联合国（UN）：《2015-2030年仙台减少灾害风险框架》的执行情况2023

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UnitedNations

GeneralAssemblyDistr.:General1August2023

Original:English

Seventy-eighthsession

Item19(c)oftheprovisionalagenda*

Sustainabledevelopment:disasterriskreduction

ImplementationoftheSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction2015–2030

ReportoftheSecretary-General**

Summary

ThepresentreporthasbeenpreparedasrequestedbytheGeneralAssemblyinitsresolution

77/164

ondisasterriskreduction.Itprovidesanoverviewofprogressmadetowardsmeetingthegoal,globaltargetsandprioritiesforactionoftheSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction2015–2030andincludesfindingsandrecommendationsfromthemidtermreviewoftheFramework.Pursuanttoresolution

77/164,

thereportalsoincludesasectionontheimplementationoftheUnitedNationsactionplantoensurethateverypersononEarthisprotectedbyearlywarningsystemswithinfiveyearsundertheEarlyWarningsforAllinitiative.ThereportalsocontainsanoverviewoftheglobalresponsetoaddresstheimpactsoftheElNiñophenomenon,pursuanttoGeneralAssemblydecision74/537B.

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**Thepresentreportwassubmittedforprocessingafterthedeadlinefortechnicalreasonsbeyondthecontrolofthesubmittingoffice.

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I.Currentstateofdisasterrisk

1.AtthemidpointoftheimplementationoftheSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction2015–2030,theunderstandingandmanagementofdisasterriskhasprogressed.Positiveresultsareevidentattheregional,nationalandlocallevels.However,thecurrentpaceofimplementationisinadequate,andcountriesarenotontracktoachievingtheexpectedoutcomeoftheFrameworkby2030.Progressremainsunequalacrossgeographies,scalesandincomelevels.Disastershaveunderminedprogresstowardstheimplementationofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentandotherintergovernmentalagreements,1inparticularamongthemostvulnerable.Disasterriskreductionisanimperativeforsustainabledevelopment,eliminatingpovertyandreducinginequalities.Riskmanagementiscriticalforsustainablefoodsystemsandenergytransitions,aswellasforhuman,ecosystemandplanetaryhealthandwell-being.

2.ProgresshasbeenmadeonthefourprioritiesforactionoftheSendaiFramework.Countrieshaveenhanceddisasterriskassessmentsandanalysiscapabilitiesatalllevels,althoughfurtherprogressisrequiredtounderstandandrespondtodriversofriskcreationandofsystemicrisk.Thenumberofcountrieswithnationaldisasterriskreductionstrategieshasincreased.However,implementationatthelocallevelremainsinsufficient.Financingfordisasterriskreductionremainsinadequateandlargelyreactive.Thefocusondisasterresponseasopposedtopreventionandpreparednessprevails,andopportunitiestobuildbackbetterandstrengthenresiliencepost-disasterareoftenmissed.2

3.ProgressreportedbyMemberStatestotheSendaiFrameworkmonitorshowsvariedresultsacrosstheglobaltargets.Improvementsareevidentinreducingglobaldisastermortality(globaltargetA)andinincreasingthenumberofcountrieswithnationalandlocaldisasterriskreductionstrategies(globaltargetE).Theglobaldisastermortalityrateper100,000peoplehasdecreased,from1.60intheperiod2005–2014to1.15intheperiod2013–2022.Thenumberofcountrieswithnationalstrategiesfordisasterriskreductionincreasedfrom55in2015to126in2022,with102countriesreportinghavingriskreductionstrategiesatthelocalgovernmentlevel.However,thenumberofpersonsaffectedbydisastersper100,000people(globaltargetB)hasrisen,from1,092duringtheperiod2005–2014to2,034intheperiod2013–2022.Directeconomiclossesin2022(globaltargetC)amountedto0.83percentofthetotalgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)ofthereportingcountries,whichwassignificantlyhigherthantheaverageof0.37percentreportedduringtheperiod2015–2022andisstillestimatedtobesignificantlyunderreportedandundervalued.Theaverageannualnumberofcriticalinfrastructureunitsandfacilitiesdestroyedordamagedbydisasters(globaltargetD)was102,628duringtheperiod2015–2022.Internationalcooperationfordevelopingcountries(globaltargetF)remainslimited,withdevelopingcountriesreportingonly$304millioninofficialdevelopmentassistance,inadditiontootherofficialflows,forsupportingdisasterriskreductionactionsin2021.Nearly1,800programmesandinitiativesontechnologytransferandmorethan30,000instancesofcapacitydevelopmentwerereportedduringtheperiod2005–2022.Theuseof

