大学英语四级模拟题库及答案解析

大学英语四级模拟题库及答案解析

大学英语四级模拟题(一)及答案解析

PartIWriting(30minutes)

Directions：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutesto

writeacompositiononthetopic：PreciousWater.Youshould

writeatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow：

1.举例说明水对人类的重要性

2.举例说明我国所面临的水资源问题

3.为了生存和发展人们要……

PreciousWater

PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15

minutes)

Directions：Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogo

overthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswer

Sheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthe

fourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestion8-10,

completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthe

passage.

Pollution：ALifeandDeathIssue

OneofthemainthemesofPlanetunderPressureistheway,

manyoftheEarth'senvironmentalcrisesreinforceoneanother.

Pollutionisanobviousexample-wedonothavetheoptionof

growingfood,orfindingenoughwater,onasqueaky-clean

planet,butononeincreasinglytarnishedandtrashedbythe

waywehaveuseditsofar.

Cuttingwasteandclearinguppollutioncostmoney.Yet

timeandagainitisthequestforwealththatgeneratesmuch

ofthemessisthefirstplace.Livinginawaythatisless

damagingtotheEarthisnoteasy,butitisvital,because

pollutionispervasiveandoftenlife-threatening.

Air：theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)saysthree

millionpeoplearekilledworldwidebyoutdoorairpollution

annuallyfromvehiclesandindustrialemissions,and1.6

millionindoorsthroughusingsolidfuel.Mostareinpoor

countries.

Water：diseasescarriedinwaterareresponsiblefor80%

ofillnessesanddeathsindevelopingcountries,killinga

childeveryeightseconds.Eachyear2.1millionpeopledie

fromdiarrhoeal(痢疾的)diseasesassociatedwithpoorwater.

Soil：contaminatedlandisaprobleminindustrialized

countries,whereformerfactoriesandpowerstationscanleave

wastelikeheavymetalsinthesoil.Itcanalsooccurin

developingcountries,sometimesusedfordumpingpesticides.

Agriculturecanpollutelandwithpesticides,nitrate-rich

fertilizersandslurryfromlivestock.Andwhenthe

contaminationreachesriversitdamageslifethere,andcan

evencreatedeadzonesoffthecoast,asintheGulfofMexico.

ChronicProblem

Chemicalsareafrequentpollutant.Whenwethinkof

chemicalcontaminationitisoftenimagesofeventslikeBhopal

thatcometomind.Buttheproblemiswidespread.Onestudy

says7〜20%ofcancersareattributabletopoorairand

pollutioninhomesandworkplaces.TheWHO,concernedabout

chemicalsthatpersistandbuildupinthebody,especially

intheyoung,sayswemay"beconductingalarge-scale

experimentwithchildren'shealth',.

Someman-madechemicals,endocrine（内分泌）disruptors

likephthalates（瞅酸盐）andnonylphenol-abreakdownproduct

ofspermicides（杀精子剂），cosmeticsanddetergents-are

blamedforcausingchangesinthegenitalsofsomeanimals.

Affectedspeciesincludepolarbears-sonoteventheArctic

isimmune.Andthechemicalsclimbthefoodchain,fromfish

tomammals,andtous.

About70,000chemicalsareonthemarket,witharound1,500

newonesappearingannually.Atleast30,000arethoughtnever

tohavebeencomprehensivelytestedfortheirpossiblerisks

topeople.

Atfirstglance,theplasticbucketsstackedinthecorner

oftheenvironmentalNGOofficelooklikeanyothers.Butthe

containersareanunlikelyweaponinonepoorcoimnunity'sfight

againstoilcompanieswhichtheysayareresponsiblefor

widespreadill-healthcausedbyyearsofpollution.The

vesselsareusedbyanetworkoflocalvolunteers,knownas

theBucketBrigade,togatherairsamplesinneighborhoods

borderingoilrefineries,aspartofacampaigntomonitorand

documentairpollutionwhichtheybelieveiscomingfromthe

plants.

InSouthAfrica,asinmanydevelopingandnewly

industrializedcountries,legislationonairpollutionhas

failedtokeeppacewithmushroomingindustries.Solocal

residents,likemanyinpoorcommunitiesaroundtheglobe,have

facedtheproblemofinvestigatingtheirclaimthatindustries

ontheirdoorstepsaremakingthemsick.

Trade-off

Butthesnagisthatmodernsocietydemandsmanyofthem,

andsomeareessentialforsurvival.Sowhileweinvokethe

precautionaryprinciple,whichalwaysrecommendserringonthe

sideofcaution,wehavetorecognizetherewillbetrade-offs

tobemade.

