中山大学外国语学院《837外国语言学及应用语言学》历年考研真题及详解

目录

2017年中山大学837外国语言学及应用语言学考研真题及详解

2018年中山大学837外国语言学及应用语言学考研真题及详解

2017年中山大学837外国语言学及

应用语言学考研真题及详解

Ⅰ.Explainthefollowingterms.(10pointsforeachterm)

1.allomorph

【答案】

Thosemorphswhichrepresentthesamemorphemearecalledthe

allomorphsofthesamemorpheme.Forinstance,thenounpluralmorpheme

{plural}inEnglishhas[-s],[-z],[-iz],[-ai],[-n],[-i]andothermorphs,such

morphsaretermedastheallomorphsofthemorpheme{plural}.Some

morphemeshaveasingleforminallcontexts,someothersmayhave

considerablevariations;somemorphemicshapesrepresentdifferent

morphemesandthushavedifferentmeanings,forinstance,themorphemic

shapes{-s}canexpresspluralityindesks,person/finitenessinspeaksand

caseingirl’s.

Wordssuchasillogical,imbalance,irregularandinactivesharea

commonmorphemein-.Inotherwords,il-,im-,andir-areexceptionallythe

variationformsofonemorphemein-.Thesevariationformsarecalled

ALLOMORPHs,i.e.allomorphsofthesamemorphemeowingtothe

influenceofthesoundstowhichitattaches.Otherinstancesaresuchasthe

variationofpluralformsofnouns:-s,-es,-en,-ee-,ø,-ceand-ves.

2.diglossia

【答案】

Thetermdiglossia,firstusedbyFergusonin1959,referstoa

sociolinguisticsituationsimilartobilingualism.Butinsteadoftwodifferent

languages,inadiglossicsituationtwovarietiesofalanguageexistsideby

sidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.The

languageswhichFergusonusedasexamplesareArabic,ModemGreek,

SwissGermanandHaitianCreole.Eachoftheselanguageshastwovarieties:

thehighvariety(H)andthelowvariety(L).Thetwovarietieshaveovert

recognitioninthecommunityandhavecommonlyknownandusedlabels.H-

varietyisusedingovernment,themedia,educationandforreligious

services.Theotheroneisusuallyanon-prestigevariety,thelowvarietyused

inthefamily,withfriends,whenshopping,etc.

Oneofthemostimportantfeaturesofdiglossiaisthespecializationof

functionofthetwovarieties.Eachvarietyistheappropriatelanguagefor

certainsituationswithveryslightoverlapping.

3.embedding

【答案】Embeddingreferstothemeansbywhichoneclauseisincluded

inthesentence(mainclause)insyntacticsubordinationwhichisalsocalled

centerembeddinginlinguistics.Differentlanguagesaccommodatethis

constructioninvariousways,butmanyofthemallowforinstanceswherea

smaller,ormoreprecise,unitofspeechcanbeincludedinafullersentence.

Whenthisphraseisintegratedwholeintothelargerone,itisoftenreferredto

ascenterembedding.Oneofthemostcommonexamplesofcenterembedded

phrasesinvolvesrelativeclausesthatgetinjectedintolargersentences.One

basicexampleisasentencelikethisone:“Themanthatthewomanheard

left.”—Inthisexampleofcenterembedding,iftherelativeclausewas

entirelytakenout,ashortersentencemightreadlikethis:“Themanleft.”

Theinclusionoftherelativeclauseservestoshowthereaderthattherewasa

womanwhoheardtheman,andthisleadstotheappearanceofthe

phenomenonofcenterembeddinginthesentence.Thusthebasicfunctionof

embeddingistodemonstratemoredetailsaboutthemeaningoftheoriginal

sentence.

4.idiom

【答案】Anidiomisaphraseoranexpressionthathasafigurative,or

sometimesliteral,meaning.Categorizedasformulaiclanguage,anidiom’s

figurativemeaningisdifferentfromtheliteralmeaning.Therearethousands

ofidioms,occurringfrequentlyinalllanguages.Itisestimatedthatthereare

atleasttwenty-fivethousandidiomaticexpressionsintheEnglishlanguage.

