andfearsaboutdecliningattentionspanshaveprovedtobefalsealarms.“Somecriticsworryaboutattentionspanandseeveryshortstoriesassignsofculturaldecline,”TheAmericanauthorSelvinwrote.“Butnobodyeversaidpoemswereevidenceofshortattentionspans.”YettheInternethascertainlychangedthewayweread.First,itmeansthere’smoretoread,becausemorepeoplethaneverarewriting.Anddigitalwritingmeansrapidreleaseandresponse.Oncepublished,onlinearticlesstartformingamentstringunderneath.Suchmodeofwritingandreadingcanbeinteractiveandfun,butisprobablylackinginprofoundreflection.Perhapsweshouldslowdown.Readingisconstantlypromotedasasourceofpersonalachievement.Butthisadvocacyemphasizes“enthusiastic”or“eager”reading—neithersuggestslowabsorption.Toaslowreader,apieceofwritingcanonlybefullyunderstoodbyimmersingoneselfintheirslowprehensionofwords.Theslowreaderislikeaswimmerwhostopscountingthenumberofpoollapshe’sdoneandjustenjoyshowhisbodyfeelsandmovesinwater.Thehumanneedforthiskindofdeepreadingistoodeterminedforanynewtechnologytodestroy.Weoftenassumetechnologicalchangecan’tbestopped,sooldermediaarekickedoutbynewer,morevirtualforms.Inpractice,oldertechnologiescancoexistwithnewones.TheKindlehasn’tkilledoffprintedbooksanymorethancarskilledoffbicycles.Westillwanttoenjoyslowlyformedideasandcarefullychosenwords.Eveninafastmovingage,thereistimeforslowreading.1．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsSelvin’sopinion?A．Favorable. B．Critical. C．Doubtful. D．Objective.2．Whichstatementwouldtheauthorprobablyagreewith?A．Advocacyofpassionatereadinghelpspromoteslowreading.B．Digitalwritingandreadingtendstoignorecarefulreflection.C．Weshouldbeawareoftheimpactskimminghasonthebrain.D．ThenumberofInternetreadersdeclinesduetotechnology.3．Whyis“swimmer”mentionedinparagraph4?A．Todemonstratehowtoimmerseoneselfinthought.B．Tostressswimmingdiffersfromreading.C．Toshowslowreadingisbetterthanfastreading.D．Toillustratewhatslowreadingislike.4．Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．SlowReadingisHeretoStayB．TechnologyPreventsSlowReadingC．ReflectionsonDeepReadingD．TheWonderofDeepReading过关检测（2023·湖南郴州·校联考模拟预测）It’sunlikelythatyouehomefromatripandstandontopofyourbedstillwearingyourstreetshoes.Forsometravellers,puttingtheirsuitcaseontheirbedisjustasdisgusting(令人反感的).Thewheelsofourluggagepacedthesamesoiledpathasourshoes,rollingthroughairportbathrooms,sidewalksandpublictransportation.Whileitmightsoundterribletoputaworldlybagonyourbed,isitactuallyharmfultoyourhealth?AccordingtoPhyllisKozarsky,anexperttravelhealthconsultant,mostpublichealthprofessionalsdon’tconsiderluggageamajortransmitter(传播者)ofdisease.“Wehavenotidentifiedoutbreaksrelatedtodirtyluggage,”Kozarskysays.Travellersmaybenefitfromcleaningtheirluggageiftheysuspectthattheirhotelroomsareoverrunwithbedbugs.“Thentheycertainlywouldbenefitbycleaningitaftertheyreturnedhome,”Kozarskysays.Evenifyourluggagetouchingyourbedwon’thurtyou,youmightstillbedisgusted.Afterall,travelisanexperiencefullofbacteria.“Youhavepeople...carryingalltypesofdifferentbacteria.Someofthemaresick,andyounowhavethempopulatingthesepublictravelplaces,”saysColleenCostello,CEOofVitalVio,apanythatmakesantibacterialLEDlights.Yourfellowtravellershavetotouchallthesamethingsyouhavetotouch,fromtheTSAcheckpointtotheairplane,thetrainticketingmachinetothehandrailinyourtraincar.Forpeaceofmind,Costelloremendsgivingyourbagaquickdisinfectionorstoringitonaluggageshelf.Ofcourse,youcouldgobeyonddisinfectingyourluggagewheelsandcleanthoroughlytherestofyourtravelexperience—theairplanetraytable,hotelroomdoorandremotecontrol.ButKozarskydoesn’tguaranteethatlifestyle.