四川大学外国语学院《918英语专业综合知识》历年考研真题汇编（含部分答案）合集

目录2007年四川大学418英语专业综合知识考研真题及详解2008年四川大学918英语专业综合知识考研真题及详解2009年四川大学918英语专业综合知识考研真题及详解2010年四川大学918英语专业综合知识考研真题及详解2011年四川大学918英语专业综合知识考研真题及详解2012年四川大学918英语专业综合知识考研真题2013年四川大学918英语专业综合知识考研真题2014年四川大学918英语专业综合知识考研真题2015年四川大学918英语专业综合知识考研真题2016年四川大学918英语专业综合知识考研真题2017年四川大学918英语专业综合知识考研真题2018年四川大学918英语专业综合知识考研真题（回忆版）2019年四川大学918英语专业综合知识考研真题（回忆版）

2007年四川大学418英语专业综合知识考研真题及详解PartⅠEuropeanandAmericanCultures(50points)Ⅰ.ExplainanyTHREEoutofthefollowingfivetermsINABOUT50WORDSeach:(15points)1.Aristotle【参考答案】(1)Aristotle,aGreekphilosopher,wastutorofAlexandertheMacedonianKing.(2)ThenheretiredtoAthenstoestablishhisownschoolattheLyceum.(3)Onlogic,moralphilosophy,politics,metaphysics,psychology,physics,zoology,poetryandrhetoric,Aristotlewroteepoch-makingworks,amongwhichEthics,Politics,PoeticsandRhetoricarestillveryimportanttoscholarsandgeneralreaders.2.theMagnaCarta【参考答案】

(1)TheMagnaCarta,alsocalledGreatCharter,wasadocumentsignedin1215byKingJohnundercompulsionbythepowerfulbarons.(2)Itsaimwastolimittheabsolutepowersofthekingandtolethimrecognizetherightsofthebarons.(3)TheCharterisnowintheBritishMuseum.3.FederalismintheUS【参考答案】(1)IntheUnitedStates,theFederalgovernmenthasonlythepowersthatarenecessaryforprovidingforthematterswhichareofcommoninteresttoallthestates.(2)Andthestatesgiveuptheirrightstoconductseparaterelationswithoneanotherandwiththeoutsideworld.However,eachofthemstillkeepsthebasicpowersofgovernmentforitselfwithinitsownterritory.4.Renaissance【参考答案】(1)RenaissancereferstorevivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculturebetweenthe14thandmid17thcentury.(2)ItstartedinItalyandthenembracedtherestofEurope.

(3)Inessence,RenaissancewasaperiodwhentheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeeffortstogetridofconservatisminfeudalistEuropeandintroducenewideaswhichsignifiedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie.5.theBaptistsinAmerica【参考答案】(1)IntheUS,theBaptists,thelargestProtestantgroup,isconsideredwhollyAmerican.(2)Havingovertwentybranches,theyareconcentratedparticularlyintheSouthernBibleBelt.(3)MostofthesouthernBaptistspracticewithracialprejudice,whileatthesametimetheysticktotheirChristianbelief.(4)Besides,mostoftheNegroesarealsoBaptists.Ⅱ.Fillintheblanksinthefollowingtocompletetheidea:(10points)1.TwomajorelementsareconsideredtobemoreenduringinEuropeanculture,theyare_____.【答案】theGreco-RomanelementandtheJudeo-Christianelement

2.ItisestimatedthatbytheendofWorldWarⅡ,about_____peoplehadbeenkilledallovertheworld.【答案】60,000,0003.IntheUnitedStates,the_____MountainsaresituatedintheeastandtheRockyMountainsareinthewest.【答案】Appalachian4.Before1900,theprevailingeconomicdogmahadbeenlaisser-faire,whichmeansthat_____.【答案】thegovernmentshouldonlypreserveorderandprotectpropertyandshouldinterferewithcommerceaslittleaspossible.5.TheCivilWarresolvedtwofundamentalproblemsthathaddividedtheUnitedStatessince1776:puttinganendtoslaveryand_____.【答案】assuringtheintegrityoftheUnitedStatesasanindivisiblenation6.ShakespearewasamanofthelateRenaissancewhogavethefullestexpressionto_____ideals.Hewasbornanddiedat_____.【答案】humanist;Stratford-upon-Avon