5.pragmatics

【答案】Pragmaticscanbedefinedinvariousways.Ageneraldefinition

isthatitisthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffect

successfulcommunication.Astheprocessofcommunicationisessentiallya

processofconveyingandunderstandingmeaninginacertaincontext,

pragmaticscanalsoberegardedasakindofmeaningstudy.Pragmaticsisa

comparativelynewbranchofstudyintheareaoflinguistics;itsdevelopment

andestablishmentinthe1960sand1970sresultedmainlyfromtheexpansion

ofthestudyoflinguistics,especiallythatofsemantics.Pragmaticsisthe

studyoflanguageinuse,focusingonthestudyofspeaker’smeaning,

utterancemeaningorcontextualmeaning.Pragmaticsandsemanticsareboth

linguisticstudiesofmeaning,sotheyarerelatedtoaswellasdifferentfrom

eachother.Itdiffersfromthekindofmeaningwestudiedinsemanticsinthat

ittakescontextintoconsiderationwhilesemanticsconcentratesonthestudy

ofliteralmeaningwithoutcontext.

6.loantranslation

【答案】Loantranslationisaspecialtypeofborrowing,inwhicheach

morphemeorwordistranslatedintheequivalentmorphemeorwordin

anotherlanguage.Forinstance,theEnglishwordalmightyisaliteral

translationfromtheLatinomnipotens.ThisisalsocalledCALQUE,which

maybeaword,aphrase,orevenashortsentence.TheEnglishexpression

freeversewastranslatedfromLatin’sverselibre,andblackhumourisaloan

translationfromFrenchhumournoir,soisfoundobjectfromFrenchobjet

trouve.

7.interlanguage

【答案】Thetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlanguage

learnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguageisoftenreferredto

asInterlanguage.Interlanguageisoftenunderstoodasalanguagesystem

betweenthetargetlanguageandthelearner’snativelanguage.Itisimperfect

comparedwiththetargetlanguage,butitisnotmeretranslationfromthe

learner’snativelanguageeither.However,interlanguageshouldnotreallybe

seenasabridginglanguagebetweenoramixtureofthetargetlanguageand

nativelanguage.Interlanguageisadynamiclanguagesystem,whichis

constantlymovingfromthedepartureleveltothenative-likelevel.Therefore,

“inter”actuallymeansbetweenthebeginningstageandthefinalstage.

Studiesoninterlanguagecanbedoneintwoways:(1)investigatingthe

psychological,biologicalorneurologicalmechanismsinvolvedinthe

productionofinterlanguage;(2)investigatingthelinguisticfeaturesof

interlanguage.Theformertypeofresearchhasbeenwidelyconducted,

whereasthelattertypehasnotreceiveddueattention.

8.communicativecompetence

【答案】Communicativecompetenceincludesboththeknowledgeabout

thelanguageandtheknowledgeabouthowtousethelanguageappropriately

incommunicativesituations.Itincludesfivemaincomponentsof

communicativecompetence.Namely,linguisticcompetence,pragmatic

competence,discoursecompetence,strategiccompetence,andfluency.

Linguisticcompetenceisconcernedwithknowledgeofthelanguageitself,its

formandmeaning;Pragmaticcompetenceisconcernedwiththeappropriate

useofthelanguageinsocialcontext;Discoursecompetencereferstoone’s

abilitytocreatecoherentwrittentextorconversationandtheabilityto

understandthem;Strategiccompetenceissimilartocommunication

strategies.Itreferstostrategiesoneemployswhenthereiscommunication

breakdownduetolackofresources;Thelastcomponentistermedasfluency,

whichmeansone’sabilitytolinkunitsofspeechtogetherwithfacilityand

withoutstrainorinappropriateslownessorunduehesitation.

9.criticalperiod

【答案】Thecriticalperiodhypothesisisatheoryinthestudyof

languageacquisitionwhichpositsthatthereisacriticalperiodoftimein

whichthehumanmindcanmosteasilyacquirelanguage.Thisideaisoften

consideredwithregardtoprimarylanguageacquisition,andthosewhoagree

withthishypothesisarguethatlanguagemustbelearnedinthefirstfewyears

oflifeorelsetheabilitytoacquirelanguageisgreatlyhindered.Thecritical

periodhypothesisisalsousedinsecondarylanguageacquisition,regarding

theideaofatimeperiodinwhichasecondarylanguagecanbemosteasily

acquired.

10.forensiclinguistics

【答案】Forensiclinguistics,legallinguistics,orlanguageandthelaw,

istheapplicationoflinguisticknowledge,methodsandinsightstothe

forensiccontextoflaw,language,crimeinvestigation,trial,andjudicial

procedure.Itisabranchofappliedlinguistics.Thereareprincipallythree

areasofapplicationforlinguistsworkinginforensiccontexts:understanding

languageofthewrittenlaw,understandinglanguageuseinforensicand

judicialprocesses,andtheprovisionoflinguisticevidence.