“It’shardtokeepupwitheverydoorhandle,everyrailing,”Kozarskysays.“Youcanbeealittleneurotic(神经质的)thatway.”5．What’sthefunctionofthefirstparagraph?A．Topredicttheconclusion. B．Topresenttheargument.C．Tointroducethetopic. D．Todescribethephenomenon.6．WhatdoesKozarskyconveybyexplainingtheluggagecleaningcase?A．Luggagetouchingyourbedwon’thurtyou. B．Luggagespreadsdiseasethroughyourbed.C．It’samusttocleanyourluggageaftertravelling. D．Travellersshouldbecarefulofonwaydangers.7．HowdoesCostellosupporthisopinion?A．Bygivingexamples. B．Bystatingfacts.C．Bymakingparisons. D．Bylistingfigures.8．WhatdoesKozarskythinkofCostello’ssuggestion?A．Ithasgonetoofar. B．It’sabsolutelyworthless.C．Itsoundssomewhatreasonable. D．It’sworthtakingintoconsideration.（2022·内蒙古包头·包头市第四中学校考模拟预测）monphraseslike“nopains,nogains”givetheimpressionthatweoughttobesufferingwhilewestudy.It’salmostasthoughtheonlywaytoknowifwe’reputtinginenoughworkisthesenseofhardshipwebear.Whenwehaven’ttakenthetimetoeupwithanotherstrategy,allweknowhowtodoisshutourselvesinaroomwithabook.It’snosurprisethatwefindrevisionboringanddifficult.Justaschildrenlearnfromplaying,wecanlearnfromdoing,oratleastfromstudytechniquesthatengageus,ratherthanmakeusswitchoff.Shuttingyourselfawaycanmakeyoulearntohatestudying.Thisleadstoasituationwhereinsteadofbeingabletoconcentrateonyourwork,youobsessabout(唠叨)howunfairitisthatyoumuststudy.Whenyoufeelbitteraboutyourworkit’sverydifficulttomakeyourselfstart,orapproachitwithenthusiasm.Thiscanbepartofaviciouscycle(恶性循环)thattrapsyouintoineffectiverevision,yourpoorprogressfuellingfurtherbitterness.Justbeingaroundotherpeoplereallyhelpsfightagainstfeelingsoflonelinessand,thankfully,it’sperfectlypossibletoworkinthepanyofotherpeople.Wejustneedtolearnhowtodealwithdistractions.It’snotnecessarytoavoidallpany,justidle(懒散的)pany.Studyinginthesameroomwithsomeonewhoisironingorworkingoutisperfectlypossible.Peoplewhoareboredandlookingtobedistracted,however,areterribletoworkaround.Theyconstantlytrytokeepothersinconversation.It’salsoagoodideatoavoidthepanyofpeopleengagedinactivitiesthatyouwouldratherbedoingthanstudying.Workingwhilesittingnexttosomeoneplayingvideogamesismuchmorelikelytoendwithanewhighscorethanaproductivefewhoursofrevision.Ifbeingaroundothersmeansworkinginanoisyenvironment,apairofheadphonesandsomebackgroundmusiccanblockoutnoises.Theyalsoactasapsychologicalbarrier,sothatpeoplethinktwicebeforeinterruptingyou.Whenyou’restudyingforabigexam,itseemslikeyourwholelifeistakenupwithstudy.Beinginthesameroomwithfriendsandfamilycanlessenfeelingsofisolation(孤立).Alsoconnectingwithotherpeoplemakesushappy,soit’simportantnottogivethatupandtomakesurethatwetakethetimetosocialize.9．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothesaying“nopains,nogains”?A．Serious. B．Positive C．Negative D．Uncaring.10．Whatshouldyoudoifyouarestudyinginanoisyenvironment?A．Giveindicationofnotwantingtobeinterrupted.B．Giveupothers’panyatonce.C．Thinktwicebeforetakinganyaction.D．Forceyourselftobeaccustomedtotheenvironment.11．Whatdoesparagraph4mainlytalkabout?A．Waystodealwithdistractions.B．Howtochooseaperfectplacetostudy.C．Learningproblemsstudentsarefacedwith.D．Howtofocusmindonstudy.12．Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?A．Toencouragestudentstoworkhard.B．TointroduceeffectivelearningstrategiesC．