厦门大学211翻译硕士英语专业硕士历年考研真题及详解合集

目录2010年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2011年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2012年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2013年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2014年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解

2010年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解PartI.GrammarandVocabularyA.Proofreading(totalof10points,1pointforeacherrorcorrected)Thefollowingparagraphscontain10errors.EachindicatedlinecontainsONEerror.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadtheparagraphandcorrectitinthefollowingway:Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha“^”signandwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.Foranunnecessaryword,crosstheunnecessarywordwithaslash“/”andputthewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.EXAMPLE【答案与解析】（1）non-surgically→non-surgical（修饰名词“procedures”，应该用形容词，non-surgical非手术的。）（2）正确（3）in→for（forthemostpart多半;就绝大部分而言。固定词组。）（4）life→lives（their后面应用life的复数名词形式lives。）（5）in→with（withconfidence自信地。inconfidence秘密地。）（6）burning→burn（burn可作名词，表示“烧伤，灼伤”。）（7）restore→restores（主语是“reconstructivesurgery”，是单数名词，所以谓语动词也应该用单数形式“restores”。）（8）the→a（way在这里第一次提到，表示“以一种……的方式”，这种方式前面没提到，不是特指，不可以用定冠词the。）（9）去掉a（Itistimeforsbtodosth.固定句型。）（10）with→without（综合全文来看，作者认为社区医疗成员应在不带偏见和嫉妒之心的前提下对整容手术的利弊做出衡量。）B.Choosethewordorphrasethatcanbeusedtoreplacetheunderlinedpartineachsentence(totalof10points,0.5pointforeachquestion).1．Becausenoisesmodulateradiofrequency,radiostationsuseabandoffrequenciestopreventinterferencewithotherstations.A.governB.adaptC.temperD.renovate【答案】A【解析】句意：噪音改变了无线电频率，电台用频带来防止其他电台的干扰。modulate调整，控制；使变调。govern统治，管理；影响。adapt使适应。temper使缓和，使温和。renovate更新；改善。2．Afossilisaremnantofaonce-livingorganism.

A.boneB.solventC.pictureD.vestige【答案】D【解析】句意：化石是曾经存活的生物的遗迹。remnant遗迹；残余，剩余。vestige遗迹；残余。solvent溶剂；解决方法。picture图片。3．Whensquashedthestemandleavesofthejewelweedexudeajuicethatwillsoothesomeskinirritations.A.boiledB.agedC.crushedD.chopped【答案】C【解析】句意：凤仙花受到挤压时，它的茎和叶会流出一种汁液，这种汁液可缓解皮肤过敏症状。squash压扁，挤压。crush压碎，压坏。boil煮熟。age使表老，使（味道）变醇。chop砍；剁碎。4．Thelegislativefilibusterisaparliamentarytacticdesignedtodelayorpreventactionbythemajority.A.traditionB.ruleC.observance

D.maneuver【答案】D【解析】句意：合法的阻挠手段是用来推迟或阻止多数党采取行动的一种合乎议会法规的策略。tactic策略。maneuver谋略，策略；(部队等的)调动；机动。tradition传统。rule规则，条例。observance遵守；注意，观察。5．Oceanwavescancutimposingcliffsalongcoastlines.A.immobileB.impermeableC.impressiveD.imaginative【答案】C【解析】句意：海浪能沿着海岸线切断宏伟的悬崖峭壁。imposing壮观的，气势宏伟的。impressive给人深刻影响的；威严的。immobile不动的，固定的。impermeable不可渗透的。imaginative富于想象的。6．Mergersmaybeeffectedtoreviveorrejuvenatefailingbusinessesbytheinfusionofnewmanagementandpersonnel.A.inspectionB.introductionC.evaluationD.concentration【答案】B【解析】句意：通过注入新的管理方式和录用新的员工，企业兼并能够

有效地使那些濒临破产的企业恢复活力。infusion注入，灌入。introduction介绍；引进。inspection检查，审视。evaluation评估。concentration集中；专注。7．Afableisadidactictalefocusedonasinglecharactertrail.A.anauthenticB.amuddiedC.aninstructiveD.anold-fashioned【答案】C【解析】句意：寓言是有教育意义的故事，这种故事集中于对单一人物的追踪描述。didactic教导的，教诲的。instructive有教育意义的，有启发性的。authentic真实的，可靠的。old-fashioned旧式的，过时的。8．Thecompactdictionariespublishedinrecentyearsarenotasunwieldyassomeoftheoldereditions.A.completeB.tiresomeC.reliableD.cumbersome【答案】D【解析】句意：最近几年出版的简明字典不像旧版字典那样让人觉得使用起来很不方便。unwieldy不灵便的，使用不便的。cumbersome笨重的；难处理的。complete完整的。tiresome使人疲劳的；烦人的。9．AuthorKatherineSherwoodMcDowellhadaknackforconvertingalmosteveryexperienceintomarketableprose.