11.corpuslinguistics

【答案】Corpuslinguisticsdealswiththeprinciplesandpracticeof

usingcorporainlanguagestudy.Acomputercorpusisalargebodyof

machine-readabletexts.Corpuslinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageas

expressedincorpora(samples)of“realworld”text.Thetext-corpusmethod

isadigestiveapproachforderivingasetofabstractrules,fromatext,for

governinganaturallanguage,andhowthatlanguagerelatestoandwith

anotherlanguage;originallyderivedmanually,corporanowareautomatically

derivedfromthesourcetexts.Corpuslinguisticsproposesthatreliable

languageanalysisismorefeasiblewithcorporacollectedinthefield,intheir

naturalcontexts,andwithminimalexperimental-interference.

Ⅱ.Writewhatyouconsidertobeagooddefinitionoftheterm

language.Justifythechoiceoftheelementsthatyouhaveincorporatedin

yourdefinition.(10points)

【答案】

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman

communication.Thisdefinitionhasrevealedfiveessentialfactorsof

language:systematic,arbitrary,vocal,symbolicandmostimportantly

human-specific.

(1)Shortasitis,thisdefinitionhascapturedthemainfeaturesof

language.Firstofall,languageisasystem,i.e.elementsoflanguageare

combinedaccordingtorules.Thisexplainswhy“iblk”isnotapossiblesound

combinationinEnglish,andalsowhy“Beenhewoundedhas”isnota

grammaticallyacceptablesentenceinEnglish.

(2)Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsic

connectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor,for

instance,betweentheword“pen”andthethingwewritewith.Thefactthat

differentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagood

illustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Thisalsoexplainsthe

symbolicnatureoflanguage:wordsarejustsymbols;theyareassociatedwith

objects,actions,ideas,etc.byconvention.Thisconventionalnatureof

languageiswellillustratedbyafamousquotationfromShakespeare’splay

“RomeoandJuliet”:“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.”

(3)Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforall

languagesissound.Allevidencepointstothefactthatwritingsystemscame

intobeingmuchlaterthanthespokenformsandthattheyareonlyattempts

tocapturesoundsandmeaningonpaper.Thefactthatchildrenacquire

spokenlanguagebeforetheycanreadorwritealsoindicatesthatlanguageis

primarilyvocal.

(4)Theterm“human”inthedefinitionismeanttospecifythatlanguage

ishuman-specific,i.e.itisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystems

otherformsoflifepossess,suchasbirdsongsandbeedances.

Ⅲ.Whymightapersonavoidusingthestandardlanguage?(10points)

【答案】

Standardlanguageisthevarietyofalanguagewhichhasthehighest

statusinacommunityornationanditisusuallybasedonthespeechand

writingofeducatednativespeakersofthelanguage.However,becauseof

somesocialfactors,somepeoplemayavoidusingthestandardlanguage.

Thereareseveralreasonswhichcanexplainwhysomepeopleavoidusing

thestandardlanguage.

(1)Speechcommunity:Speechcommunitycaninfluencethekindof

languagepeopleuse.Ifeveryonespeaksdialectwithinthecommunity,

nobodywillspeakstandardlanguagebecausedialectcanmakethemmore

closelyandintimate.

(2)Education:Generallyspeaking,standardlanguageisusedbypeople

whoprocesshighsocialstatusorhavereceivedgoodeducation.Thosewho

didnotgetgoodeducationwon’tspeakstandardlanguage.

(3)Solidarity:Insomespecificsituations,apersonavoidsusingthe

standardlanguageinordertoshowhissolidaritywithothers.Forexample,a

politicianmaydeliberatelyspeaksthedialectincertainareasinordertoshow

hisorheraffiliationwiththelocalpeopleandnarrowthedistancebetween

themsothatheorshemayreceivesupportofthelocalpeople.Ontheother

hand,avoidingusingthestandardlanguagecanalsoshowone’sidentity

whichisalsocanhelphimorherbecomeamemberofacertaingroup.

Ⅳ.Whatisaconversationalanalysisandwhataspectsofconversation

canbestudied?(10points)

【答案】

Conversationalanalysisisamethodofstudyingthesequentialstructure

andcoherenceofconversations.Itstudiesrecordingsofreal(natural)

conversations,inordertodiscoverwhatthelinguisticcharacteristicsof

conversationareandhowconversationisusedinordinarylife.

