商务英语翻译1省公开课金奖全国赛课一等奖微课获奖课件

English-ChineseTranslationforInternationalBusinessTanXiaomin（谭效敏）ForeignLanguageDept.HenanUniversityofEconomicsandLaw1/74AbouttheTeachingMaterialTheTextbookYouneedtoreadthetextbookbyyourselfanddothehomeworkafterclass.ThePPTWeusethepptinclass.Thetextbookandthepptarecomplementarytoeachotherandtheyhavealittleincommon.2/74AbouttheAssessmentfortheCourse

平时成绩：占总成绩30%，计100分，包含考勤，课堂表现，作业等。其中，旷课一次扣2分，早退一次扣2分，请假一次扣1分，一次不完成作业扣3分，一次作业完成不佳扣2分，课堂睡觉、玩手机或讲话，影响他人听课一次扣2分。直到平时成绩扣完为止。期末成绩：占总成绩70%，计100分，采取出卷考试方式进行，内容为本学期所讲过全部内容。3/74ChapterOneIntroductiontotheCourse

Thiscourse,English-ChineseTranslationfor

InternationalBusiness,isapractical,socialandfunctionaltypeofcourse.Itrequiresthestudentstohave"language,

communication,managementknowledge,professionalcontentandculturalawareness”.e.g.sub-primelendingcrisis,mortgage4/74WhatisTranslation?DefinitionsofTranslation：Translationistoexchangethetruthof

wordsinonelanguagetothatoftheotherwithoutmissingitsstyleandcharm.Translationisaninternationalcommunication.Sotranslationisarenderingfromonelanguagetoanother,i.e.thefaithfulrepresentationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage5/74TwoFamousTranslationTheoristsChinese:YanFuForeign(American):EugeneA.Nida6/74YanFuandHisCriteriaofTranslationYanFu,agreatChinesetranslatorandprofessor,whointroducedalargenumberofforeignbookstotheChinesepeoplebymeansoftranslation.Heiswell-knownforhistranslationsincludingThomasHuxley’sEvolutionandEthics(《天演论》）,AdamSmith’sWealthofNations（《国富论》,JohnStuartMill’sOnLiberty(《论自由》）

andHerbertSpencer’sStudyofSociology（《社会学研究》）.Yancritiqued(批判，评论）theideasofDarwinandothers,offeringhisowninterpretationofthem.Theideasof“naturalselection”and“survivalofthefittest”wereintroducedtoChinesereadersthroughHuxley‘swork.Theformerideawasfamouslyrenderedastianze(天择)intoChinesebyYanFu.Hebecamearespectedscholarforhistranslations,andbecamepoliticallyactive.HewasinvolvedintheGongCheShangshumovementin1895.In1912,hebecamethefirstprincipaloftheNationalPeking

University(nowPekingUniversity).7/74YanFu’sCriteriaofTranslationYanFuadvancedtheprinciplesoftranslation:

Faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance（信，达，雅）.InthepastdecadesMr.Yan’sthree-characterguidanceoftranslationhasbeengenerallyregardedastheprincipleformeasuringthequalityoftranslation.8/74OtherCriteriaofTranslationFaithfulness,ExpressivenessandNaturalization（信，达，贴）Faithfulness,ExpressivenessandAppropriateness（信，达，切）Faithfulness,AccuracyandSmoothness（信，准，暢）9/74EugeneA.Nida1.NidawasborninOklahomaCity,Oklahoma，USAin1914.HegraduatedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaasabachelorandreceivedhisPh.D.inLinguisticsfromtheUniversityofMichigan.HediedinMadrid,SpainonAugust25,,aged96.2.Nidahasbeenapioneerinthefieldsoftranslationtheoryandlinguistics.HisPh.D.dissertation,ASynopsisofEnglishSyntax,wasthefirstfull-scaleanalysisofamajorlanguage.10/74Nida’s“DynamicEquivalence”TheoryHismostnotablecontributiontotranslationtheoryisDynamicEquivalence,alsoknownasFunctionalEquivalence.ThistheoryiselaboratedinhisessayPrinciplesofCorrespondence,whereNidaassertsthatgiventhatnotwolanguagesareidentical,eitherinthemeaningsorinthewaysinwhichsymbolsarearrangedinphrasesandsentences,itstandstoreasonthattherecanbenoabsolutecorrespondencebetweenlanguages.Hence,therecanbenofullyexacttranslations.”Whiletheimpactofatranslationmaybeclosetotheoriginal,therecanbenoidentityindetail.11/74PrinciplesGoverninganF-ETranslationbyNidaThreeAspects:reproductionofgrammaticalunits;consistencyinwordusage;Consistencyinmeanings.12/74Connotationintranslation