A.anaptitudeforB.anobsessionwithC.analternativetoD.apurposefor【答案】A【解析】句意：作家凯瑟琳·舍伍德·麦克道尔总有本领将他的每次经历写成畅销散文。knack本领；技巧，诀窍。aptitude天资，才能。obsession着迷；困扰。alternative选择。purpose目的10．SouthCarolina’smineralresourcesareabundant,butnotallofthemcanbelucrativelymined.A.profitablyB.safelyC.easilyD.extensively【答案】A【解析】句意：南卡罗来那州有丰富的矿产资源，但并不是所有对这些资源的开采都是有利可图的。lucratively赚钱地，有利可图地。profitably有利地，有益地。safely安全地。easily容易地。extensively广泛地。11．Ravagedbypollutionandwar,manyfamousmonumentshavebecomeerodedandstained.A.discoloredB.dismembered

C.displacedD.distinctive【答案】A【解析】句意：受到污染和战争的破坏，许多著名的历史遗迹已经被腐蚀或玷污了。stained玷污的；着色的。discolored玷污的；褪色的。dismembered分割的。displace被取代的。distinctive有特色的，特殊的。12．Oriolesarearborealbirds,andwhentheydescendtotheground,itismainlytogathernestmaterials.A.territorialB.tree-dwellingC.consummateD.grumpy【答案】B【解析】句意：黄鹂是一种栖息在树上的鸟，当它们落到地面时，主要是为了采集搭巢的材料。arboreal栖息在树上的。tree-dwelling居于树上的。territorial领土的；地区的。consummate熟练的，技艺高超的。grumpy性情乖戾的。13．LouisaMayAlcott’snovelLittleWomen,whichrecountstheexperiencesofthefourMarchsistersduringtheAmericanCivilwar,islargelyautobiographical.A.praisesB.narratesC.exaggeratesD.classifies

【答案】B【解析】句意：露意莎·梅·奥尔柯特的小说《小妇人》在很大程度上是自传体的，小说叙述了美国内战期间马奇家四姐妹的经历。recount叙述，描述。narrate叙述。praise表扬。exaggerate夸张。classify把……分类。14．Fertilizerappliedtosoilcanreplacedepletednutrients.A.organicB.acidicC.exhaustedD.desirable【答案】C【解析】句意：施于土壤中的废料能代替枯竭的营养素。depleted耗尽的，枯竭的。exhausted耗尽的，用完的。organic有机的；器官的。acidic酸性的。desirable值得向往的。15．Galena,thechieforeoflead,isabrittlemineralwithametallicluster.A.hazelB.denseC.breakableD.sparking【答案】C【解析】句意：皮带含有的主要矿物成分是方铅矿，它是一种具有金属光泽的脆性矿物。brittle脆的，易碎的。breakable易破坏的，脆的。hazel淡褐色的。dense密集的。sparking发出火花的，闪光的。

16．InHawaii,endemicbirds,suchastheomaoandtheapapane,dwellinthevolcanichighlandsandtropicalrainforests.A.alluringB.aquaticC.gracefulD.native【答案】D【解析】句意：在夏威夷，像夏威夷鹅口疮和白臀蜜鸟这样的本地鸟都栖息在火山性高地和热带雨林地区。endemic某地特有的。native本地的；天然的。alluring迷人的，吸引人的。aquatic水生的，水栖的。graceful优美的，典雅的。17．Biologistshaveascertainedthatspecializedcellsconvertchemicalenergyintomechanicalenergy.A.determinedB.arguedC.hypothesizedD.griped【答案】A【解析】句意：生物学家已经确定特化细胞能把化学能转化成机械能。ascertain查明，确定，弄清。determine决定；确定。argue争论；主张。hypothesize假设，假定。grip理解，掌握；紧握。18．Pocahonta,aseventeenthcenturyPowhatanIndian,wenttotheJamestowncolonyasherfather’semissary.A.ward

