储能技术概述 挑战和新兴实践

OverviewofEnergyStorageTechnology,Challenges,

and

Emerging

PracticesNovember

6,20191JEREMY

TWITCHELLPacific

Northwest

National

LaboratoryMaine

Energy

Storage

Commission

WorkshopAcknowledgmentNovember

6,20192The

work

described

in

this

presentation

is

made

possible

through

the

funding

provided

by

theU.S.

Department

of

Energy’s

Office

of

Electricity,

through

the

Energy

Storage

Program

under

thedirection

of

Dr.

Imre

Gyuk.Additional

thanks

to

VinceSprenkle

and

Patrick

Balducci

of

PNNL

and

Ray

Byrne

and

Dan

BorneoofSandia

National

Laboratories

for

their

roles

in

developing

this

presentation.AgendaNovember

6,20193Energy

Storage

Program

OverviewTechnology

and

TrendsChallenges

to

Energy

Storage

in

Resource

PlanningEmerging

Planning

Practices

for

Energy

StorageOverview

of

State-Level

Policies

on

Energy

StorageEnergy

Storage

Program

OverviewThe

Department

of

Energy’s

Grid

Energy

Storage

report

(2013)

identified

a

four-prongedstrategy

to

facilitate

energy

storage

deployment:Cost-competitive

energy

storage

technologydevelopment;Validated

reliability

and

safety;Equitable

regulatory

environment;

andIndustry

acceptanceNovember

6,20194Energy

Storage

Program

EngagementsNovember

6,20195Energy

Storage

Technologies

and

TrendsNovember

6,20196Current

Installed

Capacity

–

U.S.Pumped

Hydro24.5GWBattery0.7

GWThermal0.7

GWCompressedAir0.1

GWTotal26

GWLithium-Ion631

MWLead

Acid52

MWNickel27

MWSodium26

MWFlow5

MWUltracapacitor2

MWPumpedHydro(94.2%)Thermal(2.5%)Battery

(2.9%)Compressed

Air(0.4%)Total

Energy

Storage

CapacityTotal

Battery

CapacityLithium-Ion(84.9%)Nickel

(3.6%)Sodium(3.4%)Flow

(0.7%)Ultracapacitor

(0.3%)Lead

Acid(7%)Source:

DOE

Global

Energy

Storage

Database,/.November

6,20197Pumped

Storage

-

OverviewU.S.

Department

of

Energy

WaterPowerTechnologies

Office,/eere/water/pumped-storage-hydropower.AdvantagesVery

long

duration(hours/days)Very

high

capacity

(GW

scale)ChallengesHigh

capital

costsPermitting

requirementsGeographic

requirementsKey

applicationsArbitrageLong-duration

storageTransmissionNovember

6,20198Pumped

Storage

–

A

Modular

ApproachShell

Energy

North

America

(SENA)

“hydro

battery”

–5

MW

(9

MW

pumping

capacity)

/

30MWhFour

operating

modesGenerating

modePumpingmode

Spin

reserve

modeStandbyCan

be

configured

as

closed-loop

or

open-loopUpper

reservoir:

A

lined

corrugated

steel

tank

with

a26.5

acre-foot

(AF)

operating

volumeLower

reservoir:

A

flexible

sealed

membrane

floating

inan

existing

body

of

waterPenstock:

A

single

36

inch

carbon

steel

pipe,

which

willdeliver

water

between

the

reservoirsGeneration

and

pumping

efficiencies

estimated

at

84.49%and

79.55%,

respectivelyRound

trip

efficiency

estimated

at

67.21%SENA

Hydro

Battery

RenderingNovember

6,20199Batteries

–

Basic

TerminologyElectrochemicalCell:Cathode(+),

Anode

(-),

andElectrolyte(ion

conductingintermediate)Energy

(kWh)