Whatisconnotation?Connotationistheimplicationofmeaningsapartfromitsprimarymeaning.e.g.Theorganizationquicklymushroomed（快速成长）

intoamassmovement.

e.g.Therearemanyfactorsweneedtotakeintoconsiderationbeforewecanmakeadefinitecommitmenttogoglobal(国际化）.Wordsandphraseswithconnotations:restroom（厕所）,instructor（讲师）,transcript（副本）,job-hop(跳槽）,competitiveproducts（精品）,illegalincome（黑色收入）,mushroom,millionaire（大富豪）,exclusiveshop（专卖店）,pink-collarworkers（粉领工人）,greenpower（金钱力量）.13/74ConnotationintranslationisespeciallydifficulttofigureoutE.g.1.纽约ECO集团拥有5个控股子企业。错误译文：NewYorkECOGrouphas5share-holdingcompanies.(误译为：5个企业持有纽约ECO集团股份。）正确译文：NewYorkECOGroupisaholdingcompanyof5subsidiarycompanies.

2.中国民生银行有限企业错误译文：ChinaMinshengBankingCorporation,Ltd.Corporation本身就相当于limitedcompany，英译中无需再加“Ltd”。正确译文：ChinaMinshengBankingCorporation.14/74ChapterTwoCriteriaofBusinessEnglishTranslationFaithfulness,IdiomaticnessandConsistency

(忠实，地道，统一）Thatis,befaithfultotheoriginal;

usestandardbusinesslanguage;thenames,conceptsandprofessionaltermsareconsistentintranslationallthetime.Faithfulnesstotheoriginalisnecessarywhileaccuracyoridiomaticnessismuchvitalintranslation.15/74TheCharacteristicsofBusinessEnglishTranslationBusinessEnglishTranslationisquitedifferentfromtheordinaryorliteraryEnglishtranslation,thelatteronlyneedsustoknowbasicEnglishanditsculture,combinedwithskillfultranslationtechniqueswhiletheformerseemsmorecomplicatedandformalthanthelatterbecausethelanguageformation,vocabularyandcontentarecloselyrelatedtobusiness.ThetranslatoroughttobeveryfamiliarwithallaspectsofbusinessknowledgeanditslanguagecharacteristicsandexpressionsinadditiontotheEnglishlanguageandculture.16/74approvalinsteadofapprobationimproveinsteadof

amelioratecertifyinsteadof

proveexpiryinsteadof

endcontinueinsteadof

goonincaseofinsteadof

ifwithregardtoinsteadof

aboutonthegroundsthat

insteadof

because,sinceWeconfirmourtelexofJuly2nd,.

insteadofWewishtoconfirmourtelexdispatched(派遣，派发）

yesterday.

BusinessEnglishtranslationtendstouseclear,formal,brief,exact,specific,practicalexpressions.Popularwordsarefrequentlyadopted,e.g.

17/74ProceduresofTranslationTheprocessoftranslationincludes

twosteps:comprehensionandexpression.1.Comprehension

Thefirststepisdeeplyunderstandingthesourcelanguage.Withoutexactcomprehensionofthetruesenseoftheoriginal,therecan’tbeaccuratetranslation.Itneedstranslatorstoanalyzetheoriginalfromvariousaspects,suchasgrammatical

relations,idiomaticusages,semanticmeaning,languagestyle,discourse,pragmaticsandculture.2.Expression

Thesecondstepisturningthecomprehensiveinformationintocorrectandaccuratetranslation.

Toexpresswell,weneedhighqualitiesinbothnativeandtargetlanguages,flexibletranslationtechniques,abundantinterculturalknowledge,beinggoodatthinking,keenon

practicing,competentatsummarizingother’sandhis/herowntranslationexperiences,diligentlearningspiritandstrictworkingspirit.18/74Assignments:Read,understandandtrytomasterChapterOneandChapterTwoofyourbook;DoQuestionsForConsideration1&3onPage10;DoQuestionsForConsideration1&2onPage15.19/74第三章英汉词语对比与翻译

ChapterThreeContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseatWordLevel1.LanguageFamiliesEnglishbelongstotheGermanic（日耳曼语族）branchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily(印欧语系）whileChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily（汉藏语系）.