7.AllAmericanchildrenareoffered_____yearsoffreepubliceducation.【答案】twelve8.InEurope,Columbusand_____werethetwofamoussailorswhostartedtheageofdiscovery.【答案】Magellan9.ItisstillpartoftheQueen’sjobintheUnitedKingdomtoconferhonors,suchas_____peeragesandknighthoods.Thisisusuallydoneontheadviceof【答案】herministersⅢ.AnswerthefollowingquestionsINABOUT150WORDSeach:(25points)1.WhataresomeofthemajordevelopmentsintheworkingsoftheBritishConstitution?【参考答案】(1)IntheWesternworld,Britainisuniqueinnothavingaconstitutionthathasbeenwrittendowninasingledocument.Infact,muchoftheBritishconstitutionisnotwrittenatall,buthasdevelopedoverthecenturiesandhas

becomeacceptedby“convention”,i.e.,thenormalandacceptedwayofdoingpoliticalbusiness.Asaresult,theBritishConstitutionismuchmoreflexiblethanthewrittenonesinothercountries.(2)ItsmaincomponentsincludethePrerogativeoftheCrown,CommonLaw,ConventionsoftheConstitution,ActsofParliamentandParliamentaryPrivilege.(3)DuringthecenturiesofdevelopmentintheworkingsoftheBritishConstitution,therearesomeprincipalchanges.Forinstance,thereisadeclineinpowersoftheMonarch,whilethesovereigntyofParliamenthasbeenestablished.Withtheadventofdemocracy,BritainhaswitnessedadeclineinthepowersoftheHouseofLords.Atthesametime,theparty-systemhasdeveloped.【解析】答题要点：本题考察英国宪法运行方式的主要发展，可简要介绍英国宪法并举例说明其发展变化。英国是君主立宪制国家，没有成文宪法；英国宪法的主要成分包括皇室特权、习惯法、宪法惯例、议会法案及议院特权；随着宪法的不断发展，王权减弱而议会权力增加，上议院权利减弱而民主权利增强，同时政党制度有了发展进步。2.WhoweretheoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece?Whatimportantplaysdideachofthemwrite?【参考答案】(1)InancientGreece,thereemergedsuchoutstandingdramatistsasAeschylus,SophoclesandEuripidesandAristophanes.

(2)Aeschylusiswell-knownforhisvividcharacterportrayalandmajesticpoetry.HewrotesuchplaysasPrometheusBound,PersiansandAgamemnon.Theseplaysarewritteninverse,inwhichtherearemerelytwoactorsandachorus.(3)SophocleswasthewriterofplayslikeOedipustheKing,ElectraandAntigone.OedipustheKingisthestoryofamanwhounknowinglycommittedaterriblecrimebykillinghisfatherandmarringhismother.ThepsychiatristSigmundFreud’sterm“theOedipuscomplex”alsostemmedfromthisplay.(4)EuripideswasmoreofarealistthanAeschylusandSophoclesandmaybecalledthefirstwriterof“problemplays”.HewrotemainlyaboutwomeninsuchplaysasAndromache,MedeaandTrojanWomen.(5)Aristophaneswasthebestauthorofcomedies.HehasleftelevenplayincludingFrogs,Clouds,WaspsandBirds.Theseplaysarelooseinplotandsatiricalintone,fullofcleverparodyandacutecriticism.【解析】答题要点：本题要求阐述古希腊杰出的剧作家及其重要作品。埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里庇得斯以及阿里斯托芬是古希腊剧作家的代表；埃斯库罗斯著有《被缚的普罗米修斯》《波斯人》及《阿伽门农》；索福克勒斯是《奥狄浦斯王》《埃勒克特拉》与《安提戈涅》的作者；欧里庇得斯的作品有《安德洛玛刻》《美狄亚》以及《特洛伊妇女》；阿里斯托芬著有《蛙》《云》《马蜂》和《鸟》。3.WhatistheProgressiveMovementinAmericanhistory?Discussthe