1IncludingtheParisAgreement,theKunming-MontrealGlobalBiodiversityFramework,theDohaProgrammeofActionfortheLeastDevelopedCountries,theSIDSAcceleratedModalitiesof

Action(SAMOA)Pathway,theViennaProgrammeofActionforLandlockedDeveloping

CountriesfortheDecade2014–2024,theNewUrbanAgenda,theAddisAbabaActionAgendaoftheThirdInternationalConferenceonFinancingforDevelopmentandtheInternationalDecade

forAction,“WaterforSustainableDevelopment”,2018–2028.

2UnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReduction,GlobalAssessmentReportonDisasterRiskReduction2022:OurWorldatRisk–TransformingGovernanceforaResilientFuture(Geneva,2022).

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multi-hazardearlywarningsystemsandaccesstoappropriateriskinformationandassessments(globaltargetG)hasbeenreportedby101countries.

4.Theworldfacesincreasinglyunsustainablelevelsofrisk,theimpactofwhichcascadesacrosssectors,systemsandborders,withconsequencesforbothpresentandfuturegenerations.Theglobalrisklandscapeischaracterizedbyapolycrisiscausedbythecoronavirusdisease(COVID-19)pandemicanditsconsequences,theimpactsofthetripleplanetarycrisis,risinggeopoliticaltensionsandconflicts,rapidtechnologicalchangeandunsustainableconsumptionandproduction,withwidespreadeffectsonpeople,planet,prosperityandpeace.

5.ThemidtermreviewoftheSendaiFrameworkservedtohighlightshiftsinmomentumtowardsandcommitmentstowhole-of-governmentandwhole-of-societyapproaches.Nevertheless,acollectivefailuretoprioritizeriskreductioninsocietal,political,environmentalandeconomicdecisionspersists,asriskcreationoutstripsriskreductionefforts.Addressingprotracted,cascadingandcompoundingrisksbeforetheybecomemajorshocksordisastersrequiresmultisectoralandmultidisciplinaryriskgovernancewith“strongerlegalframeworks,bettertoolsformanagingrisks,betterdata,theidentificationandanticipationoffuturerisksandproperfinancingforpreventionandpreparedness”,ascalledforinOurCommonAgenda.

II.MidtermreviewoftheimplementationoftheSendai

FrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction

6.DuringthemidtermreviewoftheimplementationoftheSendaiFrameworkprogress,challengesandgoodpracticeswereassessed,andthestateofintegrationofdisasterriskreductionintodecision-makingandinvestmentwasexamined.ThroughinclusiveGovernment-ledconsultationsandreviews,themidtermreviewwassupportedbyseveralentitiesoftheUnitedNationssystemundertheleadershipoftheUnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReduction,theUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)andUnitedNationsresidentcoordinatoroffices.Reportsandsubmissionswerereceivedfrom72MemberStates,28UnitedNationsentitiesand25stakeholdergroups.Thosecontributionsweresupplementedbyglobalandregionalthematicstudiesandinterviewswithexpertsandpractitioners.Theglobalandregionalplatformsfordisasterriskreduction,convenedbetween2021and2023,offeredfurtherinsights.3Initsreportsonthemidtermreview4andonthemainfindingsandrecommendationsofthereview,5theOfficeprovidesacomprehensiveanalysisandsynthesis,includingrecommendationsforcoursecorrections.