ThepesticideDDTdoesgreatdamagetowildlifeandcan

affectthehumannervoussystem,butcanalsobeeffective

againstmalaria（疟疾）.Wheredoestheprioritylie?

Theindustrializedworldhasnotyetcleanedupthemess

itcreated,butitisreapingthebenefitsofthepollution

ithascaused.Itcanhardlytellthedevelopingcountriesthat

theyhavenorighttofollowsuit.

Anothercomplicationintacklingpollutionisthatitdoes

notrespectpoliticalfrontiers.ThereisaU.N.convention

ontrans-boundaryairpollution,butthatcannotcoverevery

problemthatcanarisebetweenneighbors,orbetweenstates

whichdonotshareaborder.Perhapsthebestexampleisclimate

change-thecountriesoftheworldshareoneatmosphere,and

whatonedoescanaffecteveryone.

ForOneandAll.

Oneoftheprinciplesthataresupposedtoapplyhereis

simple-thepolluterpays.Sometimesitisobviouswhoisto

blameandwhomustpaytheprice,butitisnotalways

straightforwardtoworkoutjustwhoisthepolluter,or

whethertherestofuswouldbehappytopaythepriceof

stoppingthepollution.

Onewayofcleaningupafterourselveswouldbetothrow

lessaway,designingproductstoberecycledorevenjustto

lastlonger.

Previousgenerationsworkedontheassumptionthat

discardingourwastewasaproperwaytogetridofit,sowe

usedtodumpnuclearmaterialsandotherpotentialhazardsat

sea,confidenttheywouldbedispersedinthedepths.

Wenowthinkthatistooriskybecause,asoneauthorwrote,

"there'snosuchplaceas'away*,andthere'snosuchperson

asthe'other'."

IrritatingAir

Despiterecentimprovements,however,thehealthproblems

arestillthere.A2002medicalstudy,carriedoutbyDurban*s

NelsonMandelaSchoolofMedicineandaU.S.university,found

thatanabnormallyhigh52%ofstudentsandteachersata

primaryschoolborderingtheEngenplantsufferedfromasthma

（哮喘）.Itfoundthatincreasesinairpollutiontendedto

aggravateasthmasymptomsinchildren.

Thepetrolproducersdonotdisputethefindingsbutargue

thatresearcherswereunabletoestablishacausallinkbetween

airpollutionandthehighprevalenceofasthmaamongthe

schoolpopulation.

Forthecommunity,thenextstepistotakelegalaction.

But,accordingtointernationallyrecognizedenvironmentalist

BobbyPeek,targetingthecompanieswouldbedifficultasit

wouldbenear-impossibletoprovethatillnessessufferedwere

causedbypollutioncomingfromaparticularplant.

Mr.Peek,whogrewupbeneathEngen1sstacks,saysthe

activistsarenowconsideringtakingactionagainstthe

authorities."Wearenowlookingatsuingthegovernmenton

constitutionalgrounds,forfailingtoensureourrightto

protectionfromaharmfulenvironmentasstipulatedinthe

constitution,nhesaid.

LegislativeChange

Anewbatch（批）ofenvironmentallaws,theNationalAir

QualityManagementAct,hasjustbeenpassedbytheSouth

Africanparliamenttoreplaceoutdated1965legislationwith

tightercontrolsandtoughersanctions.

MartinusvanSchalkwyk,theministerofenvironmental

affairsandtourism,visitedthesouthDurbanbasinearlier

thisyearandsaidthereweremeasuresinplacetoimprovethe

situation."Isharetheangerandfrustrationofthiscommunity.

Itislongoverdue,"hetoldtheSouthAfricanBroadcasting

Corporation.

Thelocalauthoritieshavealsoestablisheda"Multi-Point

Plan"forthearea.Theysayitisapowerfulmodelfortackling

pollutionandpointstoa40%reductioninsulphurdioxide

emissionsinrecentyears.

1.AccordingtoWorldHealthOrganization,howmanypeople

arekilledbyoutdoorairpollution?

[A]3million

[B]2.1million

[C]1.6million

[D]3.2million

2.Landcanbepollutedbyfromagriculture.

[A]heavymetals

[B]pesticidesandnitrate-poorfertilizers

[C]slurryfromlivestock

[D]rubbish

3.Whatkindofanimalaffectedbyman-madechemicalsis

notreferredinthepassage?

[A]Polarbears.

[B]Mammals.

[C]People.

[D]Birds.

4.Whatdolocalresidentsclaimfor?

[A]Theyaresickbecauseofyearsofpollution.