successesmadeintheMovement.【参考答案】(1)IntheUnitedStates,theProgressiveMovementreferredtoamovementatthebeginningofthe20thcenturytoreformeconomy,politics,societyandindividualsthroughgovernmentregulation.Itwasprimarilyamovementofsocialengineerswhothoughtthatscientificandcost-efficientsolutionscouldbefoundtoallpoliticalproblems.(2)Duringthemovement,socialworkerswentintoslumsanddemandedimprovementinlivingconditionsforthepoorincities;prohibitionistsaskedforrestrictiononliquor;statespassedlawstobanchildlaborandtoensureworkers’rights;womenfoughtforworkhourlimitandtherighttovote;“muckrakers”andnovelistsattackedsocialevils.(3)TheRooseveltadministrationenforcedtheShermanAntitrustActagainstseveralbigcorporations,anditalsopromotedconservation.Thus,bigcorporationswerepreventedfromprice-fixingandcontrolofthemarket.(4)SomeAmericansevenfavoredmoreradicalideologies,suchassocialismandtheIndustrialWorkersoftheWorld.【解析】答题要点：本题考查美国进步主义运动的概念及其成就。进步主义运动是美国二十世纪初出现的一场经济、政治和社会改革运动。这场运动取得了许多成就，比如，劳动人民尤其是妇女儿童的权利有所改善；社会的黑暗面被传媒揭露出来并展示在大众面前；根据反垄断法，一些大公司被拆分成了数家较小的公司。

PartⅡBritishandAmericanLiterature(50points)Ⅰ.ExplainanyTHREEofthefollowingfivetermsINABOUT50WORDSeach:(15points)1.LordoftheFlies【参考答案】Publishedin1954,LordoftheFliesisanallegoricalnovelbyNobelPrize-winnerWilliamGolding.Itdiscusseshowculturecreatedbymanfails,usingagroupofBritishschoolboysstuckonadesertedislandwhotrytogovernthemselves,butwithdisastrousresults.ThetitleissaidtobeareferencetotheHebrewnameofBeelzebub,anamesometimesusedasasynonymforSatan.2.CharlesLamb【参考答案】CharlesLamb(1775—1834)wasanEnglishessayist,bestknownforhisEssaysofEliaandchildren’sbookTalesfromShakespeare,whichheproducedwithhissister,MaryLamb.LambhasbeenreferredasthemostlovablefigureinEnglishliterature,andhisinfluenceontheEnglishessayformsurelycannotbeoverestimated.3.WaitingforGodot【参考答案】WaitingforGodotisaplaybySamuelBeckett,inwhichtwo

characters,VladimirandEstragon,waitforsomeonenamedGodot.Godot’sabsence,aswellasnumerousotheraspectsoftheplay,hasledtomanydifferentinterpretationssincetheplay’spremiere.4.AmericanRomanticism【参考答案】AmericanRomanticismisthenamesometimesgiventoaflourishingofdistinctivelyAmericanliteratureintheperiodbeforetheCivilWar.AmericanRomanticismisrepresentedbyworksofRalphWaldoEmerson,H.D.Thoreau,NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,andWaltWhitman.Theysharecertaingeneralcharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,faithinindividualismandintuitive.5.TheAmbassadors【参考答案】TheAmbassadorsisa1903novelbyHenryJames,originallypublishedasaserialintheNorthAmericanReview.Thisdarkcomedy,oneofthemasterpiecesofJames’sfinalperiod,followsthetripofprotagonistLewisLambertStrethertoEuropeinpursuitofChad,hiswidowedfiancée’ssupposedlywaywardson,tobringtheyoungmanbacktothefamilybusiness,butheencountersunexpectedcomplications.Ⅱ.MultipleChoice:(15points)Selectfromthefourchoicesofeachitemtheonethatbestanswersthequestionorcompletesthestatement.Writedownyouranswerontheanswer