7.Thereviewenabledtheidentificationofcontextualshifts,newandemergingissuesandtheneedforacceleratedandamplifiedrisk-informedactionsupto2030,includingtheadoptionofamulti-hazard,multisectoralandmultiscaleapproachtodisasterriskmanagementthatcoversallnaturalandhuman-madehazards,aswellasenvironmental,technologicalandbiologicalrisks;mainstreamingdisasterriskreductionacrosssustainabledevelopment,climateactionandhumanitarianefforts;

3SeetheoutcomedocumentoftheseventhsessionoftheGlobalPlatformforDisasterRisk

Reduction,knownastheBaliAgendaforResilience,andtheoutcomesoftheregionalplatformsfordisasterriskreductionhostedbytheGovernmentsofJamaica,Kenya,MoroccoandPortugal,inNovember2021,andbytheGovernmentofUruguay,heldfrom28Februaryto2March2023,andoftheAsianMinisterialConferenceonDisasterRiskReduction,heldinAustraliain

September2022.

4UnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReduction,TheReportoftheMidtermReviewoftheImplementationoftheSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction2015–2030(Geneva,2023).

5

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strengtheningriskgovernanceatalllevels;reorientinginvestmentstowardspreventionanddisasterriskreduction;andimplementingpost-disasterrecovery,rehabilitationandreconstructionwithenhancedpolicies,capacities,resources,standardsandlegislationtoreduceriskandbuildresilience.Inordertomanagethecomplexityofglobalcatastrophicrisksthatoverwhelmconventionalgovernancesystems,all-of-societyengagementandpartnerships,includingbothtraditionalandnewstakeholdersandpartnerships,arerequiredtosupportallStateinstitutionsinthefulfilmentoftheSendaiFrameworkandinrisk-informeddecision-makingandinvestment.

8.Thehigh-levelmeetingonthemidtermreviewoftheSendaiFrameworkwasconvenedon18and19May2023,underthetheme“Workingtogethertoreduceriskforaresilientfuture”.TheHeadsofStateandGovernment,MinistersandHighRepresentativesgatheredatthemeetingconsideredthefindingsandrecommendationsofthereviewandtheforward-lookingandrisk-informedapproachrequiredtoaddresssystemicriskeffectively.Theensuingpoliticaldeclaration6containedacallforambitiousactiontoaddressthecomplexglobalrisklandscapeandtomainstreamdisasterriskreductionacrossallsectors.

9.ThereviewsoftheSendaiFramework,the2030AgendaandtheParisAgreementprovideasynchronizedopportunitytosynergizeandpromotearisk-informedapproachtosustainabledevelopment.The2023SustainableDevelopmentGoalsSummit,theministerialpreparationsforthe2024SummitoftheFutureandotherkeydeliberations,includingonfinancingandonpandemicprevention,preparednessandresponses,canadvancerisk-informedobjectives.Integratingarisk-informedapproachintotheglobalfinancialarchitecture,includingthroughtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalStimulus,theoutcomeoftheSummitforaNewGlobalFinancingPactandtheBridgetownInitiative,canfurtheradvancepoliticalcommitmentstode-riskinginvestmentsandfinancingdisasterriskreduction.Investinginstrategicforesightandriskanalytics,surveillanceandthemanagementofcatastrophicrisksandstrengtheningawarenessofemergingandfuturedisasterriskscouldcontributetoforward-lookingandprevention-orientedpolicymaking.

10.TheUnitedNationsConferenceontheMidtermComprehensiveReviewoftheImplementationoftheObjectivesoftheInternationalDecadeforAction,“WaterforSustainableDevelopment”,2018–2028,heldinMarch2023,promotedalignmentandsynergiesacrossthewater,climate,biodiversityanddisasterriskreductionagendas.ParticipantsattheConferenceemphasizedtheneedforimprovedwatermanagement,climateresilience,earlywarningandrisk-informeddecision-making.PartnershipssuchasWaterattheHeartofClimateAction7haveempoweredcommunitiestomanagewater-relatedrisksandfosterresiliencethroughglobal,nationalandlocalaction.TheKunming-MontrealGlobalBiodiversityFrameworkprovidesstrategicdirectionforbiodiversityandecosystemconservationandrecognitionoflinkageswithclimatechange,naturalhazardsanddisasterriskreduction.Thelong-termgoals(forachievementby2050)andaction-orientedtargets(forachievementby2030)oftheBiodiversityFrameworkpromotelivinginharmonywithnature,reducingexposureandvulnerabilityandincreasingresilience.

6GeneralAssemblyresolution

77/289,

annex.