[B]Theyaresickbecauseofindustriesontheirdoorsteps.

[C]Theyaresickbecauseofpesticidesfromagriculture.

[D]Theyaresickbecauseofairpollution.

5.ThepesticideDDTcanbeeffectiveagainst.

[A]malaria

[B]wildlife

[C]animals

[D]humannervoussystem

6.ThereisaU.N.conventionthatcancover.

[A]problembetweenneighbors

[B]problembetweenstateswhichdonotshareaborder

[C]problemsonairpollution

[D]trans-boundaryairpollution

7.Whatisnotsaidtobeawayofcleaningupafter

ourselves?

[A]Throwlessaway.

[B]Designrecycledproducts.

[C]Don'tuseitagain.

[D]Lastlonger.

8.Itfoundthatincreasesinairpollutiontendedto

9.AccordingtoBobbyPeek,targetingthecompanieswould

bedifficultasitwouldbenear-impossibletoprovethat

illnessessufferedwerecausedby.

10.MartinusvanSchalkwyk,theministerofenvironmental

affairsandtourism,visitedthesouthDurbanbasinearlier

thisyearandsaidthereweremeasuresinplaceto

.Section

PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25

minutes)

SectionA

Directions：Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith

5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassage

carefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethe

statementsinthefewestpossiblewordsonAnswerSheet2.

Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Thebacteriathatcauseacommonfood-borneillnessshow

lowdrugresistanceinAustralia,unlikesimilarstrainsfrom

theUnitedStatesandEurope,astudyhasfound.Scientists

behindthefindingsayAustralia'sdefactobanoncertain

antibioticsinpoultry（家禽）andotherlivestockhelps

explainwhy.

Inthestudy,researchersanalyzedsamplesof

Campylobacterjejuni（空肠弯曲杆菌）bacteriafrom585

patientsinfiveAustralianstates.

Scientistsfoundthatonly2percentofthesampleswere

resistanttociprofloxacin（环丙沙星），oneofthegroupof

antibioticsknownasfluoroquino1onones.Bycontrast,18

percentofCampylobacter（弧形杆菌）samplesinU.S.patients

areimmunetofluoroquinolonones,whichhavebeenusedinthe

U.S.topreventortreatrespiratory（呼吸的）diseasein

poultryforadecade.

Thestudy,ledbyLeanneUnicomb,agraduatestudentat

AustralianNationalUniversityinCanberra,waspublishedin

theMayissueofthejournalClinicalInfectiousDiseases.

"Thefindingsaddtothegrowingbodyofevidence

suggestiveoftheproblemsofusingf1uoroquino1ononesin

food-producinganimals,"Unicombwroteinanemail.

Campylobacteristhemostcommonfood-bornediseaseinthe

U.S.andmanyotherindustrializedcountries.

Peoplecancontractthepathogen（病原体）byconsuming

undercookedpoultryormeat,rawmilk,orcontaminated（被

污染的）water.

Symptomsincludefever,vomiting,anddiarrhea（腹泻）.In

rarecases,thediseasecantriggerparalysisordeath.

"InmostindustrialcountriesCampylobacterismore

commonlyreportedthanSalmonella（沙门氏菌），abetter-known

causeoffoodpoisoning,"Unicombsaid.

"ThenumberofcasesofCampylobacterhasbeenontherise

inAustraliasincetheearly90's."

IntheU.S.,about1.4millionpeoplecontracted

Campylobacterinfectionslastyear,accordingtotheU.S.

CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention（CDC）inAtlanta,

Georgia.

WhiletheinfectionrateintheU.S.hasdroppedoverthe

lastdecade,thebacteriahavegrownmoredrug-resistant.

AccordingtotheCDC,surveysbetween1986and1990found

nosignsofresistancetotheantibioticsinU.S.Campylobacter

infections.Butby1997,strainsresistanttotheantibiotics

accountedfor12percentofhumancases.In2001thefigure

climbedto18percent.

Publichealthexpertssaymanyfactorscontributeto

Campylobacter'sdrugresistance；thewidespreaduseof

f1uoroquino1ononesbyU.S.poultryfarmersoverthepast

decadeisoneofthem.

Fluoroquinoloneswerefirstapprovedforuseinhumansby

theU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)in1986.In1995

theFDAgrantedpoultryfarmerspermissiontotheusethedrugs

inlivestock.LastyeartheFDAbannedtheantibioticfrom

food-producinganimals,citingtheconcernsraisedbypublic

healthexpertsoverdrug-resistantbacteria.