B.attendantC.messengerD.translator【答案】C【解析】句意：波卡洪塔斯，一个十七世纪的坡瓦坦印第安人，来到詹姆斯顿殖民地当她父亲的特使。emissary特使，密使。messenger信差，信息源。ward病房，病室。attendant陪从；侍者。translator译员。19．Neonlightisutilizedinairportbeaconsbecauseitcanpermeatefog.A.passthroughB.transmitC.suspendD.breakup【答案】A【解析】句意：霓虹灯可被用作机场的指向标，因为它能穿过雾层。permeate渗入，透过。passthrough穿过，通过。transmit传递，传达。suspend悬挂；使中止。breakup解散；中断。20．AlexanderWoollcott’sflamboyantpersonalitycombinedsharpnessofwitwithsentimentality.A.deviousB.humorousC.singularD.showy

【答案】D【解析】句意：亚历山大·伍尔科特喜欢炫耀的个性是睿智与多愁善感的结合体。flamboyant炫耀的，浮夸的。showy炫耀的，浮夸的；引人注目的。devious迂回的；不正直的。humorous幽默的。singular单一的；异常的。C.Choosethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachsentence(totalof10points,0.5pointforeachquestion).1．Theformandphysiologyofleavesvaryaccordingtothe_____inwhichtheydevelop:forexample,leavesdisplayawiderrangeofadaptationstodifferentdegreesoflightandmoisture.A.relationshipB.sequenceC.patternsD.environment【答案】D【解析】句意：叶子的形状和生理机能随着它生长环境的变化而变化。例如，叶子会调节自身去适应环境中光度和水分的变化。从所举的有关“light”和“moisture.”的例子中，可推断应填入“light”和“moisture”的上义词“environment”。2．Sincemost,ifnotall,learningoccursthrough_____,relatingoneobservationtoanother,itwouldbestrangeindeedifthestudyofotherculturesdidnotalsoilluminatethestudyofourown.A.assumptionsB.experimentsC.comparisons

D.repetitions【答案】C【解析】句意：因为大部分学习都是通过比较，即把一个观察现象与另一个联系起来，来进行的，所以如果学习另一种文化，却不能很好的阐明我们自己的文化，这就着实有点太离谱了。根据此空后面解释说明的部分“relatingoneobservationtoanother”，可推断此处应填C项。3．Hehadexpectedgratitudeforhisdisclosure,butinsteadheencountered_____borderingonhostility.A.patienceB.discretionC.ineptitudeD.indifference【答案】D【解析】句意：他本期望别人会因他（对此事）的揭发而对他深表感谢，但恰恰相反，他受到了冷漠，甚至会引起别人的敌意。通过“butinstead”可推断所填词应与“gratitude”表示相反的意思，所以选择D项。indifference冷漠。4．AlthoughSimpsonwasingeniousat_____toappearinnovativeandspontaneous,beneaththeruseheremaineduninspiredandrigidinhisapproachtoproblem-solving.A.intendingB.contrivingC.forbearingD.declining

【答案】B【解析】句意：虽然辛普森可以利用计谋来表现地富有创新意识和自然大方，但在他的计谋背后，他处理问题时却总是那么平庸死板，一点也不灵活。根据句首的“although”可推断前后两句是转折关系，后半句说他办事死板，说明他的灵活与创新是伪装的，是用计谋达到的。contriveto以计谋达成。intendto打算。forbearto忍耐，克制。declineto婉拒。5．BecausemodernscientistsfindtheancientGreekviewofthecosmosoutdatedandirrelevant,theynowperceiveitasonlyof_____interest.A.historicalB.intrinsicC.experimentalD.superfluous【答案】A【解析】句意：因为现代科学家发现古希腊关于宇宙的观点是过时的、不恰当的，所以他们现在认为它只与历史研究相关。historical历史的；与历史相关的。intrinsic本身的，固有的。experimental实验性的。superfluous多余的。6．Inspiteoftheincreasing_____oftheiropinions,thegroupknewtheyhadtoarriveataconsensussothattheawardcouldbepresented.A.impartialityB.judiciousnessC.polarityD.consistency【答案】C