Conversationalanalysisincludesthestudyofhowspeakersdecidewhento

speakduringaconversation(turn-taking);howthesentencesoftwoormore

speakersarerelated;thedifferentfunctionsthatconversationisusedto

establishrules,andtocommunicatepolitenessorforintimacy.

Thefollowingaspectsofconversationcanbestudied:

(1)Conversationalstructure:Conversationisastringofatleasttwo

turns.Someturnsaremorecloselyrelatedthanothers,theyarecalled

adjacencypair.Thecharacteristicsofadjacencypairisthattheyaretwo

utterances’longandthattheutterancesareproducedsuccessivelyby

differentspeakers.Theutterancesareordered—thefirstbelongstotheclass

offirstpairparts,thesecondtotheclassofsecondpairparts.Theutterances

arerelated,notanysecondpaircanfollowanyfirstpairpart,butonlyan

appropriateone.Thefirstpairpartoftenselectsnextspeakerandalways

selectsnextaction.

(2)Topic:Thepressureonpeopletotransmitrelevantnewsare

increasedbytheexistenceofthetelephone—onenolongerneedstowait

untilonemeetsfriendsorrelativesnordoesoneneedtomakespecialor

difficultjourneystopassoninformation.Therearecertainthingswhichone

mustsaytoparticularpeopleandcertainthingswhicharetellableifone

happenstomeetthem.Thisleadstotheideaofreasonforacallorvisit.

Conversationstendtobeginwiththetopicwhichisthereasonforthe

encounterandthenmoveontoothertopics.

Ⅴ.WhatisWhorfianHypothesis?Whataresomecriticismsofthe

hypothesis?(10points)

【答案】

Thatthecommonlyheldbeliefthatthecognitiveprocessesofallhuman

beingspossessacommonlogicalstructurewhichoperatespriortoand

independentlyofcommunicationthroughlanguageiserroneous.ItisWhorf’s

viewthatthelinguisticpatternsthemselvesdeterminewhattheindividual

perceivesinthisworldandhowhethinksaboutit.Sincethesepatternsvary

widely,themodesofthinkingandperceivingingroupsutilizingdifferent

linguisticsystemswillresultinbasicallydifferentworldviews.The

WhorfianHypothesisistheviewthatlanguageshapescognition;thatis,

conceptsandwaysofthinkingdependonlanguage.Peoplewhospeak

significantlydifferentlanguages,then,viewtheworlddifferently.Alsocalled

thehypothesisofLinguisticRelativityortheSapir-WhorfHypothesis,the

WhorfianHypothesiswasnamedaftertheearlytwentieth-centurylinguist

BenjaminWhorf,whoclaimedthat,becausetheHopilanguageexpressed

statementsabouttimeinimportantlydissimilarwaysthanotherlanguages,

theHopiheldadifferentconceptionoftimethanotherpeoples.Relatedto

LinguisticRelativityisLinguisticDeterminism,theviewthatlanguage

necessitateshowonethinks(thinkingoutsidetheboundsofone’slanguageis

impossible).SomepsychologistsbelievetheWhorfianHypothesishelps

explaincognition;likeLinguisticDeterminism,however,itishighly

controversial.

TherearesomeargumentsagainsttheSapir-WhorfHypothesis.

Accordingtothestrongversionofthehypothesis,thereisnorealtranslation

anditisimpossibletolearnthelanguageofadifferentcultureunlessthe

learnerabandonshisownmodeofthinkingandacquirethatofthetarget

language.Actually,successfultranslationcanbemadebetweenlanguages.

Forexample,theconceptualuniquenessofalanguagesuchasHopican

nonethelessbeexplainedinEnglish.Infieldofsecondlanguageacquisition,

accordingtothehypothesis,languageshavedifferentconceptualsystems;if

itistrue,thensomeonewhospeaksonelanguagewillbeunabletoright

conceptualsystem.However,sincepeoplecanlearnradicallydifferent

languages,thoselanguagescouldn’thavedifferentconceptualsystems.

2018年中山大学837外国语言学及

应用语言学考研真题及详解

Ⅰ.Explainthefollowingterms.(10pointsforeachterm)

1.stem

【答案】Stem,alsocalledbaseform,referstothatpartofawordto

whichaninflectionalaffixisorcanbeadded.Astemofawordmaybe:(a)a

simplestemconsistingofonlyonemorpheme,inwhichcasetherootandthe

stemarethesame,e.g.inworks,workisboththestemandtheroot;(b)aroot

plusaderivationalaffix,e.g.inworkers,workistheroot,workeristhestem;

(c)twoormoreroots,e.g.inworkshops,bothworkandshopareroots,

workshopisthestem.