sheet.1.ThemostprominentoftheUniversityWitswasnodoubt______.A.ChristopherMarloweB.EdmundSpenserC.WilliamShakespeareD.ThomasKyd【答案】A【解析】题目考查大学才子派中最重要、成就最大的一个。“大学才子派”是指16世纪80年代英国出现的一批受过大学教育的剧作家。这批作家致力于英国戏剧改革，把戏剧艺术提升到了一个新高度。该派主要包括克里斯托夫·马洛（ChristopherMarlowe）、约翰·李利（JohnLyly）、托马斯·基德（ThomasKyd）、罗伯特·格林（RobertGreene）等。马洛（1564—1593）毫无疑问是“大学才子”中最有才华、成就最大的一个，在文学史上享有“诗剧的晨星”“英国悲剧之父”的美誉。他是莎士比亚以前英国戏剧界最重要的人物，也是英国文艺复兴戏剧的真正创始人。其主要作品有《帖木儿》《浮士德博士的悲剧史》和《马耳他的犹太人》。2.Whichofthefollowingworksisgenerallyregardedasthebestmodelofsatire,notonlyofthe18thcenturybutalsointhewholeEnglishliteraryhistory?

A.AModestProposalB.TheHistoryofTomJonesC.AnEssayonCriticismD.RobinsonCrusoe【答案】A【解析】题目考查下列哪部作品被公认为不但是18世纪，而且是整个英国文学史上反讽艺术的典范，毫无疑问应该是JonathanSwift（乔纳森·斯威夫特）的著名讽刺散文《一个小小的建议》。3.“Wherefore,BeesofEngland,forge/Manyaweapon,chain,andscourge,/Thatthesestinglessdronesmayspoil/Theforcedproduceofyourtoil?”IntheabovequotationtakenfromShelley’spoem“ASong:MenofEngland”,whatdoestheword“bees”referto?A.rulingclassinhumansocietyB.thelaboringpeopleinEnglandC.EnglishyouthD.wivesoftheworkersinEngland【答案】B【解析】“英格兰的工蜂”指的是广大劳动人民。该段诗歌的译文为：凭

什么，英格兰的工蜂，要制作/那么多的武器，锁链和刑具，/使不能自卫的寄生雄蜂竟能掠夺/用你们强制劳动创造的财富？4.Inthenovelsof______,natureherselfisshownassomemysterioussupernaturalforce,verypowerfulbuthalf-blind,uncaringtohumanbeings’will,andhumanbeingsproveimpotentbeforeFate;howeverhardtheytry,theyseldomescapetheirordaineddestiny.A.ThomasHardyB.DanielDefoeC.JaneAustenD.CharlotteBrontё【答案】A【解析】在哈代的小说里，自然是决定一切的巨大力量，人类无论怎么反抗，总是无法逃脱其宿命。5.______(1922),JamesJoyce’smasterpiece,hasbecomeaprimeexampleofmodernisminliterature.A.TheRainbowB.UlyssesC.LittleWomen

D.TheVirginandtheGypsy【答案】B【解析】乔伊斯的代表作是《尤利西斯》。选项A《虹》和选项D《吉普赛之恋》的作者都是DavidHerbertLawrence（戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯）；选项C《小妇人》的作者是LouisaMayAlcott（路易莎·梅·爱尔考特）。6.ThefollowingpoemswereallcomposedbyEmilyDickinsonEXCEPT______.A.“BecauseICouldNotStopforDeath”B.“APsalmofLife”C.“IDiedforBeauty─butWasScarce”D.“IHeardaFlyBuzz─WhenIDied”【答案】B【解析】《人生礼赞》的作者是美国诗人HenryWadsworthLongfellow（朗费罗），其余选项都是狄金森的诗作。7.FrankNorris,theauthorofTheOctopus,isa______writer.A.romanticB.modernistic