【解析】句意：虽然他们的观点越来越出现对立面，但这个团队成员都知道他们不得不达成一致意见，以便于能得到这个奖项。polarity极性；对立。impartiality公平，公正。judiciousness贤明，明智。consistency一致性；稳定性。7．Ironically,theproperuseoffigurativelanguagemustbebasedonthedenotativemeaningofthewords,becauseitisthefailuretorecognizethis_____meaningthatleadstomixedmetaphorsandtheirattendantincongruity.A.esotericB.literalC.allusiveD.symbolic【答案】B【解析】句意：比喻句子的合理运用必须基于单词的外延意，这一点极具讽刺意义，因为正是由于没能意识到单词表面的意思才导致繁杂的隐喻以及随之产生的不调和错误。literal字面的。symbolic象征性的。esoteric隐秘的。allusive暗指的；含典故的。8．Althoughanydestructionofvitaminscausedbyfoodirradiationcouldbe_____theuseofdietsupplements,theremaybenoprotectionfromcarcinogensthatsomefearmightbeintroducedintofoodsbytheprocess.A.counterbalancedbyB.attributedtoC.augmentedwithD.stimulatedby【答案】A

【解析】句意：虽然食品辐照引起的维他命损害可以通过摄入膳食补充剂得到弥补，但还没有办法保护人们不受致癌物的侵害，于是对食物的担心便产生了。counterbalance弥补；使平衡。attributeto归因于。augment扩大，增加。stimulate刺激。9．Dataconcerningtheeffectsonasmallpopulationofhighconcentrationsofapotentiallyhazardouschemicalarefrequentlyusedto_____theeffectsonalargepopulationofloweramountsofthesamechemical.A.verifyB.redressC.predictD.realize【答案】C【解析】句意：潜在的危险性化学药品对高度集中的小种群造成了影响，有关这些影响的数据常常被用来预测同样性质的少量化学药品对大种群造成的影响。predict预测，预知。verify证实，核实。redress纠正；补偿。realize实现。10．EarlycriticsofEmilyDickinson’spoetrymistookforsimplemindednessthesurfaceofartlessnessthatinfactsheconstructedwithsuch_____.A.astonishmentB.vexationC.allusionD.cunning【答案】D【解析】句意：早期对艾米莉·狄金森诗歌的批评误把她的朴实看成是头脑简单的，实际上，这是她的匠心独用所在。根据“infact”可推断，

所填词应与“simplemindedness”表示相反的意思。cunning灵巧，熟练；狡猾，奸诈。astonishment惊讶，惊奇。vexation烦恼，苦恼。allusion暗示；隐喻；典故。11．Afteraslowsalesstartearlyintheyear,mobilehomeshavebeengainingfavoras_____toincreasinglyexpensiveconventionalhousing.A.areactionB.anadditionC.anintroductionD.analternative【答案】D【解析】句意：今年初销售变得缓慢后，拖车住房已成为除价格飞涨的传统住房外人们的另一选择，因而受到人们的喜爱。alternative供选择的东西。reaction反应。addition增加的人或物。introduction介绍；引进。12．Althoughadolescentmaturationalanddevelopmentalstatesoccurinanorderlysequence,theirtiming_____withregardtoonsetandduration.A.lastsB.variesC.faltersD.accelerates【答案】B【解析】句意：尽管青少年的成熟与发育状态是按照一种有条不紊的顺序发生的，但其时间指控却在起始和延续长度方面各不相同。vary变化，呈多样性。last延续。falter蹒跚；犹豫。accelerate加速，增加。

13．Psychologyhasslowlyevolvedintoan_____scientificdisciplinethatnowfunctionsautonomouslywiththesameprivilegesandresponsibilitiesasothersciences.A.independentB.unusualC.outmodedD.uncontrolled【答案】A【解析】句意：心理学已缓慢地演变成一种独立的、具有科学性的学科，现在可以肃立自护地运作，拥有与其他学科相同的独立地位和责任。independent独立的。unusual不寻常的。outmoded老式的，过时的。uncontrolled不受控制的。14．Notingthemurdervictim’sflaccidmusculatureandpear-likefigure,shededucedthattheunfortunatefellowhadearnedhislivinginsome_____occupation.A.treacherousB.ill-payingC.illegitimateD.sedentary【答案】D【解析】句意：注意到这个被谋杀的受害人松弛的肌肉的梨形的身材，她推断这个不幸的家伙曾经是一位长期坐着的职业者。sedentary久坐的，固定不动的。treacherous背叛的；不牢靠的。illegitimate非法的。ill-paying报酬低的。15．Thediscoverythat,frictionexcluded,allbodiesfallatthesamerateis

