高考英语复习阅读理解-主旨大意题(generalization)讲义

高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题(generalization)什么是generalization？（选择题）：1.Choosethemost

generalword:A.chemist

B.physicist

C.scientist

D.biologist

2.Choose

themostgeneralsentence:A.Thehoteloffersplimentarycoffeefrom7to10a.m.daily.B.TherearemanyreasonswhyguestsfeelathomeattheGloriettaBayInn.C.Thecoinoperatedlaundryroomhasanironingboard.D.ThereareanumberofextraservicesattheGloriettaBayInnincludingbabysitting.

答案：CB

什么是主旨大意？最核心，最具概括力的信息。

考纲解读：主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。凡是问文章标题（thebesttitle）、大意（themainidea）和写作意图（thepurpose,theaim）的题目都属于此类。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。

一．

主旨大意题命题形式大致可以概括为三类：选择段落或文章的主题思想、标题和写作目的。大意类常见的主题型题干：Thispassage

chiefly

dealswith____________.Whatis

mainlydiscussed

inthetext/paragraph？Whatisthe

mainidea

ofthepassage？4）Whatis

thekeypoint

ofthepassage?

2．标题类常见的标题型题干：The

besttitle/headline

forthispassagemightbe_____________.2)Thetext(passage)could

beentitled

______________.

3．目的主旨大意题Theauthor’s

mainpurpose

inwritingthepassageis______________.Thepassage

ismeantto

______________.The

intention

ofthewriter

is

to______________.4)The

theme

ofthepassageisto_____________.

4.

文章出处题1)Whereisthepassageprobably

from?2)Whatisthe

source

ofthearticle?(来源）

二．主旨大意题的错误选项有以下特点：1．以偏盖全。只是局部信息或者是一句没有展开论述的话。以个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。2．过于笼统。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。或与细节脱节，没有对该篇阅读材料的中心细节点提及。3．张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。

4.把读者观点或者大众观点强加于作者。读者往往根据自己的常识或者普遍性思维的观点对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。5．无中生有或似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。

三．解题技巧1.

根据转折连词或部分标志性词句来总结文章主题。一般而言，作者常常借用转折连词来引出文章或段落的主旨大意，如but，yet，however。需要注意的是转折连词后面的内容往往是作者真实的写作目的或基本观点，而这又常常是文章中心主旨的关键所在。还要格外注意部分标志性词句，如：onthewhole,asaresult,inshort,therefore,thus,

Iagreewiththeopinionthat….;Givenallthesepointsabove,Iwouldsupporttheideathat….;Forallthereasonsmentionedabove,Iwouldprefer…

2.

“主题句定位法”也是一种行之有效的方法。文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：①

倒三角形写作法：（▽）即中心主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式。

②

正三角形写作法：（△）即主题句出现在文尾。在表述细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式。③

圆形写作法：（○）即首尾呼应的写作方法。突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。

④

菱形写作法：（

）即主题句出现在文章的中间，通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。

⑤

正方形写作法：（□）即中心主题句隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。在这种情况下，我们的注意力主要放在两个方面：1.

文章的主要内容；2.

选项之间的区别。也就是说能涵盖文章的全部或主要内容的选项才是正确答案。

演绎法：（▽）（A）Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti(意大利面),eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfastfoods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaoftheparagraph?______

A.Somepeoplelikesteakandothersredmeat.

B.Vegetablesareveryhealthyforyou.

C.Howfoodispreparedhasalottodowithhowwellapersonmaylikeit.

D.Differentpeoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.

归纳法：（△）

（B）(全国E篇)Mostpeoplewanttoknowhowthingsaremade.Theyhonestlyadmit,however,thattheyhardlyknowathingwhenitestounderstandinghowapieceofmusicismade.Whereaposer(作曲家)begins,howhemanagestokeepgoinginfact,howandwherehelearnshistradeallarecoveredinpletedarkness.Theposer,inshort,isamanofmystery(神秘).Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

______poser:amanofmystery

B.PracticemakesgoodmusicC.Relationbetweensleepingandmusic

D.Music:productofnature

首尾呼应法：（○）（C）Lacrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.

Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalis…

TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.

AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.