7LaunchedbytheKingdomoftheNetherlands,theInternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties,theUnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReductionandtheWorld

MeteorologicalOrganization(WMO).

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III.ProgressmadeinimplementingtheSendaiFrameworkfor

DisasterRiskReduction

Priority1:understandingdisasterrisk

11.Since2015,advancementsinthecollectionandutilizationofdisasterriskreductiondatahavestrengthenedoverallunderstandingofriskanditssystemicnature.Countrieshavemadestridesinrecordingandsharingdisasterlossdataandinconductingriskassessments.Nevertheless,gapsremaininaddressingthecoreelementsofrisk:vulnerabilityandexposure.

12.Asattheendof2022,110countrieshadreportedhavingnationaldisasterlossdatabases,and156countrieshadreportedontheglobaltargetsthroughtheSendaiFrameworkmonitor,facilitatedbytechnicalsupportandcapacitydevelopmentfromtheUnitedNationssystem.Inresponsetotheincreasingdemandforclimate-relateddataonlossesanddamages,anewgenerationofhazardouseventsanddisasterlossesanddamagestrackingsystemisbeingdevelopedbytheUnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReduction,theWorldMeteorologicalOrganization(WMO)andUNDP.8AprototypeofthenewsystemwasreleasedinMay2023andisexpectedtobecompletedbytheendoftheyear.Thedecisionsofthetwenty-seventhConferenceofthePartiestotheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeontheestablishmentofanewlossanddamagefundandtheoperationalizationoftheSantiagonetworkforaverting,minimizingandaddressinglossanddamageassociatedwiththeadverseeffectsofclimatechange,withaviewtocatalysingtechnicalassistanceonlossanddamageatthelocal,nationalandregionallevels,offeropportunitiesforcollaborationonthoseglobalagendas.TheUnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReductionsupportsdevelopingcountriesinaddressinglossanddamageandactivelysupportstheExecutiveCommitteeoftheWarsawInternationalMechanismforLossandDamageassociatedwithClimateChangeImpacts,includingthroughtheprovisionoftechnicalguidanceoncomprehensiveriskassessmentandplanning.

13.Strengthenedcollaborationamongstatisticians,disasterriskreductionpractitioners,theprivatesectorandcivilsocietycanimprovethequalityofdisasterrisk-relateddatacollection,processing,analysisanddissemination.TheInter-AgencyandExpertGrouponDisaster-relatedStatisticsproducedthreethematicpapers–oneconomiclossesattributedtodisasters,ondisasterriskreductionexpendituresatelliteaccountingandonenvironmentalandecosystem-relateddisasterlosses–thatwillcontributetoaglobalcommonframeworkondisaster-relatedstatistics.Country-levelcapacitystrengtheningwasinitiatedforriskreductionandsystemicmulti-hazardriskassessmentsinCostaRica,Eswatini,SomaliaandtheSudan,coveringsuchsectorsasagriculture,transportation,energy,water,land,infrastructure,health,educationandindustry.TheSystematicObservationsFinancingFacility,incollaborationwithprivatesectorentities,9filledcriticalgapsinweatherandmeteorologicalobservationsandinagriculturalriskmanagementtocontributetosustainabledevelopment,foodsecurityandimprovedlivelihoodsindevelopingcountries.Newandemergingtechnologies,includinggeospatialandsatellitetechnologyandartificialintelligence,offeropportunitiestostrengthenriskassessment,bridgedatagapsandenhancerisk-informeddecision-making.TheUnitedNationsSatelliteCentreestablishedcooperationagreementswitheightcountries(Bangladesh,Bhutan,Fiji,theLaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic,Nigeria,SolomonIslands,UgandaandVanuatu)tostrengthencapacitiesintheuseofgeospatialinformationtechnologiesforimproved

8See

/disaster-losses-and-damages-tracking-system.

9WMO,“SystematicObservationsFinancingFacility:reportforsecondPotentialFunders’Forum”,28June2021.

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disasterresilienceandtomainstreamrisk-informedplanningalignedwithnationaldisasterriskreductionstrategies.