Intranslation，thereareagreatnumberofdifferencesinwords,grammar,structuresandsyntaxes,etc,betweenthetwolanguages.20/742.CorrespondencebetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevelThereisaverycloselinkbetweenthechoiceofwordsandtranslation.Asuccessfulpieceoftranslation,toagreatextent,dependsontheappropriatechoiceofwords,whichleadstoaccurate,smoothandnaturaltranslation.Whatisthechoiceofwordsintranslation?Thechoiceofwordsintranslationmeanstheappropriatechoiceofwordsanditsexpressionstomeettheneedsoftranslationcontextbasedontheaccurateunderstandingoftheoriginal.Howeveritisnotsoeasytoreachit.21/74TheComparisonofChineseandEnglishSemanticMeanings

ChineseandEnglishatwordlevel:FullequivalencePartialequivalenceSemanticblankSemanticconflict22/74ChineseandEnglishatWordLevel:

1)FullequivalenceItreferstoword-for-wordcorrespondenceintranslation.Thisismostevidentlyshownin

propernouns;RoyalSociety皇家学会GeneralAssembly联合国大会ThePacificOcean太平洋GeorgeWashington乔治华盛顿technicalterms;

carbondioxide二氧化碳bankloan银行贷款creditcard信用卡stockholder股东aspirin阿司匹林somecommonthingsindailylife.e.g.individual个人collegescholarship大学奖学金company企业23/74

2）PartialequivalenceTheEnglishwordmayhavewidersensethanthatofChinese:OneEnglishwordwithmultipleequivalentsofthesamemeaninginChinese,e.g.

wife妻子(爱人，夫人，老婆，媳妇，老伴，堂客，内人）

marriage结婚（成亲，娶，嫁）oneEnglishwordwithseveralequivalentsofdifferentmeaningsinChinese,

e.g.

director经理filmdirector

导演

DirectorofPublicProsecutions检察官thePresident‘sbudgetdirector总统预算局局长Sheisontheboardofdirectors.她是董事会组员。24/74OneChinesewordwithmultipleequivalentsofthesamemeaninginEnglish:

人

humanbeing,man,people,person,individual

犬dog,hound,setter,pointer,mastiff,retriever,terrier

副（职）vice,associate,assistant,deputy,lieutenant,（vice-president,associateprofessor,assistantofthechief-manager,deputy-mayor,)oneChinesewordwithseveralequivalentsofdifferentmeaningsinEnglish:

国:

statesecrets国家机密，state-ownedrailroads国有铁路，Shouldindustrybecontrolledbythestate?工业应该有国家控制吗?HowmanystatesarethereintheUnitedStates?美国有几个州？President’sstatevisittoBritain总统对英国国事访问25/74TheEnglishword“state”inthefollowingphrasesandsentencescannotberenderedintotheChineseword“国”:

stateofhealth健康情况ahappystateofmind愉快心情tolieinstate

以供瞻仰thestatecoach礼宾车TheChineseword“国”inthefollowingphrasesandsentencescannotbeputintotheEnglishword“state”:

超级大国

super-power皇亲国戚theKing’srelative此物生南国

Itgrowsinhesouth.他从未出过国门Henevergoesabroad.26/74TheEnglishword“beat”inthefollowing

phrasesandsentences

cannotbetranslatedintoChineseword“打”:

Theproblembeatme.难住Offhisownbeathisopinionswereofnovalue.本行Therainwasbeatingagainstthewindows.敲打Thefirefightersbeatbacktheflame.压下去Themechanicbeatoutthedentingofthecar.把凹痕敲平Thebirdbeatitswingsrapidly.扑打Shehopestobeattheworldrecord.打破Iwishyou’dstopbeatingaboutthebushandtellmethetruth.拐弯抹角Hebeathisbrain

outtoearnmoney.绞尽脑汁27/74TheEnglishword“float”hasdifferentChinesetranslations:

afloatingexchangerate浮动汇率

floatingpolicy统保单alargefloatingpopulation大批流感人口floatingvoters浮动选民28/743)Semanticblank