=

Voltage

(V)

difference

between

anodeandcathode

multipliedby

amountof

ion

the

electrodes

are

ableto

store

-

givenas

Ah

ofcapacityEnergy

Density

(Wh/kg

or

Wh/L):

used

to

measure

theenergy

density

of

battery.$/kWh

=

capital

cost

of

the

energycontent

of

storage

device.November

6,201910Battery

Technologies:

Lithium-ionAdvantagesHigh

energy

densityModeratecycle

lifeDecreasing

costs

–

Stationary

applications

benefitfromEVdemandMultiplevendorsFastresponseHigh

round-trip

efficiency

(80%

range)ChallengesRelianceon

rare-earthmineralsSafetyPerformance/useful

life

dependent

on

usageKey

applicationsShort

duration,

high

power

(frequencyresponse,spinning

reserves,

peak

shaving)SCE

Tehachapi

plant,

8MW

-

32MWh.SCE/Tesla20MW-80MWh

Mira

Loma

Battery

FacilityNovember

6,201911Battery

Technologies:

Lead

AcidEastPenn

Ultra

Battery:90%

capacity

at

20,000

cyclesNovember

6,201912AdvantagesLow

cost/multiple

providersSignificant

experience

withthe

technologyChallengesLimited

life

(500

–

1,000

cycles)Rapid

degradation

at

deep

dischargeLow

energy

densityLimited

flexibility

–

overcharging/prolonged

storage

canruinthechemistryRecent

advances

are

addressing

many

of

thesechallengesKey

applicationsArbitrageLight-duty

applications

(car

battery,

emergency

backup)Battery

Technologies:

Sodium

MetalSodium

chemistries

invert

traditionalbattery

structure,

using

a

solidelectrolyteanda

semisolid

(molten)anodeAdvantagesLow-cost,

abundant

materialsGood

energy

densityLong

duration

(4-6

hours)ChallengesVery

high

operating

temperatures

(300

–

350

degrees

Celsius)Potential

for

thermalrunawayKey

applicationsArbitrageCapacityNovember

6,201913Battery

Technologies:

FlowAdvantagesLong

life,

deep

cyclingPower/energy

decouplingHigh

recyclabilitySafe

–

no

fire

risk,

weak

acidChallengesLimited

experienceComplicated

designLower

energy

densityLowerround-trip

efficiency

(60-70%)Key

ApplicationsAncillary

servicesPeak

shavingArbitrageBasic

flow

battery

schematic.

Vanadium-based

chemistries

aremost

common,

but

other

chemistries

(iron,

etc.)

also

exist.November

6,201914DOE’s

Battery

R&D

EffortsNovember

6,201915Conceptually,

DOE-sponsored

energy

storage

R&D

is

focused

on

developing

technologiesthat

rely

on

earth-abundant

materials

to

reduce

costs

and

environmental

impactsFlow

batteries:

organic

chemistriesOrganic

compounds

have

been

proven

in

concept,

but

have

poor

energy

density

and

limited

cycle

lifeSodium

batteries:

reduced

operating

temperature;

solid-state

technologiesRecent

breakthroughs

have

lowered

operating

temperature

from

300°C

to

110°C,

but

with

limitedcycle

lifeSolid-state

batteries

don’t

rely

on

molten

sodium,

but

have

very

low

energy

density

and

very

limitedcycle

lifeMetal-air

batteries:

improving

rechargeabilityVery

early

stage

research;

limited

rechargeability

(~5%)

and

limited

cycle

life

(~200

cycles)Abundant

and

semi-abundant

materials

(zinc,

lithium);

significantly

reduced

flammabilityInstallation

TrendsNovember

6,201916Source:

Wood

Mackenzie

Power&

Renewables,

U.S.