C.GothicD.naturalistic【答案】D【解析】《章鱼》的作者诺里斯是一位自然主义作家。8.WhichONEofthefollowingconceptsisrelatedtotheunderstandingofAmericanRomanticism?A.SurvivalofthefittestB.indifferenceoftheuniverseC.exaltationofemotionoverreasonD.thehumanbeast【答案】C【解析】浪漫主义把情感置于理性之上。其余三个选项都是达尔文主义的观点。9.WhichONEofthefollowingisalsoaninfluentialwriterofdetectivestories?A.HarrietBeecherStoweB.WilliamDeanHowells

C.EdgarAllanPoeD.HermanMelville【答案】C【解析】题目考查下列作家中谁还是一位有影响的侦探小说家，毫无疑问是爱伦·坡，他是西方侦探小说的鼻祖。10.ThefollowingstatementsaboutNaturalismarealltrueEXCEPT______.A.ItholdsthatdeterminismgovernseverythingB.Theuniversehaslostitsbenigncharacterandhasbecomeimpersonal,indifferenttomanC.NovelsofimaginationreplacednovelsofobservationandexperimentD.Itisstronglyinfluencedbythetheory,ofevolution【答案】C【解析】自然主义排斥想象和夸张，追求绝对的客观性，主张通过观察、使用试验的方法去认识生活。自然主义深受进化论影响，主张决定论。在自然主义者的眼中，自然是客观中立、不带有感情色彩的。Ⅱ.AnswerthefollowingquestionsINABOUT150WORDSeach:(20points)

1.DiscussbrieflyJamesJoyce’sUlysses.【参考答案】UlyssesisanovelbyJamesJoyce,publishedinitsentiretyonFebruary2,1922,inParis.ThetitleparallelsandalludestoOdysseus,theheroofHomer’sOdyssey.Ulysses’stream-of-consciousnesstechnique,carefulstructuring,andexperimentalprose—fullofpuns,parodies,andallusions,aswellasitsrichcharacterizationsandbroadhumor,madethebookahighlyregardednovelintheModernistpantheon.Broadlyspeaking,Ulyssesgivesanaccountofman’slifeduringonedayinDublin.Thethreemajorcharactersare:LeopoldBloom,anIrishJew,whoworksasanadvertisementcanvasser;hiswife,MarionTweedyBloom(“Molly”),whoisanopensinger;andStephenDedalus,theprotagonistinAPortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan,whohasbeencalledbackbyhismother’sdeath.Thewholenovelisdividedinto18episodesincorrespondencewiththe18hoursoftheday.Withgreatmanyvarietiesandminutedetails,Ulyssesembodiesasymbolicpictureofallhumanhistory,whichissimultaneouslytragicandcomic,heroicandtrivial,magnificentanddreary.2.PleasebrieflycommentonTheodoreDreiser’snovelSisterCarrie.【参考答案】SisterCarrie(1900)isanovelbyTheodoreDreiseraboutayoungcountry

girlwhomovestothebigcitywhereshestartsrealizingherownAmericanDreambyfirstbecomingamistresstomenthatsheperceivesassuperiorandlaterasafamousactress.Withapainstakingdocumentationofdetail,DreiserportraysthreedifferentworldsinwhichSisterCarriemovesandwhichbetweenthemofferapanoramicviewofthecrudeandthesavageaspectsofsociallifeattheturnofthetwentiethcentury:theseincludehersister’sworking-classexistence,herlifewithDruetinChicago,andwithHurstwoodinNewYork.Everydetailisrelatedwithanamazingdispassionateexactitudeandsoassumesasenseofimportance.Aloneandhopeless,SisterCarriemovesalonglikeamechanismdrivenbydesireandcatchesblindlyatanyopportunitiesforabetterexistence.Afeatherinthewind,sheistotallyatthemercyofforcesshecannotcomprehend,stilllesstosaycontrol.PartⅢLinguistics(50points)Ⅰ.StateinONESENTENCEforeachterm,whatyouunderstandaboutthefollowingterms:(10points)1.productivity(designfeatureoflanguage)【参考答案】Productivitymeanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Itreferstothepropertythatlanguageenableslanguageuserstoproduceorunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesincludingnovelsentencesbyuseofafinitesetofrules.