2.LinguisticDeterminism

【答案】LinguisticDeterminismisthestrongversionoftheSapir-

WhorfHypothesis.Itemphasizesthedecisiveroleoflanguageastheshaper

ofourthinkingpatterns.Itholdsthatlanguagemaydetermineourthinking

patterns.Itbelievesthatourlanguagewillinfluenceordecideourwayof

lookingattheworld.Inaloosesense,however,LinguisticDeterminism,

LinguisticRelativity,andtheSapir-WhorfHypothesiscanberegardedas

synonyms.

3.descriptive

【答案】Descriptiveistomakeanobjectiveandsystematicaccountof

thepatternsanduseofalanguageorvariety.Modernlinguisticsismostly

descriptive,whichbelievesthatwhateveroccursinnaturalspeech(hesitation,

incompleteutterance,misunderstanding,etc.)shouldbedescribedinthe

analysis,andnotbemarkedasincorrect,abnormal,corrupt,orlousy.These,

withchangesinvocabularyandstructures,needtobeexplainedalso.

4.assimilation

【答案】Assimilationreferstoaprocessbywhichonesoundtakeson

someorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.Itisatermoftenused

synonymouslywith“coarticulation”.Ifafollowingsoundisinfluencinga

precedingsound,itiscalledregressive“assimilation”.Forexample,the

roundingofthelipsduring/s/inswimisduetotheanticipationofthelip

actionrequiredfor/w/.Theconverseprocess,inwhichaprecedingsoundis

influencingafollowingsound,isknownasprogressive“assimilation”.For

example,thedifferencebetweenthe/s/inwordslikecatsandthe/z/indogs

andthedifferencebetweenthefinal/t/indroppedandthefinal/d/inpraised

areexamplesofprogressiveassimilationbecausethefinalsound(/s/or/z/,/t/

or/d/)dependsonwhethertheproceedingconsonantisvoicedornot.

5.performative

【答案】Aperformativeisasentencelike“InamethisshiptheQueen

Elizabeth”,whichdoesnotdescribethingsandcannotbesaidtobetrueor

false.Theutteringofaperformativesentenceis,orisapartof,thedoingof

anaction.Verbslike“name”areknownasperformativeverbs.Austinfurther

distinguishedbetweenexplicitperformatives(thosecontaininga

“performativeverb”,suchaspromise,warn,deny,whichnamesthespeech

actorillocutionaryforceofthesentence)andimplicitperformatives,which

donotcontainaperformativeverb,e.g.Thereisaviciousdogbehindyou(=

animpliedwarning).

6.cohesion

【答案】Cohesionreferstorelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinthe

text,andthatdefineitasatext.Itrepresentsthegrammaticaland/orlexical

relationshipsbetweenthedifferentelementsofatext.Thismaybethe

relationshipbetweendifferentsentencesorbetweendifferentpartsofa

sentence.Forexample:-A:IsJennycomingtotheparty?-B:Yes,sheis.In

thedialogue,thereisalinkbetweenJennyandshe.Cohesionactually

concernsthequestionofhowsentencesareexplicitlylinkedtogetherina

discoursebydifferentkindsofovertdevices.Suchcohesivedevicesusually

include:conjunction,ellipsis,lexicalcollocation,lexicalrepetition,reference,

substitution,andsoon.

7.corpus

【答案】Corpusmeansacollectionoflinguisticdata,eithercompiledas

writtentextsorasatranscriptionofrecordedspeech.Itisacollectionof

naturallyoccurringsamplesoflanguagewhichhavebeencollectedand

collatedforeasyaccessbyresearchersandmaterialsdeveloperswhowantto

knowhowwordsandotherlinguisticitemsareactuallyused.Acorpusmay

varyfromafewsentencestoasetofwrittentextsorrecordings.Themain

purposeofacorpusistoverifyahypothesisaboutlanguage,forexample,to

determinehowtheusageofaparticularsound,word,orsyntactic

constructionvaries.

Ⅱ.Considerthefollowingdialoguebetweenamanandhisdaughter.

Pleaseexplaintheillocutionaryforceineachoftheutterances.(20points)

[Thedaughterwalksintothekitchenandtakessomepopcorn.]

Father:Ithoughtyouwerepracticingyourviolin.

Daughter:Ineedtogetthe[violin]stand.

Father:Isitunderthepopcorn?