FrederickAngulo,anepidemiologistwiththeCDC,monitors

thedrugresistanceoffood-bornepathogensintheU.S.food

supply."Thepeoplewhoaremostlikelytogetinfectedwith

food-bornediseasesincludethemostvulnerablepeopleinthe

popu1ation-infantsandyoungchildrenandalsotheelderly,"

hesaid.HesaysthatCampylobacterinfectionsareentirely

preventable,asisthebacteria'santibioticresistance."In

manywayswhat'soccurringwithCampylobacterisanindicator

forabroaderissue,whichis...antibiotic-resistantbacteria

inthefoodsupply,"hesaid.

47.Whydofood-bornepathogensinAustraliashowlowdrug

resistance?

48.Inmanyindustrializedcountries,themostcommon

food-bornediseaseis.

49.Thefood-bornediseasemaycausefever,vomiting,

diarrheaandeven.

50.TheFDAbannedtheuseofantibioticfrom

food-producinganimalsbecausepublichealthexpertswere

concernedabout.

51.WhatdoesAngulosayaboutthebacteria'santibiotic

resistance?

SectionB

Directions：Thereare2passagesinthissection.Each

passageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.

Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and

[D].Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthe

correspondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasingleline

throughthecenter.

PassageOne

Questions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Atsometimeinyourlife,youmayhaveastrongdesire

todosomethingstrangeorterrible.However,chancesarethat

youdon'tactonyourimpulse,butletitpassinstead.You

knowthattocommittheactioniswronginsomewayandthat

otherpeoplewillnotacceptyourbehavior.

Perhapsthemostinterestingthingaboutthephenomenon

oftaboobehaviorishowitcanchangeovertheyearswithin

thesamesociety,howcertainbehaviorandattitudeonce

consideredtaboocanbecomeperfectlyacceptableandnatural

atanotherpointintime.Topicssuchasdeath,forexample,

wereonceconsideredsoupsettingandunpleasantthatitwas

atabootoeventalkaboutthem.Nowwiththepublicationof

importantbookssuchasOnDeathandDyingandLearningtoSay-

Goodbye,peoplehavebecomemoreawareoftheimportanceof

expressingfeelingsaboutdeathand,asaresult,aremore

willingtotalkaboutthistaboosubject.

OneofthenewesttaboosinAmericansocietyisthetopic

offat.Unlikemanyothertaboos,fatisatopicthatAmericans

talkaboutconstantly.It'snottaboototalkaboutfat；it's

tabootobefat.The"in"lookisthin,notfat.Inthework

world,mostcompaniespreferyouthful-looking,trim

executivestoselltheirimagesaswellastheirproductsto

thepublic.Thethinlookisassociatedwithyouth,vigor,and

success.Thefatperson,ontheotherhand,isthoughtofas

lazyandlackinginenergy,self-discipline,andself-respect.

Inanimage-conscioussocietyliketheU.S.,thinis"in",fat

is"out".

It'snotsurprising,then,thatmillionsofAmericanshave

beenobsessedwithstayingslimand"inshapen.Thepursuit

ofayouthfulphysicalappearanceisnot,however,thesole

reasonforAmericans'fascinationwithdietandexercise.

Recentresearchhasshownthecriticalimportanceofdietand

exerciseforpersonalhealth.Asinmosttechnologically

developednations,thelifestyleofNorthAmericanshas

changeddramaticallyduringthecourseofthelastcentury.

Modernmachinesdoallthephysicallaborthatpeoplewereonce

forcedtodobyhand.Carsandbusestransportusquicklyfrom

pointtopoint.Asaresultofinactivityanddisuse,people's

bodiescaneasilybecomeweakandvulnerabletodisease.In

anefforttoavoidsuchafate,millionsofAmericansare

spendingmoreoftheirtimeexercising.

52.Fromthepassagewecaninfertaboois.

[A]astrongdesiretodosomethingstrangeorterrible

[B]acrimecommittedonimpulse

[C]behaviorconsideredunacceptableinsociety'seyes

[D]anunfavorableimpressionleftonotherpeople

53.Basedontheideaspresentedinthepassagewecan

conclude"beingfat"inAmericansociety.

[A]willalwaysremainataboo

[B]isnotconsideredasataboobymostpeople

[C]haslongbeenataboo

[D]maynolongerbeataboosomeday

54.Thetopicoffatismanyothertaboosubjects.

[A]thesameas

[B]differentfrom

[C]morepopularthan

[D]lessoftentalkedaboutthan

55.Whatdoes"thinis'in',andfatis'out'Hmean?

[A]Thinis"inside",andfatis"outside1,.

[B]Thinis"diligent",andfatis"lazy".