sosimpletostateandtograspthatthereisatendencyto_____itssignificance.A.underrateB.reassessC.praiseD.eliminate【答案】A【解析】句意：忽略摩擦的情况下，所有物体会以同样的速率下落，这一发现非常容易被抓住和阐述，以至于有一种低估它的重要性的趋势。空格填入一个动词，表示对“它的重要性（itssignificance）”做的动作。so…that…表示因果关系，所以空格填上以后要表达和“非常容易抓住并阐述（simpletostateandtograsp）”一致的含义，所以空格应该对“重要性”做负动作，表示“不那么重视”。underrate低估。reassess再评价，再估价。praise表扬。eliminate排除，消除。16．Thepaintingwaslargerthanitappearedtobe,forhanginginadarkenedrecessofthechapel,itwas_____bytheperspective.A.improvedB.diminishedC.embellishedD.jeopardized【答案】B【解析】句意：画其实要比看上去大，（只是）因为挂在这样一个黑暗的小教堂休庭里，由于透视效果而被看起来缩小了。diminish减小。improve提高。embellish美化。jeopardize危及，损害。17．Becausefolkartisneithercompletelyrejectednoracceptedasanart

formbyarthistorians,theirfinalevaluationsofitnecessarilyremain_____.A.arbitraryB.estimableC.equivocalD.orthodox【答案】C【解析】句意：因为民间艺术既没有被艺术历史学家作为一种艺术形式彻底拒绝，也没有被全面接受，所以他们对民间艺术的最终评价必然是模棱两可的。equivocal有歧义的；模棱两可，不确定的。arbitrary随心所欲的。estimable可估计的；值得尊敬的。orthodox正统的。18．Althougheconomistshavetraditionallyconsideredthedistricttobesolelyanagriculturalone,the_____oftheinhabitants’occupationsmakessuchaclassificationobsolete.A.productivityB.diversityC.predictabilityD.profitability【答案】B【解析】句意：虽然传统上经济学家认为这个区域是单一的农业区，但该地居民职业的多样性使这样的划分显得过时了。句首的“although”暗示前后句是转折关系，因此可推断所填词应与“solely”表示相反的意思。diversity多样性。productivity生产力。predictability可预测性。profitability有利性。19．Althoughspecificconcernsmaydeterminetheintentofaresearchproject,itsresultsareoften_____.

A.unanticipatedB.beneficialC.spectacularD.specialized【答案】A【解析】句意：虽然具体的关注能决定一个研究课题的意图，但研究的结果常常却是不可预见的。unanticipated不可预见的。beneficial有利的。spectacular壮观的；引人注目的。specialized专门的；专业的。20．Thenotionthataparasitecanalterthebehaviorofahostorganismisnotmerefiction;indeed,thephenomenonisnoteven_____.A.observableB.realC.comprehendedD.rare【答案】D【解析】句意：寄生虫能改变寄住物的行为的观点不是虚构的，这种现象的确不罕见。“indeed”表明前后句要表达一个意思，“notrare”与“notfiction”表达的意思相似。PartII.ReadingComprehensionReadeachofthefollowingpassages.Choosethemostappropriatefromthefourchoicestocompletethesentenceoranswerthequestion.Answerthequestionorwriteasummaryasisrequired.(totalof40points,2pointsforeachquestion).PassageA

Notationgavewesternmusicameansofwrittenrecord,butatfirstonlyforakindofmusic,chant,thatwasbelievedtohaveoriginatedhalfamillenniumandmoreinthepast—tobe,effectively,ageless.Earlymedievalchantssprangfromthewholetimeofeternalsameness,whichtheysoreadilyconvey,andsimilarlytherewasnomeasureofthetimewithinthem—therhythm.Thenmeasurecame.Andwithitcamethefirstidentifiablecomposersandpreciselydatableworks.Wherechantwasofapiecewithothermusicaltraditionsinbeingself-sufficientmelody,workingwithinamodalsystem,belongingtonocreator(buttoGod)anddesignedforworship,thenewmusicofthetwentiethcenturyopenedadistinctivelywesternpath.Themeasuringoftimewasthebeginningnotonlyofrhythmicnotation—known,farbeyondEurope,totheIndiantheoristSarngadevainthefirsthalfofthethirteenthcentury—butalsoofmusicinvolvingcoordinationamongsingerscarryingdifferentmelodies,ofpolyphony.This,too,wasbynomeansconfinedtothewedgeoflandbetweentheMediterraneanandtheAtlantic:thegamelanmusicofBali,atraditionindependentofEurope,iscomparablewithearlywesternpolyphonyinitssuperpositionofdifferenttimestreams,fastandslow,whilethemusicofmanysub-SaharanAfricanpeoplesoftenpilesupdissimilarrhythmiclayersinwaysforeigntoEuropeoutsidecertainspecialrepertories(fourteenth-centurysongandsomemusicsince1950).But,fromthetwelfthcenturytothefifteenth,polyphonyinthewestgraduallymovedawayfromtherepetitivestructuresthatwereretainedonBaliorincentralAfricaasEuropeansdiscoveredhowharmonycouldresultincontinuousflow.Thesource,asofsomuchinwesternculture,wasamisunderstandingofclassicalGreekknowledge,againacquiredthroughBoethius.Hehadnothingtosayaboutharmonyinthesenseofchords,butheconveyedaGeeksatisfactionintheprimacyoftheoctaveandthefifth,whichmedievalmusicianstookasmodelsofconsonance(theeuphoniouscombiningnotes).Justasessentialweredissonantcombinations,lackingeuphony,forthesewouldintensifytheneedforconsonance.Adissonanceplacedimmediatelybeforeafinalconsonancewouldproduceafirmlyconclusiveending—acadence,suchasbecameanessentialofwesternmusic.Extendingbackfromthecadence,theforcesofharmony,marshaledthroughrelationshipsbetweeneachchordandthenext,couldamplifythedirectionalsensealreadypresent