Thepassageismainlyabout

_______.

A.HowtoPlayLacrosse

B.LacrosseinCanada

C.TheHistoryofLacrosse

D.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada

重点段法：（

）(D)Fatonhumanbeingsisdistributed(分布)

indifferentways.Somefatpeoplehavealargestomachandnowaistline—whichmakesthemlookround,ratherlikeapples.Othersarefatterbelowthewaist,whichmakesthemappearpearshaped.

Therearetwotypesoffat:externalfat(fatundertheskin)andinternalfat(fatinsidethebodywall).Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherelationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefoundthatthe‘pears’havelessinternalfat,butthe‘apples’havemoreinternalfatthanexternalfat.Thisseemstobewhatcausesthehealthproblems.

Thebesttreatmentforfatnessistoreducetheinternalfat.Butunfortunatelyitseemsthatdieting(节食)simplymakesanappleshapedpersonintoasmallerappleandapearshapedpersonintoasmallerpear.Atthemomentthereisnoknownwayofreducingtheinternalratherthanexternalfat.

4.Thetextismainlyabout______.

A.fatnessandhealth

B.waystoloseweigh

C.people’sfigures

D.distributionoffat

正方形写作法：（□）

（E）JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleave

before

hisgraduation.Hetransferred(转学到)

totheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears,movedtoanotheruniversity.

B.TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.

C.TomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity.

D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation.

补充：假定标题写作法；这是一种逆向思维的方法。这种方法就是先设定某一个选项为正确的文章标题，那么，按照这个标题文章通常应该怎么写、写什么呢？根据标题里的核心词，我们可以在头脑里大致确定一下文章的结构和内容，如果二者与阅读短文基本相同，就可以判断该项正确；如果与短文大相径庭，就可以判断该项不对。使用这种方法的关键是找出标题中的核心词。Passage

7

(浙江英语卷E篇)FourpeopleinEngland,backin1953,staredatphoto51.Itwasn’tmuch–apictureshowingablackX.ButthreeofthesepeoplewontheNobelPrizeforfiguringoutwhatthephotoreallyshowed—theshapeofDNA.ThediscoverybroughtfameandfortunetoscientistsJamesWatson,Franciscrick,andMauriceWilkins.Thefourth,theonewhoactuallymadethepicture,wasleftout.HernamewasRosalindFranklin.“Sheshouldhavebeenupthere,”sayshistorianMaryBowden.”ifherphotohadn’tbeenthere,theotherscouldn’thaveeupwiththestructure.”onereasonFranklinwasmissingwasthatshehaddiedofcancerfouryearsbeforetheNobeldecision.ButnowscholardoubtthatFranklinwasnotonlyrobbedofherlifebydiseasebutrobbedofcreditbyherpetitors..……AsFranklin’spetitors,Wilkins,WatsonandCrickhadmuchtogainbycuttingheroutofthelittlegroupofresearchers,sayshistorianPninaAbirAm.In1962attheNobelPrizeawardingceremony,Wilkinsthanked13colleaguesbynamebeforehementionedFranklin.Watsonwrotehisbooklaughingather.Crickwrotein1974that“Franklinswasonlytwostepsawayfromthesolution.”“

No,Franklinwasthesolution.

ShecontributedmorethananyotherplayertosolvingthestructureofDNA.Shemustbeconsideredacodiscoverer,”AbirAmsays.ThiswasbackedupbyAaronKlug,whoworkedwithFranklinandlaterwonaNobelPrizehimself.Oncedescribedasthe“DarkLadyofDNA”,Franklinisfinallyingintothelight.5.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?ThedisagreementsamongDNAresearchers.

TheunfairtreatmentofFranklin.TheprocessofdiscoveringDNA.

DTheracebetweentwoteamsofscientists.

答案：DADADB

四．巩固练习：（F）OntheInternet,wecanreadnewsathomeandabroadandgetasmuchinformationaswecan.WeoftensendemailsormaketelephonecallstoourfamiliesaswellastoourfriendsbyInternet.What’smore,wecangotoschoolonthenet,readalotofbooksandeventeachourselvesforeignlanguages.Wealsoenjoymusic,watchballmatchesonthenetandplayputergames.Withthehelpofthenet,wecandoshoppingevenwithoutleavingourhomes.TheInternetisplayingamoreandmoreimportantpartinourdailylife.What’sthemainideaofthepassage？________

A.KeepawayfromtheInternet.