Thetermisusedinasensethatthereisnoequivalentofawordorphraseinonelanguagecomparedwiththeother.Forexample:babyshower临产妇女送礼聚

clock-watch看钟点等下班braintrust智囊团braindrain人才流失dataphone数据送话机

bridalshower新娘送礼聚会

brunch早午餐servicestation汽车加油服务站bus-boy餐馆收垃圾工mindlessness思想上混沌状态togetherness不分彼此集体感swansong绝唱，辞世之作athrowawaysociety浪费成风社会redshirt美国大学中体育方面有发展前途学生29/74SemanticBlank:ChinesephraseswithnoequivalentsinEnglish胸有成竹haveawell-thoughtplaninmind衙门yamen杀一儆百tokilloneasanexample冰糖葫芦candiedhawsonastick磕头kowtow功夫kungfu上火excessiveinternalheatinyourbody三伏thehottestdaysinsummer三九thecoldestdaysinwinter工字钢H-beam环形圈O-ring三角带v-belt叉形曲线Y-curve交叉支撑X-brace30/744)Semanticconflict

By“conflict”here,itmeansthatacertainwordrepresentsaconceptinonelanguagethatmaybecompletelyoppositetothatintheother.E.g.:Lady/gentlemen

comradecountry-state-citycountry-province-cityMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology麻省理工学院31/743.Collocation词汇搭配关系Inthepracticeoftranslation,whatconfusesusmostfrequentlyishowtofindanequivalentinonelanguagetobetranslatedintotheotherastheirmeaningsvarywiththechangeincollocationandcontext.Ontheotherhand,anEnglishwordorphrasemayhaveavarietyofChineseequivalentsaccordingtothedifferentcontexts.1)经过词语横向搭配选择词义intensedisgust（非常）

intensework（担心）

intensesorrow（极度）intensestudy（担心）

intensediscussion(激烈）intensecold（严）

intenseheat（酷）32/742)依据上下文词义使用范围大小不一样选择词义commercialinvoice商业发票TVcommercial

商业广告commercialvehicles商用车辆commercialhouse商行，商号commercialcollege商学院，商业专科学校commercialagent商务代理商commercialpractice商业通例33/74Sales:salesman推销员，售货员salesliterature销售说明书salesmanager销售经理salesdepartment营销部，业务部salesvolume销售量salestax销售税，营业税salesaccount销货账，销售登记簿Salesroom门市部，收货处34/743)依据可引申程度不一样或引申词义不一样

选择词义Shekilledtheflowerbysprayingittoomuch.(浇死）Hekilledthedog.（宰，杀死）Theoldmankillsthetimeeverydaydownatthepark.（消磨）Hekilledhischancesofsuccess.（使失去）Hedrinkstokillthepain.（止）Theeditorkilledthestory.（删掉，枪毙）35/74

4)经过引申升华,即边缘类搭配选择词汇

wearacoat（穿）中心类搭配词wearawatch（戴）中间类搭配词wearapairofglasses（戴）

中间类搭配词wearaperfume（喷，擦）边缘类搭配词Lookatthedialogueandnoticethedifferenttranslationsoftheword“wear”:A:WasMissLiwearinganythingwhensheenteredtheroom,Sir?B：Yes,shewaswearingaperfume.36/74第四章英汉句子对比

ChapterFour：ContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseatSentenceLevelTherearethreeaspects:Syntheticvs.Analytic(综合语与分析语）Compactvs.Diffusive（聚集型与流散型）Hypotacticvs.Paratactic（形合与意合）37/74Syntheticvs.Analytic

(综合语与分析语）Englishisasyntheticlanguage“characterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflected（波折，词尾有改变）formstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships”.英语属于综合语，其特征是用形态改变来表示语法关系。Chineseisananalyticlanguage“characterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords（功效词，如前置词，连词）,auxiliaryverbsandchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelationsratherthanofinflectedforms.汉语属于分析语，其特征是不用形态改变而用词序及虚词来表示语法关系。38/741）英语有形态改变，汉语没有严格意义形态改变。

形态改变分以下两种：（１）构词形态：即起构词作用词缀改变（affixation)包含大量前缀（prefix)和后缀（suffix)。英语词缀多变，经常一缀多义，不但规模大，而且种类齐全。汉语利用词缀构词不论规模、数量或种类都不及英语。英语经过词形改变改变词性，用这些词灵活组句，能够表示一个几乎相等意思；汉语没有形态改变，极难用这么多句式来表示一样意思。所以，英汉互译时，往往要改变词性，转换词类，才能通顺表示原意。比如：39/74Thebasicmeaningsofthefollowingsentencesarethesame:

1.Hemovedastonishinglyrapidly.