inthemelody—thesenseofmovementtowardsarestingpointonthelastnote.Thustimemeasuredbecametimedecisivelyhavingagoal,andmusiccouldemulatetheprogressineveryhumansoultowardseternity.Musicmirrored,too,howtimegenerallywasbeingtold.Guido’sstaffnotationcameroughlywhenwaterclockswerereintroducedfromByzantiumandIslam,enablingmonkstoknowwhenaservicewasduefromthelevelreachedbywaterslowlyfillingavessel.Thusreading,whetherofachantbookorawatergauge,substitutedformemoryandintuition.Exactsynchronybetweenmusicandtimewaslostalittlewhenclockworkmechanismsappearedinthemid-thirteenthcentury,halfacenturylaterthanthegear-drivenmusicproducedatNotreDameinParis.However,theperfectionofhour-chimingwithhour-chimingcapabilities,intheastronomicalclockmadebyRichardWallingfordforSt.AlbansAbbey(1327-36),strikinglycoincidedwiththeperfectionofrhythmicnotationthatspreadfromParisandgavemusicitsownmachineryoftimelengths.Choosethemostappropriatefromthefourchoicestoanswerthequestionorcompletethesentence.1．Whichofthefollowingisthemostappropriatetitleforthispassage?A.TheDevelopmentofRhythmB.TimeMeasured.C.NotationandTimeD.MusicandCivilization2．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforenotationappeared_____.A.musicwasalwaysrenewedandcouldlastonlyaslongasmemoryB.musicpresentedpeoplewiththreetimesatonce:thenowinwhichtheyheardit,thetheninwhichitwasmade,andthefurtherthenofwhenthepiecewascomposedC.polyphonyhadalreadybeendevelopedtosuchadegreethatdifferent

melodiescarriedbydifferentsingerscouldformacoordinatedharmonyD.musicmostlywasnotimprovisedandwasnotdatedwithprecision3．TheauthorwouldmostlikelyconsiderWesternmusicandthemusicofnon-Westernculturesas_____.A.respectivelyrevolutionaryandconservativeB.equalbutdistinctC.bothhomogeneousandheterogeneousD.illustrativeofadvancementandbackwardness4．Thepassagestatesthat_____.A.musicandcivilizationcomplementeachotherandcontradicteachotherB.rhythmicnotationappearedbecausehumanbeingscouldtelltimeinanewwayC.notationappearedwhenmusicalworkswerenolongeranonymousandnon-datableD.theappearanceofrhythmicnotationmanifestsanewstageofhumanbeings’quantitativemethodofthought【答案与解析】1．D本文讲了音乐如何随着历史的演变而不断发展，第二、三。四段揭示了音乐与不同地区、不同历史发展阶段。不同文化之间的关系。所以选项D最合适，揭示了音乐与文明之间的关系。2．D第一段最后一句提到，随着拍子的产生，第一批作曲家产生了，第一批可准确确定时间的作品也产生了。据此可推断，在音乐符号产生之间，即在节拍产生之前，音乐不能被即兴创作，也不能被准确记录。所以选项D正确。