14.TheGlobalRiskAssessmentFrameworkhasstrengthenedtheunderstandingofrisk,promotedrisk-informeddecision-makingandsupportedcountriesinmulti-hazarddisasterriskassessmentsandriskanalytics.TheRiskInformationExchange,atooloftheGlobalRiskAssessmentFramework,aggregatesopen-sourceriskdatatoenabletheanalysisofinterconnectedimpactsofmultiplehazards.Todate,43countriesandterritories10haveintegratedriskinformationandanalysisintotheirhumanitarianprogrammecycles,commoncountryanalyses,disasterriskreductionplansandnationaldisastermanagementstresstests,policiesandplans,amongotherresources.

15.Insufficientdatadisaggregatedbysex,age,incomeanddisabilityremainsabarriertounderstandingandanalysingdifferentialimpactsofdisasters,includingtheformulationofevidence-based,gender-responsiveandinclusivedisasterriskreductionpoliciesandprogrammes.UsingtheSendaiFrameworkmonitortotrackprogresstowardstheimplementationoftheFrameworkandtheSIDSAcceleratedModalitiesofAction(SAMOA)PathwayandtheachievementofSustainableDevelopmentGoals1,11and13isreducingthereportingburdenonsmallislanddevelopingStates.

16.Local,traditionalandIndigenousknowledgestrengthensourunderstandingofriskandcomplementsinnovativemechanismsandsolutionstoinformandimplementdisasterriskassessments,policies,programmesandcommunications.Ina“WordsintoAction”guideonusingtraditionalandIndigenousknowledgesfordisasterriskreduction,11theUnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReductionsharespolicyguidanceinthatregard.

17.Mediaengagementenhancestheunderstandingofdisasterriskandraisespublicawareness.TheUnitedNationsChildren’sFund(UNICEF)andtheUnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReductionstrengthenedthecapacityofmediainstitutionswithregardtotheuseofintelligencetoolsanddigitalmethodologiestoanalyseandreportonclimatechangeanddisasterrisks.Effortstopromoteacultureofdisasterprevention,resilienceandresponsiblecitizenshipcanbestrengthenedthroughall-of-societydialogues,publicawareness-raising,advocacycampaigns,investmentsinacademicandprofessionaltrainingandcommunitymobilization.

18.Science,technologyandinnovationcanstrengthentheeffectivenessofdisasterresilience-building.TheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)establishedanopensciencedataplatformandofferscomprehensivetrainingonintelligencetoolsanddigitalmethodologies.Goodpractices,suchasthescience-policyinterfaceintheArabStatesandtheAmericasandassessmentsusingtheDigitalDisasterRiskReductionMaturityModelofUNDP,haveemerged.Greaterinvestmentincapacitydevelopmentandscienceandtechnologyremainsessentialformultidimensionalriskassessment,strategicforesightandfuturesliteracy.Technologicaladvancements,inparticularinfieldssuchasartificialintelligenceandbiotechnology,mustbeacknowledgedaspotentialriskdriversandbeaddressedbyglobalgovernancesystems.Preventingfuturedisastersderivedfrominnovationrequiresrecognizingthepotentialofrisk,investingin

10Albania,AntiguaandBarbuda,Armenia,Azerbaijan,Bahamas,Bangladesh,Barbados,Comoros,Djibouti,Dominica,Egypt,Eswatini,Fiji,Georgia,Grenada,Guyana,Haiti,Iraq,Jordan,

Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Lebanon,Madagascar,Maldives,Mauritania,Montenegro,Morocco,Niger,NorthMacedonia,SaintKittsandNevis,SaintLucia,SaintVincentandtheGrenadines,Somalia,SouthSudan,Sudan,Suriname,Seychelles,Tajikistan,Tunisia,Turkmenistan,

Uzbekistan,YemenandStateofPalestine.

11UnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReduction,WordsintoAction:UsingTraditionalandIndigenousKnowledgesforDisasterRiskReduction(Geneva,2022).

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research,promotinginternationalcooperationandmitigatingrisksassociatedwithrapidtechnologicalchange.