2.Hemovedwithastonishingrapidity.

3.Hismovementswereastonishinglyrapid.

4.Hisrapidmovementastonishedus.

5.Hismovementastonishedusbytheir

rapidity.

6.Therapidityofhismovementswas

astonishing.

7.Heastonishedusbyhisrapidmovements.

8.Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhis

movements.

40/74（２）构形形态:即表示语法意义词形改变。

Igivehimabook.Hehasgivenmethreebooks.

Hismotheroftengivehimbooks.汉语中，人称代词“我”“他”，名词“书”，动词“给”等类词没有形式改变。人称代词“我”“他”能够表示主格、宾格和全部格；名词“书”没有单复数；动词“给”没有现在时，过去时，完成时改变。英语动词、助动词和情态动词经常结合起来，利用其形态改变表示动词时态，语态和语气。汉语没有这类改变。有时可借助一些半独立词语来表示，但多数是隐含在句子中或上下文里。41/74Forexample:

Bythistimenextyeartheywillhaveturnedthelandintoaresidentialquarter.

Ididn’texpectthatyouwouldallbewaitinghere.Heappearedonthestageandwaswarmlyapplaudedbytheaudience.Iftheyhadn’tsavedthechild,hewouldhavebeendrowninthestormyriver.Modernaircraftsaresoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft.

Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservations.(P25)

Whilepeopleinothercountriesintheworldweretryingtocatchwildanimalsandbirdsandwerestillcollectingseedsandnuts,farmersinChinaweredevelopingthescienceofagriculture.(P28)42/74英语形态改变主要是动词改变（conjugation）和名词、代词、形容词及副词改变（declension）以及上述词缀改变,包含：

性（gender）,

数（number）,

格（case)，

时（tense），

体（aspect),

语态（voice），

语气（mood），

比较级（degreeofcomparison），

人称（person）,

词性（partsofspeech）。43/74

英语形态改变使用有严格规则，往往带有强制性。

汉语没有形态改变，汉语数量助词“们”表示复数，动态助词“着，了，过”表示动词体，结构助词“，地，得”表示定语，状语和补语。但这些成份使用在汉语中经常缺乏普遍性。有场所一定要用，有场所可用可不用，有场所甚至不能用。44/74２）英语词序比较灵活；汉语词序相对固定

（１）英汉句子主要成份：主语、谓语动词、宾语或表语语序基本上相同。普通说来，英、汉语排列次序都是主－动－宾，但与汉语相比，英语词序倒置现象比较多。Mosttrade

isextendedviatheopenaccount.(1)(2)(3)赊销账户使得交易得以扩展。Wewillbeappreciated

ifyoucaninformus

of(1)(2)

thesalessituationofourproducts

atyourend.(3)(4)如能通知我们产品在你处销售情况，我们将不胜感激。Themoderateprice

coupledwiththesuperiority(1)(2)

ofourgoods

willsurelyinduceyou

topassusorders.

（3）（4）（5）我们产品价格公道，质地优良，相信你们会乐于购置。45/74（2）汉语定语普通在名词前面；而英语定语位置比较灵活，在许多情况下，能够经过形态改变或借助连接词置于名词前面或后面。英语定语位置比较灵活

averydifficultproblemproblemswithIraqandYemen英语定语能够远离名词Theelementofuncertaintylentaninteresttotheoccasionwhichitcouldnototherwisehaveattained.英语定语灵活处理Shewasanintelligent,attractiveandsomewhattemperamental

（易兴奋，喜怒无常）daughterofawell-to-do（富裕）

doctorinPaddington.46/742.Compactvs.Diffusive

（聚集型与流散型）Englishsentencesarecompact,tightlycombinedwithconnectivesorprepositions,WhileChineseisdiffused,thatis,looseinstructure.英语句子特点：有严谨主谓结构，这个结构通常由名词性短语和动词性短语组成。主语不可或缺，谓语动词是句子中心，二者协调，提要携领，聚集各种关系网络。所以，英语句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后拥，严谨规范，句式呈“聚集型”。汉语句子特点:汉语不受形态约束，没有主谓形式协调一致关系，也没有这种关系能够驾驭全句。汉语主谓结构丰富，含有很大多样性，复杂性和灵活性，因而句式呈“流散型”。47/74

Forexample:

Nowtheintegratedcircuithasreducedbymanytimesthe

sizeofthecomputer,ofwhich

itformsapart,thuscreatinganewgenerationofportableminicomputer.