Energy

Storage

Monitor

Q4

2018Elements

of

Battery

Energy

StorageNOTE:

All–in

cost

may

be

4x

higher

than

cell

cost.CellStorage

deviceBatteryManagement

&Protection

(BMS)Racking$/KWhEfficiencyCycle

lifeBalance

of

PlantHousingWiringClimatecontrolFire

protectionPermits$Power

ControlSystem(PCS)Bi-directionalInverterSwitchgearTransformerInterconnection$/KWEnergy

management

System(EMS)Charge

/

DischargeLoad

ManagementRamp

rate

controlGrid

StabilityMonitoring$DER

controlSynchronizationIslandingMicrogrid$Site

ManagementSystem

(SMS)November

6,201917Lithium-Ion

Price

TrendsNovember

6,201918When

comparing

prices

for

differentsystems,

ensure

that

it

is

done

onequal

terms

(cell,

pack,installed)As

cell

and

pack

pricesfall,

balanceof

plant

constitutes

anincreasingshareof

total

system

costsBalance

of

plantcostsvarysignificantly

by

site;

installed

costmay

be

4x

or

more

the

cell+

packcostCurrent

Cost

Estimates

-

BatteriesBreak

down

storage

into

comparableperformance

attributes:Round-trip

efficiency

(RTE)LifespanNumber

of

cyclesDegradation

ratePoint

of

interconnectionResponse

timeEnergy

to

Power

ratio

(E/P)Balducci

et

al,

Energy

Storage

Technology

and

CostCharacterization

Report./pdf/PNNL-28866.pdf.November

6,201919Current

Cost

Estimates

–

Pumped

HydroNovember

6,201920Attributes

are

not

equivalent

to

selectionand

do

notprovide

thecomplete

context:ScaleCosts

vs.

riskSpeed

of

response

or

duration

ofresponseCommissioning

timeframeChallenges

to

Energy

Storage

in

Resource

PlanningNovember

6,201921The

Planning

ProcessResource

planning

is

an

incrediblycomplex

exerciseLoad

and

generation

must

be

kept

in

constant

balanceDozens

of

generators,

market

interfaces,

fuel

costs,

changing

load

patterns

(DG,

EVs,

etc.)For

each

interval,

solving

the

load/generation

equation

requires

consideration

of

many

complexvariablesA

15-year

plan

looking

at

hourly

intervals

must

solve

for

131,400

data

pointsAs

a

result,

resourceplans

make

a

number

of

simplifying

planning

assumptionsHourly

planning

resolutionSubstitution

of

robust

reserve

margins

for

ancillary

servicesFocus

on

generation

only

(no

distribution

planning,

limited

transmission

planning)November

6,201922Taxonomy

of

Energy

Storage

ServicesNovember

6,201923Properly

valuingenergystorage

is

a

complicatedprocess

of

identifying

andoptimizing

all

valuestreamsStorage

can

do

a

lot

ofthings,

but

it

can’t

dothemall

at

once,

and

any

time

aservice

isselected,

itcomes

with

opportunitycostsEnergy

Storage

Values

and

the

Planning

ProcessCapturedintraditionalplanningmodels?YNNNNovember

6,201924Report:

Energy

Storage

in

IRPsA

recent

PNNL

report

examined

how

21

U.S.

utilities

are

treating

energy

storage

in

integratedresource

planning.High

level

findings:15

of

the

21

IRPs

included

battery

storage

in

their

process.

Of

those:Eight

plans

did

not

select

batterystorageFive

plans

selected

batteries

in

their

preferred

portfolioTwo

plans

selected

batteries

in

an

alternate

portfolio10

of

the

21

IRPs

included

pumped

hydro

storage

in

their

process.