19.TheSendaiFrameworkcontainsanacknowledgementofthesystemicnatureofrisk,evidentintheinterconnectedshocksfeltacrosssectors,bordersandscales.Ina2023specialreportoftheGlobalAssessmentReportonDisasterRiskReductiononmappingresiliencefortheSustainableDevelopmentGoals,12theUnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReductionshowsthat,inanincreasinglyinterconnectedandriskyworldbesetwithpolycrises,disasterriskreductionandresilience-buildingarecoretoachievingtheGoals.Theimpactsofrisksandthreatssuchasclimate-relateddisasters,epidemics,conflicts,inflationandfinancialshockscreatecompoundingcrises.Theydrawincreasingamountsofresourcesintoreactiveresponsesratherthanintoprevention,long-termresilienceandimplementationofthe2030Agenda.TheUnitedNationsCommonGuidanceonHelpingBuildResilientSocietiesandtheexamplessetoutintheaforementionedspecialreportsupportaframeworkformoreresilientsustainabledevelopment,improvedstrategicforesightcapacity,morecollaborativeandparticipatoryprocessesandagileandanticipatorygovernancefordisasterriskreduction.

20.Strengtheninghealthresilienceagainstbiologicalhazardsattheglobal,regionalandnationallevelswasacriticallessonlearnedfromtheexperienceoftheCOVID-19pandemic.WorldHealthOrganizationguidanceonresearchmethodsforhealthemergencyanddisasterriskmanagement13hasenabledcountriestobridgedisasterriskmanagement,epidemicprevention,preparednessandresponse,humanitarianactionandclimateactiontosupporttheimplementationofthehealthemergencyanddisasterriskmanagementframeworks.14

Priority2:strengtheningdisasterriskgovernancetomanagedisasterrisk

21.Effectiveandcomprehensivedisasterriskgovernancesupportslong-termdecision-makingatdifferentlevelsandacrossallsectors.Significantprogresshasbeenmadeindevelopingnationaldisasterriskreductionstrategiesandinstrengtheningregionalcooperation.However,transformativechangesinorganizationalstructuresandmandatesandstrengthenedriskgovernanceareneededtoovercomebarrierstoimplementingdisasterriskreductionstrategies.Governancearrangementsthatsupportverticalandhorizontalintegrationandtheunderstandingandmanagementofrisksacrossallsectors,domainsandscalesandthatengageallofsocietyareessentialtocontendingwithtwenty-firstcenturyrisks.

22.Ongoingeffortstoenhancecoordination,revisitmandatesandpromotetransdisciplinaryapproachesarecrucialforstrengtheningriskgovernanceacrossalldimensionsofsustainabledevelopment.Makingprogressincomprehensiveriskmanagementrequiresadaptivegovernance,riskunderstanding,legislativeframeworksandstrengthenedcoordinationacrosscommunitiesofpractice.Theiterativelearning,planning,policymaking,implementation,monitoringandevaluationovertimethatthoseelementsrequirecallforaprocessofsystematiccoordinationatalllevels.Adaptivecross-sectoralriskgovernance–inparticularwithregardtopolicyareas,ministries,departmentsandorganizationsbeyondnationaldisastermanagementauthorities–hasprovedtobeeffectiveinmainstreamingdisasterriskreductionandacceleratingimplementation.Theestablishmentof

12UnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReduction,GARSpecialReport2023:Mapping

ResiliencefortheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(Geneva,2023).

13WorldHealthOrganization(WHO),WHOGuidanceonResearchMethodsforHealthEmergencyandDisasterRiskManagement,Revised2022(Geneva,2022).

14WHO,HealthEmergencyandDisasterRiskManagementFramework(Geneva,2019).

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nationalplatforms,taskforces15andcoordinationbodieshavereducedsilos,promotedcollaborationandfacilitatedanintegratedapproachtoriskreduction.

23.Aligningdisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeadaptationoptimizesresources,preventsmaladaptationandaddresseslossesanddamages.Furtherpolicycoherenceandintegrationwithandbetweenglobalframeworksisstillneeded.AleadershipcoursewasdevelopedonsynergizingdisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeadaptationandjointlyadministeredbytheUnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReductionandtheUnitedNationsSystemStaffCollegetostrengthencoherenceandcross-sectoralcapacity.Inaddition,theglobalClimateVulnerableForumparliamentarygroup,inpartnershipwiththeUnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReduction,developednor