现在集成电路成了计算机组成部分，使计算机面积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代便携式微型计算机。Anotionhastakenhold（固定下来）intheUStotheeffectthat

（大意是）onlypeoplewhoshouldbeencouragedtobringchildrenintotheworldarethosewhocanaffordthem.

在美国有一个根深蒂固观点，说是只有对那些抚养得起儿女人，才应勉励其生育。48/74Althoughlonelyinanewland,hewasdescribedbyhisfellowworkersandstudentsascheerful,ofafriendlynature,honest,andmodest.

即使他单身一人，又处于异乡客地，但正如他同事和学生描述那样，他为人愉快开朗，温文尔雅，老实谦虚。49/74英汉句子成份对比

ComparisonbetweenE-CSentenceElements

MostEnglishprimarysentencemembersarethesameorsimilartothoseinChinesesuchassubject,predicate,object,attributiveandadverbial.Evenso,therearedifferencesasinthefollowing:（1）英语句子有表语，英语补语概念与汉语不同，汉语补语与英语句中状语或表语等同。比如：Iwenttothehospitaltoseehimthreetimes.

(adverbial)我到医院看了他三次。（补语）Today’sfriedriceisverydelicious.(predicative)今天炒饭好吃极了。（补语）50/74(2)英语句子谓语动词不可缺乏；而汉语句子名词和形容词能够作谓语。比如：树叶黄了。Theleavesturnedyellow.天高云淡。Theskyishighandthecloudsarepale.明天是感恩节。TomorrowwillbeThanksgivingDay.这张桌子三条腿。Thistablehasthreelegs.古藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。（元朝散曲作家马致远《天净沙·秋思》）Overoldtreeswreathedwithrottenvineflyeveningcrows;Beneathatinybridgebesideacotaclearstreamflows;Onanancientroadinwesternbreezealeanhorsegoes.Inthewesttheeveningsunissinking,Attheremotestcorneroftheearththeheartbrokenmantravels.51/74英语和汉语不一样语序（1）不一样定语语序

英语定语短语和从句通常紧跟所修饰名词，位置或前或后；而汉语定语短语和从句通常先于所修饰词。比如：ThesearethebestdictionariesaboutEnglishidioms

whichwehaveinthelibrary.这些是我们图书馆里相关英语成语最好词典。52/74Thereisnoschoolinthatmountainvillage,norhavethefarmersanyotherspeciallocalproductsoftheirown.

那座山村没有学校，农民也没有自己任何其它地方性特色产品。53/74当多个定语修饰同一名词，英语修饰语序与汉语不一样。通常语序以下：英语：

1.限定性定语（冠词，指示代词，不定代词，名词全部格）2.序量词3.时间，地点4.主观判断性定语5.客观描述性定语（大小，长短，高低，形状）6.年纪，新旧7.颜色8.国籍，地域，出处9.质地，材料10.用途11.类别，属性汉语：

1.限定性定语2.国别3.时间，地点4.数量5.种类，次第6.主观判断7.颜色8.质地，材料9.客观性描述10.用途54/74E.g.:

anancientChinesewriter

一位中国古代作家ashortwhitemuslingown

一件白洋布短旗袍acharmingsmallroundoldbrownFrenchoakwritingdesk

一个精巧法国传统棕色橡木做小圆写字台Thosearefivehugeapartmentbuildingsofourdistrictforcollegeteachers.

这是我们区五座为高校教师建高层公寓楼。55/74Manyscientistsholdthatman’ssocialpracticealoneisthecriterionofthetruthofhisknowledgeoftheexternalworld.许多科学家认为，只有社会实践才是人们对外界认识真实性检验标准。ThethreecountiesunderwentthefourthmostseriousnaturaldisasterthatspreadtoseveralprovincesinChinainthe1970’s.这三个县经历了那场中国七十年代第四次极为严重遍布数省自然灾害。56/74（2）不一样状语语序：英语和汉语状语位置很灵活也很复杂。通常，汉语习惯把状语放在所修饰词之前或放在句首，仅少数放在后；而英语习惯把状语放在所修饰词之后或放在句尾，仅少数放在前。比如：Iwenttolivewithmyparents

foramonthortwoeverysummer

vacation

inmyhometown,Shandong.我每年放暑假到老家山东和父母亲住一两个月。（时间-地点-方式状语）57/74Anotherexample:

Morerecently,IBM’sdominanceofthecomputermarkethasslipped,though.