【答案】

Utterance,aunitofanalysisinspeech,canbedefinedasasequenceof

wordswithinasingleperson’sturnattalkthatfallsunderasingleintonation

contour.However,eachutterancecontainsthemeaningthataspeakerintends

toconvey,namelytheillocutionaryact.

Theillocutionaryactistheactperformedintheperformingofa

locutionaryact.Whenwespeakwenotonlyproducesomeunitsoflanguage

withcertainmeanings,butalsomakeclearourpurposeinproducingthem,

thewayweintendthemtobeunderstood,ortheyalsohavecertainforces.

Theillocutionaryforceof“Ithoughtyouwerepracticingyourviolin”is

acriticismofthedaughterforhernotpracticingtheviolin.Thatofthe

daughter’sanswerisadefenceforherself-I’mgoingtodothat.Andthatof

thefather’sretortisadenialofthedaughter’sexcuse.

Ⅲ.WhatisthedifferencebetweenMalinowskiandFirthoncontextof

situation?(20points)

【答案】

Malinowskibelievedthatutterancesandsituationareboundup

inextricablywitheachotherandthecontextofsituationisindispensablefor

theunderstandingofthewords.Themeaningofspokenutterancescould

alwaysbedeterminedbythecontextofsituation.Malinowskidistinguished

threetypesofcontextofsituationinwhichspeechinterrelateswithbodily

activity,narrativesituations,andsituationsinwhichspeechisusedtofilla

speechvacuum—phaticcommunion.Bythefirsttype,Malinowskimeant

thatthemeaningofawordisnotgivenbythephysicalpropertiesofits

referents,butbyitsfunctions.Forthesecondtype,Malinowskifurther

distinguished“thesituationofthemomentofnarration”and“thesituation

referredtobythenarrative.”Thefirstcaseis“madeupoftherespective

social,intellectualandemotionalattitudesofthosepresent,”andthesecond

casederivesitsmeaningfromthecontextreferredto.Thethirdtyperefersto

casesof“languageusedinfree,aimless,socialintercourses”.

Bycontextofsituation,Firthmeantaseriesofcontextsofsituation,

eachsmalleronebeingembeddedintoalarger,totheextentthatallthe

contextsofsituationplayessentialpartsinthewholeofthecontextof

culture.Firthdefinedthecontextofsituationasincludingtheentirecultural

settingofspeechandthepersonalhistoryoftheparticipantsratherthanas

simplythecontextofhumanactivitygoingonatthemoment.Recognising

thatsentencescanvaryinfinitely,Firthusedthenotionof“typicalcontextof

situation”,meaningthatsocialsituationsdeterminethesocialroles

participantsareobligedtoplay;sincethetotalnumberoftypicalcontextsof

situationtheywillencounterisfinite,thetotalnumberofsocialrolesisalso

finite.Heputforwardtheideathatinanalysingatypicalcontextofsituation,

onehastotakeintoconsiderationboththesituationalcontextandthe

linguisticcontextofatext.ThemodelforFirth’scontextofsituationcanbe

summarizedasfollows:(a)therelevantfeaturesoftheparticipants,persons,

personalities:theverbalornon-verbalactionoftheparticipants;(b)the

relevantobjects;(c)theeffectsoftheverbalaction.

Ⅳ.Recentlyadramaticchangehastakenplaceintheaddresssystemof

Chinese.Atypicalcaseistheuseofqin(亲)anditspluralformqinmen(亲

们)asaddressforms.Howcanweexplainthisphenomenonfromthe

perspectiveofsociolinguistics?(20points)

【答案】

Metaphorically,languageisregardedasamirrorofsociety,through

whichwecanunderstandsocialfactsandactivitiesofacertainsocietybetter.

Functionallyspeaking,societyprovideslanguagewithasuitablecontextin

use,inwhichwecanemploylanguagetododifferentthings.Withthe

occurrenceofsociolinguistics,therelationshipbetweenthetwinshavebeen

greatlyemphasizedandfeasiblyjustified.Sociolinguistics,asan

interdisplicinarystudyoflanguageuse,attemptstoshowhowlanguage

functionsinsociety.SociolinguisticsofLanguageexaminesissuesrelatedto

thesubjectfromamorelinguisticperspectiveand,hence,iscomplementary

withSociolinguisticsofSocietyintermsofitscoverageandconcerns.

Alternatively,wemayalsodefinetheSociolinguisticsofLanguageasastudy

ofsociolinguisticissuesatamicrolevelofdiscussion.Theresearchesinthis

fieldareconductedatamicrolevelof