3．C第二段第三句，多声部音乐不仅出现在欧洲，在一些非欧洲地区如巴厘岛和撒哈拉沙漠以南地区也出现了相同的音乐形式，说明西方和非西方音乐有相似性。接着，本段最后一句，作者又指出从十二到十五世纪，欧洲多阴部音乐不再局限于巴厘岛和中非的音乐形式的束缚，变得连续而和谐，说明西方和非西方音乐又有相异性，故选C。4．D最后一段最后一句讲到，具有报时装置的钟表的完美运行与韵律符号同时产生。可据此推断，韵律符号的出现表明人类定量思维方式的新阶段，这与D项吻合。Writeasummary.5．Summarizethepassagein4or5sentences.【答案】Thepassagedemonstratedhowmusicevolvedtogetherwithtimemeasure.Earlymedievalchantsoriginatedhalfamillenniumandmoreinthepasthadnomeasureoftimewithinthem.Theappearanceofrhythmicnotationandpolyphonymarkedthebeginningoftimemeasure.Infact,thedevelopmentofmusicreflectedhowmeasureofthetimedeveloped.PassageBFrenchtoys:OnecouldnotfindabetterillustrationofthefactthattheadultFrenchmanseesthechildasanotherself.Allthetoysonecommonlyseesareessentiallyamicrocosmoftheadultworld;theyareallreducedcopiesofhumanobjects,asifintheeyesofthepublicthechildwas,alltold,nothingbutasmallerman,ahomunculustowhommustbesuppliedobjectsofhisownsize.Inventedformsareveryrare:afewsetsofblocks,whichappealtothespiritofdo-it-yourself,aretheonlyoneswhichofferdynamicforms.Asfortheothers,Frenchtoysalwaysmeansomething,andthissomethingisalwaysentirelysocialized,constitutedbythemythsorthetechniquesofmodernadultlife:thearmy,broadcasting,thepostoffice,medicine(miniatureinstrument-cases,operatingtheatersfordolls),school,hairstyling(driersforpermanent-waving),theairforce(parachutists),transport(trains,Citroëns,Vedettes,Vespas,petrolstations),science(Martiantoys).

ThefactthatFrenchtoysliterallyprefiguretheworldofadultfunctionsobviouslycannotbutpreparethechildtoacceptthemall,byconstitutingforhim,evenbeforehecanthinkaboutit,thealibiofaNaturewhichhasatalltimescreatedsoldiers,postmen,andVespas.Toyshererevealthelistofallthethingstheadultdoesnotfindunusual:war,bureaucracy,ugliness,Martians,etc.itisnotsomuch,infact,theimitationwhichishesignofanabdication,asitsliteralness:FrenchtoysarelikeaJivarohead,inwhichonerecognizes,shrunkentothesizeofanapple,thewrinklesandhairofanadult.Thereexist,forinstance,dollswhichurinate;theyhaveanesophagus,onegivesthemabottle,theywettheirnappies;soon,nodoubt,milkwillturntowaterintheirstomachs.Thisismeanttopreparethelittlegirlforthecausalityofhousekeeping,to“condition”hertoherfutureroleasmother.However,facedwiththisworldoffaithfulandcomplicatedobjects,thechildcanonlyidentifyhimselfasowner,asuser,neverascreator;hedoesnotinventtheworld,heusesit:Thereare,preparedforhim,actionswithoutadventure,withoutwonder,withoutjoy.Heisturnedintoalittlestay-at-homehouseholderwhodoesnotevenhavetoinventthemainspringsofadultcausality;theyaresuppliedtohimready-made:Hehasonlytohelphimself,heisneverallowedtodiscoveranythingfromstarttofinish.Themerestsetofblocks,provideditisnottoorefined,impliesaverydifferentlearningoftheworld:Then,thechilddoesnotinanywaycreatemeaningfulobjects,itmatterslittletohimwhethertheyhaveanadultname;theactionsheperformsarenotthoseofauserhutthoseofademiurge.Hecreatesformswhichwalk,whichroll,hecreateslife,notproperty:Objectsno,actbythemselves,theyarenolongeraninertandcomplicatedmaterialinthepalmofhishand.Butsuchtoysareratherrare:Frenchtoysareusuallybasedonimitation,theyaremeanttoproducechildrenwhoareusers,notcreators.Thebourgeoisstatusoftoyscanberecognizednotonlyintheirforms,whichareallfunctional,butalsointheirsubstances.Currenttoysaremadeofagracelessmaterial,theproductofchemistry,notofnature.Manyarenowmoldedfromcomplicatedmixtures;theplasticmaterialofwhichtheyaremadehasanappearanceatoncegrossandhygienic,itdestroysallthepleasure,thesweetness,thehumanityoftouch.Asignwhichfillsonewithconsternationisthegradualdisappearanceofwood,inspiteofitsbeinganidealmaterialbecauseofitsfirmnessanditssoftness,andthenaturalwarmthofitstouch.Woodremoves,fromalltheformswhichitsupports,the