不过，近些年来国际商用机器企业在电脑市场上统治地位已经下降了。58/74假如一个句子中同时有几个状语成份，通常语序为：英语：

1.条件状语2.目标状语3.程度状语4.方式状语5.频度状语6.地点状语7.时间状语汉语：

1.目标状语2.时间状语3.地点状语4.条件状语5.方式状语6.频度状语7.程度状语E.g.

Forthisreason,ourcompanynegotiatedwithyourcompanymanytimesthisyear.

为此我们企业今年曾屡次和贵企业谈判。

59/74

Withthethirdpartyactingasanintermediary,totaketheinterestofthewholeintoaccount,westronglydemandwithfranknessandsincerity

manytimes

attheendofautumnofthesameyearthatyoushouldcompensateallourlosses.

我们为了顾全大局于同年秋末在第三方调停下开诚布公地屡次强烈要求赔偿我们一切损失。

Anotherexample:60/74HewasborninTianjin

at2:11A.M.onthe16thofOctober,1985.(钟点、日、月、年）他是1985年10月16日凌晨2点11分在天津出生。（年、月、日、钟点）HersisteronceworkedinthehospitaloftheHeartoftheNanchangCoal-miningCountry,JiangxiProvince.(英语地点由小到大）他姐姐曾在江西省南昌煤矿中心区医院工作过。（汉语地点由大到小）(3)英语汉语中时间和地点状语对比：

E.g.

61/743.Hypotactic

vs.Paratactic

主从结构与并列结构

形合与意合在任何一个语言中，句子连接主要有三种方法：句法手段、词法伎俩和语义伎俩。英语是以形合为特点语言，它句子连接主要靠句法伎俩和词法伎俩表示词语或分句之间语法关系和逻辑关系。汉语是以意合为特点语言，它句子连接主要靠语义伎俩。1)英语以形合为特点，重视显性连贯，重视句子形式，重视结构完整，重视以形显义。英语中连接伎俩和形式不但数量大、种类多，而且使用十分频繁。62/74（1）英语关系词和连接词英语关系词包含关系代词和关系副词，用来连接定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。

关系代词:who,whom,whose,that,which,what；关系副词:

when,where,why,how。英语连接词包含并列连词和隶属连词：

并列连词用来连接词、词组、分句，如:and,or,but,yet,so,however,aswellas,neither…nor,as…as…等；隶属连词用来连接各种状语从句，如When,while,since,because,although,until,unless,lest,so…that

等。英语句子几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词，而汉语则少用甚至不用这类词。63/74E.g.E-C:Itwasquitelatewhenwegotback,nearlyseveno’clockintheevening.我们回到家已经很晚，快黄昏7点了。Whywastebreathonthemwhohaveturnedsuchanunwillingear?他们不愿意听，为何还对他们白费口舌呢？Proverbsarethepopularsayings

that

brightensomuchLatinAmericantalk,theboiled-downwisdomthatyouareasapttohearfromprofessorsas

frompeasants,frombeggarsasfromelegants.Briefandcolorful,theymoreoftenthannotcarryasting.谚语是全拉美言谈中那么妙趣横生通俗话语，浓缩智慧你随地能够听到，从大学教授到乡村农民，从市井乞丐到窈窕淑女，谚语脱口而出。即简练又富有幽默，往往话中带刺。64/74E.g.C-E:

不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜。

Ifyouhavenevertastedthebitternessofgall(胆汁）,howcanyouknowthesweetnessofhoney?不到黄河心不死。

Untilallisover,ambitionneverdies.他老是见异思迁。Heisalwayschanginghismindthemomentheseessomethingnew.65/74（2）英语介词

英语中各种介词多达286个，英语造句几乎离不开介词。其中9个介词占介词使用90%，他们是：with,to,from,at,in,of,by,for,andon.这些介词使句子逻辑关系更清楚明确。英语介词从结构上分为三类：简单介词，如:with,to,in,of,at,about,between;合成介词，如：inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughout;短语介词，如：accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,becauseof,infrontof,onbehalfof,withregardto,etc.汉语中也有介词但经常不用或省略。如：

Hehadadisconcertinghabitofexpressingcontradictoryideasinrapidsuccession.他有一个令人难堪习惯，一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，反复无常。66/74Eveninitsblas