Surfthenet.

C.TheInternetisplayinganimportantpartinourdailylife.

D.WecanentertainourselvesontheInternet.

（G）（NMET）Aspricesandbuildingcostskeeprising,

the"doityourself"(DIY)

trend（趋势）intheU.S.continuestogrow.

"Weneededfurniture

forourlivingroom,"

saysJohnRoss,

“andwejustdidn'thaveenoughmoneytobuyit.

Sowedecidedtotrymakingafewtablesandchairs."

Johngotmarriedsixmonthsago,

andlikemanyyoungpeoplethesedays,

theyarestrugglingtomakeahomeatatimewhenthecostoflivingisveryhigh.

TheRossestooka2weekcoursefor$280atanightschool.

Nowtheybuildalltheirfurnitureandmakerepairsaroundthehouse.

JimHatfieldhasthreeboysandhiswifedied.

He

hasafulltimejobathomeaswellasinashoemakingfactory.

Lastmonth,

hereceivedacarrepairbillfor$420.

“Iwasdeeplyupsetaboutit.

NowI'vefinishedacarrepaircourse,Ishouldbeabletofixthecarbymyself."

JohnandJimarenotunusualpeople.

Mostfamiliesinthecountryaredoingeverythingtheycantosavemoneysothey

canfightthehighcostofliving.

Ifyouwanttobeea"doityourself",

youcangotoDIYclasses.

Andforthosewhodon'thavetimetotakeacourse,

therearebooksthattellyouhowyoucandothingsyourself.

Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

theJoyofDIY

B.

YouCanDoItToo!

C.

WeletoOurDIYCourse!

D.

RossandHatfield:BelieversinDIY.

(H)Coffeeisauniversalbeverage(饮料)

thatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.InLondon,forexample,someEnglishmendipmustard(芥末)

intotheircoffee,whileinDenver,a

personmightaddadashofketchup(番茄酱).Stripsoforangeandlemon

peel,cloves(丁香)

andcinnamon(肉桂)

sticksarenotunusualadditionstothebrew(饮料)

inEurope.AnAsiandelightconsistsofcoffeebrewedinboilingsugar.perhapstherichestcupofcoffeecanbeenjoyedinIrelandwherewhiskeyandwhipped(生的)

creamareimportantingredients.InAustraliaawaitresswillask,"Doyouwantblackorwhite?"Blackisplainblackcoffee,butwhiteishalfcoffeeandhalfwarmmilk.IfanAustralianordersicedcoffee,hewillbeservedacupofsteamingcoffeewithascoopoficecream.ItsoundsliketheAustralianversionofa"snowballinhell."

8.Theparagraphcouldbeentitled______.

A.SomeLikeItHot.

B.CoffeeAroundtheWorld.

C.OrientalDelights.

D.ASnowballinHell.

(I)(广东高考题)In1901,H.G.Wells,anEnglishwriter,wroteabookdescribingatriptothemoon.Whentheexplorerslandedonthemoon,theydiscoveredthatthemoonwasfullofundergroundcities.Theyexpressedtheirsurprisetothe“moonpeople”theymet.Inturn,the“moonpeople”expressedtheirsurprise.“Why,”theyasked,“areyoutravelingtoouterspacewhenyoudon’tevenuseyourinnerspace?”

H.G.Wellscouldonlyimaginetraveltothemoon.In1969,humanbeingsreallydidlandonthemoon.Peopletodayknowthattherearenoundergroundcitiesonthemoon.However,thequestionthatthe“moonpeople”askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.

Undergroundsystemsarealreadyinplace.Manycitieshaveundergroundcarparks.Insomecities,suchasTokyo,SeoulandMontreal,therearelargeundergroundshoppingareas.The“Chunnel”,atunnel(隧道)connectingEnglandandFrance,isnowplete.

Butwhataboutundergroundcities?Japan’sTaiseiCorporationisdesigninganetworkofundergroundsystem,called“AliceCities.”Thedesignersimagineusingsurfacespaceforpublicparksandusingundergroundspaceforflats,offices,shopping,andsoon.Asolardome(太阳能穹顶)wouldcoverthewholecity.

Supportersofundergrounddevelopmentsaythatbuildingdownratherthanbuildingupisagoodwaytousetheearth’sspace.Thesurface,theysay,canbeusedf