woundingqualityofangleswhicharetoosharp,thechemicalcoldnessofmetal.Whenthechildhandlesitandknocksit,itneithervibratesnorgrates,ithasasoundatoncemuffledandsharp.Itisafamiliarandpoeticsubstance,whichdoesnotseverthechildfromclosecontactwiththetree,thetable,thefloor.Wooddoesnotwoundorbreakdown;itdoesnotshatter,itwearsout,itcanlastalongtime,livewiththechild,alterlittlebylittletherelationsbetweentheobjectandthehand.Ifitdies,itisindwindling,notinswellingoutlikethosemechanicaltoyswhichdisappearbehindtheherniaofabrokenspring.Woodmakesessentialobjects,objectsforalltime.YettherehardlyremainanyofthesewoodentoysfromtheYosges,thesefretworkfarmswiththeiranimals,whichwereonlypossible,itistrue,inthedaysofthecraftsman.Henceforth,toysarechemicalinsubstanceandcolor;theirverymaterialintroducesonetoacoenaesthesisofuse,notpleasure.Thesetoysdieinfactveryquickly,andoncedead,theyhavenoposthumouslifeforthechild.Choosethemostappropriatefromthefourchoicestocompletethesentence.6．Inthispassage,theauthoranalyzesFrenchtoysforcluesthatreveal_____.A.howtoyspreventchildrenfromgettingaccesstosocialrealityandbeingeducatedinearlierwaysoflifeB.toysasbarriersbetweentherealculturalandideologicalfunctionsoftoysandtheirfunctionsofreplicatingnatureC.howFrenchtoysinsubstance,form,andmaterialreconfirmsFrenchvaluesandwaysoflifeD.toysasideologicallyconstitutedsignsloadedwiththemythsortraditionsofmodemadultlife7．Thepassageisoverall_____.A.informalandironicB.criticalyetsympathetic

C.academicandphilosophicD.observantandsatiric8．By“Itisnotsomuch,infact,theimitationwhichisthesignofanabdication,asitsliteralness”inparagraph2,theauthormeanstosaythatthe_____ofFrenchtoysisthesignofanabdication.A.literarinessB.precisionC.verbatimD.verisimilitude9．Theauthorofthepassagebelievesthatmore_____toysarelesslikelytocarrytheideologicalsignsofthecultureandthusallowformorefreedomandcreativityonthepartofthechild.A.primitiveB.sophisticatedC.abstractD.elaborate【答案与解析】6．D第二段第二句提到“…andthissomethingisalwaysentirelysocialized,constitutedbythemythsorthetechniquesofmodernadultlife。”法国的玩具总蕴含着一些神话故事或现代成人生活中的一些技巧性知识。所以选项D正确。7．B第三段第一句提到，法国玩具总是象征着成人世界的一些东西，这就免不了让孩子们被迫接受一些东西。据此可看出，作者对法国玩具是怀有批评态度的。

8．C这句话是说，“实际上，模仿并不是失败的迹象，真正的失败在于完全的照搬。C项“verbatim”意思是“逐字翻译”，“照搬”，与原文“literalness”同义。9．C作者在第二段提到法国的玩具总把一些神话故事或现代成人生活中的一些技巧性知识直接传授给孩子，给孩子很少的想象与创新空间。所以可见，作者认为玩具越抽象，就越含有更少的文化意识，就越能给孩子更多的想象和创新空间。Answerthequestionaccordingtothepassage.10．Accordingtothepassage,inwhatwaysareFrenchtoysproblematic?Answerthequestionin4or5sentences.【答案】Frenchtoysliterallyprefiguretheworldofadultfunctionsobviouslycannotbutpreparethechildtoacceptthemall.Facedwiththisworldoffaithfulandcomplicatedobjects,thechildcanonlyidentifyhimselfasowner,asuser,neverascreator;hedoesnotinventtheworld,heusesit.ThechilddoesnotinanywaycreatemeaningfulobjectsPassageCAmericanethnocentricity,whilemanifestingeneralattitudestowardothersis,ofcourse,temperedsomewhatbytheveryheterogeneityofthepopulationthatwehavebeenexamining.Thus,whiletherearethebroadstandard—expre