2.phaticfunctionoflanguage【参考答案】Thephaticfunctionoflanguagereferstotheuseofthelanguagewhichoftenconsistsofsmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionforsettingupacertainatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontactsratherthanforexchanginginformationorideas.Forexample,greetings,farewells,andcommentsontheweatherinEnglishcouldservethisfunction.3.descriptivestudyoflinguistics【参考答案】Tosaythatlinguisticsisadescriptivestudyistosaythatthelinguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtherolestowhichthemembersofalanguage-communityactuallyconformanddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrules,ornorms,ofcorrectness,whichareinthescopeofprescriptivelinguistics.4.bilabialconsonant【参考答案】Bilabialconsonantsrefertoconsonantswhicharemadewiththetwolips.5.minimalpairs【参考答案】Thetwowordsinalanguagewhichdifferfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesound(onephoneme)andwhichalsodifferinmeaning

constituteaminimalpair.（说明：本部分答案没有严格按题目要求只用一句话给出答案，而是为了便于考生更加深入地掌握该术语，给出了更完善的答案。）Ⅱ.Definethefollowingtermswithatleasttwoexamples:(10points)1.morpheme【参考答案】Morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Forexample,inboys,therearetwomorphemes:“boy”and“-s”;ininternational,therearethreemorphemes:“inter-”“nation”and“-al”.2.inflection【参考答案】Inflectionisthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.Forexample,thepastformoftheverbworkisrealizedbytheadditionoftheinflectionalsuffix:“-ed”;thepluralformofthenounchildisrealizedbytheinflectionalsuffix:“-ren”.3.compound

【参考答案】Compoundreferstothosewordsthatconsistofmorethanonelexicalmorpheme,orthewaytojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform,suchasthecompoundwords“blackboard”and“well-known”.4.stem【参考答案】Astemisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.Forexample,“friend-”infriends,and“friendship-”infriendshipsarebothstems.Theformershowsthatastemcanbeequivalenttoaroot,whereasthelattershowsthatastemmaycontainarootandaderivationalaffix.5.back-formation【参考答案】Back-formation.Itreferstoanabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage.Forexample,from“editor”theword“edit”wasgenerated.Ⅲ.Completethewordswithsuitablenegativeprefixes:(10points)1.rational【答案】rational:irrational

2.moral【答案】moral:immoral3.regular【答案】regular:irregular4.political【答案】political:apolitical5.effective【答案】effective:ineffective6.human【答案】human:inhuman7.relevant【答案】relevant:irrelevant8.legal

【答案】legal:illegal9.proportionate【答案】proportionate:disproportionate10.resistible【答案】resistible:irresistibleⅣ.AnswerthefollowingquestionsINABOUT150WORDSeach:(10points)1.Howistherelationbetweensoundandmeaningclassified?【参考答案】Soundandthemeaningclassifiedareinfactrelatedarbitrarily.Thatistosay,thereisactuallynonaturalrelationshipbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeanings.Thepronunciation[dC^]mightrefertoapigifonlythefirstpersonorgroupofpersonshaduseditforapig.Languageisthereforelargelyarbitrary.Butlanguageisnotabsolutelyarbitrary,becausetherearecaseswherethereareoratleastseemtobesomesound-meaningassociation,ifwethinkofonomatopoeicwords,likerumble,crash,cackle,banginEnglish,which