Of

those:Seven

plans

did

not

select

pumped

hydroTwo

plans

selected

pumped

hydroin

the

preferred

portfolio

(both

expansions

of

existing

facilities)One

plan

selected

pumped

hydro

in

an

alternateportfolioNovember

6,201925Finding:

Utilities

Relatively

Uncertain

About

Battery

CostsNovember

6,201926CombustionTurbinePumpedStorageLi-IonFlowCost

assumptions

for

technologically

mature

resources

such

as

combustion

turbines

and

pumpedstorage

tended

to

cover

a

smaller

range

than

assumptions

for

less

mature

resources,

suchaslithium-ion

and

flow

batteries:Resource

Cost

Assumptions,

2017

$

per

kW$5,000$4,000$3,000$2,000$1,000$0Finding:

More

Services

Lead

to

More

SelectionsNovember

6,201927As

utilities

account

for

more

services

provided

by

energy

storage,

the

likelihood

of

storage

beingselected

in

the

preferred

portfolio

increases:Percentage

of

Utilities

Including

Battery

Storage

in

the

Preferred

Portfolio,

byNumber

of

Services

Modeled14

70%Percentage

ofUtilitiesIncluding

BatteryStoragein

the

PreferredPortfolio(Line)Number

ofUtilities(Bars)12

60%10

50%8

40%6

30%4

20%2

10%0

0%0-2

Services

3-4

Services

6-8

ServicesNumber

of

Storage

Services

Included

in

the

ModelEmerging

Planning

ModelsNovember

6,201928Net

Cost

ApproachAn

IRP

model

compares

resources

in

termsof

capital

cost

and

hourly

valueFor

storage,

that’s

anapples-to-orangescomparisonNet

cost

uses

an

external

model

tocapturenon-IRP

values

of

storageDeducting

those

operational

values

frommodeled

storage

cost

apples-to-applesPortland

General

Electric

2016

IRP,

p.

239November

6,201929Net

Cost

Approach

–

Available

ModelsBattery

Storage

Evaluation

Tool

(PNNL)Free,

non-exclusively

licensed

softwareConducts

sub-hourly

storage

system

optimizationusing

user-input

service

valuesCan

be

used

to

optimally

size

and

site

storage

projectsNovember

6,201930EPRIStorageVET

(Electric

Power

Research

Institute)Free,

open

sourcesoftwareWeb-based

interfaceFlexible

granularityand

time

horizonsCan

directly

compare

storage

to

other

resource

options(i.e.combustion

turbine)Sub-Hourly

Planning

ModelsAt

hourly

granularity,

many

flexible

and

ancillary

services

are

omittedFrequency

response

is

one

of

most

universally

valuable

services,but

it’s

measured

insecondsUnder

high

DG

penetration,

load

following

may

be

measured

in

minutes

as

solar

comes

on

and

off

withpassing

cloudsMarket

operations

moving

toward

sub-hourlytransactionsFERC

Order

825

requires

regionalmarketoperators

to

clear

markets

at

the

same

interval

atwhich

they

are

dispatchedRegional

markets

moving

to

5-

and

15-markets

atvarying

pacesCAISO’s

Energy

Imbalance

Market

offers

granularmarket

participation

tonon-market

utilitiesGranular

system

design/optimization

of

resourcesincreasingly

necessary

to

maximize

revenueNovember

6,201931CAISOSub-Hourly

Planning

Models:

Puget

Sound

EnergyusageDeploying

a

new

resource

planning

model

is

a

expensive

and

time-consuming

processPlanning

software

is

expensiveUtilities

spend

years

training

staff

on

modelPuget

Sound

Energy

developed

a

gradualtransition

for

its

2017

IRPTraditional

(hourly)

planning

tools

used

toidentify

model

inputs

andportfolioselectionOnce

resource

portfolio

was

selected,PSE

used

PLEXOS

to

compareit

to

aportfolio

with

storage

at

5-min

granularityResult:

50

MW

of

storage

by

2035became75

MW

by2024Puget

Sound

Energy,

2017

IRP,

pg.

N-4.November

6,201932Integrated

Distribution

System

PlanningUnder

the

right

circumstances,

the

benefits

oftransmission

and

distribution

deferral

can

supportaprojecton

its

own.