Toremindstudentstobalancestudyandplay.D．Toadvisestudentsstudyinthepanyofothers.（2023·山西·校联考模拟预测）Whatdoyouwantfromlife?Perhapsyouwanttospendmoretimewithyourfamily,orgetamoresecurejob,orimproveyourhealth.Butwhydoyouwantthosethings?Chancesarethatyouranswerwilledowntoonething:Happiness.Yetthereissomeevidencethattoomuchpursuitofhappinessisassociatedwithagreaterriskofdepression.Modernconceptionsofhappinessareprimarilypractical,focusingonwhatwemightcallthetechniquesofhappiness.Theconcernisnotwhathappinessis,butinsteadonhowtogetit.Butmaximizingpleasureisn’ttheonlyoption.Everyhumanlife,eventhemostfortunate,isfilledwithpain.Painfulloss,painfuldisappointments,thephysicalpainofinjuryorsickness,andthementalpainoflongsufferingboredom,loneliness,orsadness.Painisanunavoidableconsequenceofbeingalive.Allthegoodthingsinlifeinvolvesuffering.Writinganovel,runningamarathon,orgivingbirthallcausesufferinginpursuitofthefinal,joyousresult.Thereareotherfactorsaswell.IntheeyesofAristotle,wegethappinessbyexercisingouruniquelyhumancapabilitiestothinkandreason.Butthinkingandreasoningareasmuchsocialactivitiesastheyareindividual.Happinessrequiresothers;itisnotanemotionalstatesomuchasitistheexcellenceoftherelationswecultivatewithotherpeople.Buteventhatcannotguaranteehappiness.Aristotlerecognisedthatourhappinessishostage（人质）tofortune.Eventsbeyondanyindividual’scontrol—war,poverty,andglobalpandemics—willoftenmakehappinessimpossible.Happinessisnotamentalstatethatcanbepermanentlywon,butinsteadit’sapracticewhichwehone（磨练）,imperfectly,incircumstancesonlypartlyofourmaking.Recognizingthiswillnotsecureagoodlife,butitwillavoidtheillusory（虚幻的）hopeofpermanentcontentment.Nolifeworthlivingshouldmeettheonlystandard.Instead,aimwithAristotletoembracethosefaultsandtoflowerinspiteofthem.13．Wherecanyoufindnegativeeffectsoffocusingtoomuchon“happiness”?A．Inparagraph2. B．Inparagraph3.C．Inparagraph4. D．Inparagraph5.14．Howdoestheauthorprovethatpainisanunavoidableresultofbeingalive?A．Bymakingparisons. B．Byanalyzingcauses.C．Bygivingexamples. D．Bytellingstories.15．WhatisAristotle’sviewonhappiness?A．Happinessisastableemotionalstate.B．Goodpersonalrelationshipsleadtohappiness.C．Takingpartinsocialactivitiesguaranteeshappiness.D．Happinesspromotesindependentthinkingandreasoning.16．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Happinessiswhathumanspursueforever.B．Happinessliesintheprocessofpursuingit.C．Ourpursuitofhappinessmaybeimperfect.D．Depressionandhappinessareequallyimportant.（2023·四川·校联考模拟预测）Nearly10,000protesterscameoutinsupportoftheBlackLivesMatterrallyinLondon.LondonersfilledVictoriaParkinsupportoftheBlackLivesMattermovementagainstthesystemicracismandpolicebrutality(暴行)happeningintheUnitedStatesandCanada.TheBlackLivesMattermovementhasseenthousandsofpeopleacrossCanada,theUnitedStatesandtheworldjointogetherfollowingthedeathofGeorgeFloyd,ablackmandiedinpolicecustodyafterawhitepoliceofficerwasfilmedkneelingonhisneck.Floyd’sdeathinMinneapoliswasonlythelatestinanumberofcasesofBlackmendyingwhileinpolicecustody.“Racismhappenshere,ithappenstome,ithappenstomyson,ithappenstomyfriends,andwehavejustbeenquietandsilentforfartoolong,”saidAlexandraKane,aspokespersonforBlackLivesMatterLondonmovement.SheishopingthatfromtheBlackLivesMattermovementstheycanseereformandchangeswithinthegovernmentsothatbothBlackandIndigenouspeopleare“viewedandtreatedfairly”.“WewantpeoplewithinourownBlackmunitytoknowwesupporteachother.Wedon’toftencongregatea