soundlikethesoundstheydescribe.Therefore,theselinguisticformswouldberegardedtohaveanaturalbasis.Secondly,somecompoundsarenotentirelyarbitraryeither.“Snow”and“Storm”arearbitrarywords,while“snowstorm”isnotentirelyarbitrary.Yet,non-arbitrarywordsmakeuponlyasmallpercentageofthevocabularyofalanguage.2.Whatisthedistinctionbetweeninflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixes?【参考答案】Thedistinctionbetweeninflectionalmorphemesandderivationalmorphemescouldbeillustratedinthefollowingfouraspects.Inflectionalaffixesveryoftenonlyaddaminuteordelicategrammaticalmeaningtothestem,forinstance,thoseinflectionalaffixesinwordssuchastoys,walks,John’s,etc.Therefore,theyservetoproducedifferentformsofasingleword.Incontrast,derivationalaffixesoftenchangethelexicalmeaning,egcite,citation；generate,generation．Inflectionalaffixesdonotchangethewordclassofthewordtheyattachto,suchasflower,flowers;whereasderivationalaffixesmightormightnot,suchastherelationbetweensmallandsmallnessfortheformer,andthatbetweenbrotherandbrotherhoodforthelatter．Veryofteninflectionalaffixesareconditionedbynon-semanticlinguisticfactorsoutsidethewordtheyattachtobutwithinthephraseorsentence.Whereasderivationalaffixesaremoreoftenbasedonsimplemeaning

distinctions．InEnglish,inflectionalaffixesaremostlysuffixes,whicharealwayswordfinal.Butderivationalaffixescanbeprefixesorsuffixes．Ⅴ.UseICanalysistoexplainthefollowingexpressions:(10points)1.Theyaremovingsidewalks.【答案】2.TomsaidMarlwouldgoyesterday.【答案】3.thesyntheticbuffalohides【答案】4.thefatmayor’swife【答案】5.oldmenandwomen【答案】2008年四川大学918英语专业综合知识考研真题及详解PartOneEuropeanandAmericanCultures(50points).Ⅰ.ExplainanyTHREEoutofthefollowingfivetermsINABOUT50WORDSeach:(15points)1.Socrates【参考答案】(1)Socrates(about470-399B.C.),aGreekphilosopher,wastheteacherofPlato.HeisknownmainlythroughwhatPlatorecordedinthefamousworkDialogues.(2)ThemethodofargumentthatSocratesusedinexposingfallaciesisknownasthedialecticalmethod.(3)In399B.C.,attheageofseventySocrateswasputontrialonachargeof“injuringthecity”bynotacknowledgingitsgodsandcorruptingtheyoung.ThistrialwasrecordedbyPlatointhedialogue“TheApologyofSocrates”.2.TheEnglishsenseofhumor

【参考答案】(1)TheEnglishsenseofhumorisaqualitywhichissimilartoEnglishmodesty.(2)Itisanattitudetoliferatherthanmerelytheabilitytolaughatjokes.(3)Itsstartingpointisself-deprecation,whileitsgreatenemyisconceit.(4)Theidealofthisqualityistolaughatoneself-atone’sownfaults,failures,embarrassmentsandevenideals.3.HispanicsandChicanos【参考答案】(1)HispanicsisthegeneralnameofSpanish-speakingpeopleintheUnitedStates.TheycontainChicanos,PuertoRicans,CubansandotherpeoplefromdifferentSpanish-speakingnationsofCentralandSouthAmerica.(2)Amongthem,ChicanosrefertoMexicanAmericans.TheyareconsideredassojournersinAmericaastheycan“gobackhome”whentheyareunsatisfied.4.ThePentateuch【参考答案】(1)ThePentateuch,thefirstfivebooksoftheOldTestament,istheoldest

andthemostimportantofallthe39books.(2)ItcontainsGenesis,Exodus,Leviticus,NumbersandDeuteronomy.(3)GenesisisareligiousaccountoftheoriginoftheHebrewpeople;ExodusisareligioushistoryoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgypt;Leviticusisacollectionofprimitivelaws;NumbersisacontinuationofExodus;DeuteronomyisaboutthefinalwordsofMosestohispeople.5.CatholicsintheU.S.【参考答案】(1)IntheUnitedStates,Catholicsisthelargestsinglereligiousgroup.(2)Overone-quarterAmericansareoftheRomanCatholicfaith,andmostofthemaredescendantsofimmigrantsfromIreland,ItalyandPoland.(3)CatholicsshowloyaltytotheirchurchthroughsupportforCatholicschoolsandthroughahopethattheirchildrenwillmarryCatholics.Ⅱ.Fillintheblanksinthefollowingtocompletetheidea:(10points)1.InEuropeanhistory,thethousand-yearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalled_______.【答案】theMiddleAges