But

system-level

IRP

tool

can’tidentify

those

constraints

and

those

opportunities.Punkin

Center

(APS)Orcas

Island

(Orcas

Island

Power

&

Light

in

WA)Brooklyn-Queens

Demand

Management

Project

(ConEd

in

NY)Additional

values

(volt/var

optimization,

resilience,outage

mitigation,

etc.)

also

best

measured

onlocationalbasisPotential

for

local

and

system

co-optimizationIf

local

and

system

peaks

align,

resource

may

provideT&D

deferral

and

capacity

benefitsWhen

resource

not

providing

local

benefits,

can

bedispatched

to

provide

system

benefitsIRP

may

identify

need

for

storage,

but

can’t

identifyoptimal

locationIntegrated

Distribution

Planning,

by

Paul

De

Martini,

ICF,

forMinnesota

PublicUtilities

Commission,

August

2016November

6,201933Overview

of

State-Level

Policies

on

Energy

StorageNovember

6,201934Recent

Energy

Storage

Policy

ActivityAs

energy

storage

costs

(orangeline)have

fallen

in

recent

years,

the

amountof

new

storage

on

the

grid

hasrapidlyincreased

(blue

wedge),

and

state

policydevelopment

has

accelerated

anddifferentiated.The

article

explores

the

different

types

ofpolices

that

states

are

adopting,thedrivers

for

different

approaches,

andearlyeffects.Report

available

at/article/10.1007/s4

0518-019-00128-1.November

6,201935Energy

Storage

Policy

DatabaseIn

recent

years,

several

states

have

begun

to

identify

and

address

barriers

to

energy

storage.PNNL

tracks

these

policies

in

an

interactive

database

availableat/regulatoryactivities.asp:The

policy

database

tracks

five

typesofstate-level

energy

storage

policies,

whichwere

also

explored

in

a

recent

journal

article:Procurement

targetsRegulatory

adaptationDemonstration

programsFinancialincentivesConsumer

protectionNovember

6,201936Procurement

TargetsNovember

6,201937Generally

adopted

where

a

state

identifies

specific

issues

that

energy

storage

is

expectedto

address,

and

current

practices

that

may

prevent

storage

from

adoption

in

the

normalcourse

of

business.

Currently

adopted

in

seven

states:California:

1,325

MW

by

2020;

500

MW

(distribution-connected)

by2020Oregon:

10

MWh

by

2020Massachusetts:

200

MW

by

2020;

1,000

MWh

by

2025New

Jersey:600

MW

by

2021;

2,000

MW

by

2030New

York:

1,500

MW

by

2025;

3,000

MW

by2030Nevada:

PendingColorado:

PendingRegulatory

AdaptationNovember

6,201938Several

states

have

adapted

regulations

to

account

for

the

unique

capabilities

of

energystorage

and

other

flexible,

scalable

technologies:California:

CPUC

adopts

11rules

covering

energy

storage

in

planningWashington:

WUTC

issues

policy

statement

guiding

storage

modeling

in

IRPsHawaii:

HPUC

changes

to

interconnection

requirements

encourage

storage;

streamlined

proceedings

for

review

of

flexible

resource

investmentsNew

Mexico:

NMPRCamends

IRP

rule

to

require

storage

analysisVirginia:

Legislature

requires

distributed

energy

integration

reportMaine:

Legislature

creates

nonwires

alternative

coordinator

to

make

recommendations

for

non-wire

investments

in

transmission

and

distribution

systemsTarget

legislation

in

OR,

MA,

NJ

also

requires

PUC

to

develop

processes

for

evaluating,

sitingstorageDemonstration

ProjectsNovember

6,201939Demonstration

programs

are

state-directed

initiatives

in

which

the

state

authorizes,

andoften

assists

in

funding,

energy

storage

projects

intended

to

assist

utilities

in

gainingoperational

understanding

of

energy

storage:Massachusetts:

ACES

program

provides

$20

million

to

26

projectsNew

York:

REV

initiative

includes

an

open

call

for

demonstration

project

proposals;

fourprojects

developedWashington:

CEF

provides

$14.3

million

for

five

demonstration

projectsVirginia:

Legislation

a