[C]Thinis"youthful”,andfatis"spiritless".

[D]Thinis"fashionable",andfatis"unfashionable".

56.Apartfromthisnewunderstandingofthecorrelation

betweenhealthandexercise,themainreasonthepassagegives

forwhysomanyAmericansareexercisingregularlyis.

[A]theirchangedlifestyle

[B]theireagernesstostaythinandyouthful

[C]theirappreciationoftheimportanceofexercise

[D]theencouragementtheyhavereceivedfromtheir

companies

PassageTwo

Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Wecanbeginourdiscussionof"populationasglobalissue"

withwhatmostpersonsmeanwhentheydiscuss"thepopulation

problem1*：toomanypeopleonearthandatoorapidincrease

inthenumberaddedeachyear.Thefactsarenotindispute；

itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikened

demographicgrowthto"along,thinpowderfusethatburns

steadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeand

explodes".

Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichis

characterizedbyrapidincreasesinpopulation,itis

necessarytounderstandthehistoryofpopulationtrends.

Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.Looking

backatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory,wefindthat

populationshavebeenvirtuallystableorgrowingvery

slightlyformostofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,

lifewashard,oftennasty,andveryshort.Therewashigh

fertilityinmostplaces,butthiswasusuallybalancedbyhigh

mortality.Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecase

thatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whileinfancy

andchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societies

wereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescould

exceedtheirbirthrates.Thus,thepopulationproblem

throughoutmostofhistorywashowtopreventextinctionof

thehumanrace.

Thispatternisimportanttonotice.Notonlydoesitput

thecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowthintoahistorical

perspective,butitsuggeststhatthecauseofrapidincrease

inpopulationinrecentyearsisnotasuddenenthusiasmfor

morechildren,butanimprovementintheconditionsthat

traditionallyhavecausedhighmortality.

Demographichistorycanbedividedintotwomajorperiods：

atimeoflong,slowgrowthwhichextendedfromabout8000B.C.

tillapproximately1650A.D.Inthefirstperiodofsome9,600

years,thepopulationincreasedfromsome8millionto500

millionin1650.Between1650and1975,thepopulationhas

increasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Andthe

populationreached6.2billionthroughouttheworldbytheyear

2000.Onewaytoappreciatethisdramaticdifferenceinsuch

abstractnumbersistoreducethetimeframetosomethingthat

ismoremanageable.Between8000B.C.and1650,anaverageof

only50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld's

population.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.

Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.

57.Theword"demographic"(Line4,Para.1)means

[A]statisticsofhuman

[B]surroundingsstudy

[C]accumulationofhuman

[D]developmentofhuman

58.Whichofthefollowingdemographicgrowthpatternsis

mostsuitableforthelongthinpowderfuseanalogy?

[A]Avirtuallystableorslightlydecreasingperiodand

thenasuddenexplosionofpopulation.

[B]Aslowgrowthforalongtimeandthenaperiodofrapid,

dramaticincrease.

[C]Toomanypeopleonearthandafewrapidincreasein

thenumberaddedeachyear.

[D]Alongperiodwhendeathratesexceedbirthratesand

thenashortperiodwithhigherfertilityandlowermortality.

59.Duringthefirstperiodofdemographichistory,

societieswereoftenindangerofextinction

because.

[A]onlyoneintenpersonscouldlivepast40

[B]therewashighermortalitythanfertilityinmost

places

[C]itwastoodangeroustohavebabiesduetothepoor

conditions

[D]ourancestorshadlittleenthusiasmformorechildren

60.WhichstatementisTRUEaboutpopulationincrease?

[A]Theremightbeanincreaseof2.2billionpersonsfrom

1975totheyear2000.

[B]About50,000babiesarebornannuallyatpresent.

[C]Between8000B.C.andthepresent,thepopulation

increaseisabout80,000,000persons

eachyear.

[D]Thepopulationincreasedfasterbetween8000B.C.and

1650thanbetween1650andthe

present.

61.Theauthorofthepassageintendsto.

[A]warnpeopleagainstthepopulationexplosioninthe

nearfuture

[B]comparethedemographicgrowthpatterninthepastwith

thatafter1650

[C]findoutthecauseforrapidincreaseinpopulation

inrecentyears

[D]presentusaclearandcompletepictureofthe

demographicgrowth

PartVErrorCorrection(15minutes)

Directions：Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthis

passage,therearealtogether10mistakes,oneineachnumbered

line.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addawordordeletea

word.Markoutthemistakesandputthecorrectionsinthe

blanksprovided.Ifyouchangeaword,crossitoutandwrite

thecorrectwordinthecorre