2.Itwouldbe________tofindanyoneinmodernBritainwhocouldsaywithcertaintythathisancestorshadnotcometotheBritishIslesfromsomewhereelse.【答案】impossible3.IntheUnitedStates,religiousinstructioninpublicschoolsis________theConstitution,accordingtoarulingbytheSupremeCourt.【答案】against4.Intheeighteenthcentury,Britainwasfarfrombeingademocracy:itwasreally________,inwhichonlyimportantpeoplewereallowedtovote.【答案】adespoticstate5.Thenorth-easternpartofthegreatbasinbetweentheAppalachiansandtheRockyMountainsisknownas________.ThetermisconfusingbecauseinfactitdescribesthenortheasternquarteroftheUnitedStatesexceptforthestatesclosetotheAtlantic.【答案】theGreatPlain6.DanteAlighieriwasthegreatestpoetof________andalsoaprosewriter,literarytheorist,moralphilosopheraswellaspoliticalthinker.His

masterpiece,________,isoneofthelandmarksofworldliterature.【答案】Italy；TheDivineComedy7.________,signedinSeptember1783,recognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStatesandgrantedthenewnationalltheterritorynorthofFlorida,southofCanadaandeastoftheMississippiriver.【答案】ThetreatyofParis8.Herodotus,oftencalled“Fatherof________”,wroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.【答案】History9.TheBritishParliamenthasthreemainfunctions:tomakelaws;tocontrolandcriticizetheexecutivegovernment;to________.【答案】controltheraisingandthespendingofmoneyⅢ.AnswerthefollowingquestionsINABOUT150WORDSeach:(25points)1.TellsomeofPlato’sideas.Whydopeoplecallhimanidealist?(8points)【参考答案】

(1)Plato(about428-348B.C.)wasaGreekphilosopher.HisDialoguesareimportantnotonlyasphilosophicalwritingbutalsoasimaginativeliterature.OftheDialoguesPlatowrote,27survived,includingtheApology,SymposiumandtheRepublic.(2)HisApologywasaboutSocrates’defenseofhimselfatthetrial.Symposiumdealtwithbeautyandlove.AndTheRepublicwasabouttheidealstateruledbyaphilosopherbutbarringpoets.(3)Plato’scomprehensivesystemofphilosophydealtwith,amongotherthings,theproblemofhow,inthecomplex,ever-changingworld,menweretogetknowledge.Theanswerhegavetotheproblemwasthatmenhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneral“ideas”suchasbeauty,truthandgoodness.(4)Plato’sphilosophyiscalledidealismasinhissystemofphilosophyonlysuch“ideas”asbeauty,truthandgoodnessareconsideredascompletelyrealwhilethephysicalworldisconsideredasjustrelativelyreal.【解析】答题要点：本题要求阐释柏拉图的部分思想及其被称为唯心论者的原因。柏拉图的主要思想体现在他的代表作《对话录》中，特别是其中的《诡辩篇》《会饮篇》以及《理想国篇》；他认为物质世界只是相对真实的，而一些抽象概念才是完全真实的，因此被称为唯心论者。2.DiscusstheimportanceoftheElizabethanAgeinEnglishhistory.(8points)【参考答案】

(1)InBritishhistory,theElizabethanAgereferstotheperiodduringthereignofElizabethI.Itwasofgreatsignificanceasitwasaperiodofpoliticalandreligiousstabilityaswellaseconomicprosperity.(2)TheEli