话题拓展07.植树造林与森林保护

07.植树造林与森林保护一、阅读理解1Recently,Chinahasannouncedthelistofthefirstfivenationalparks.Eachofthemisdividedintotwoparts—thecoreprotectionareaandthegeneralcontrolarea.Inthecoreprotectionarea,onlyresearchandsurveillance(监视)inscienceareallowed.Andthegeneralcontrolareaisopentothepublic,allowingtravelactivitiessuchascampingandhiking.Inthefuture,nationalparksareexpectedtobenaturalclassrooms.Peoplecanlearnaboutdifferentkindsofanimalsandplantsthroughecofriendlytravelactivities.ThreeRiverSourceNationalParkontheQinghaiTibetPlateauisthelargestnationalparkinChina.BecauseitishometothesourcesoftheYangtze,YellowandLancangrivers,peoplecallit“China’swatertower”.NortheastChinaTigerandLeopardNationalParkisinHeilongjiangandJilinProvinces.Itcoversanareaof14,100squarekilometers.Itisourcountry’sbiggestandonlyplaceforwildSiberiantigersandAmurleopardstolivein.WuyiMountainNationalParkinFujianProvinceisaUNESCOnaturalandculturalheritagesite.Theforestmakesupover96percentofthepark.Theparkistheparadiseofbirds,kingdomofsnakesandworldofinsects.YoucanalsoseetheDanxialandformthere.GiantPandaNationalParkconnectspandahabitatsinSichuan,ShaanxiandGansuProvinces.Insidetheparkaremorethan1,600wildgiantpandas.Theymakeupover70percentofthepandasinChina.HainanTropicalRainforestNationalParkisthelargesttropicalforestinChina.Therearemorethan400kindsofplantsthatcanonlybefoundinHainan.1.Whichiscalled“China’swatertower”?A.ThreeRiverSourceNationalPark. B.NortheastChinaTigerandLeopardNationalPark.C.GiantPandaNationalPark. D.HainanTropicalRainforestNationalPark.2.Theunderlinedword“paradise”means________.A.aperfectplace B.ahappyfeelingC.agoodexample D.asweetsmile3.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?A.ThreeRiverSourceNationalParkisthelargestnationalparkinChina.B.NortheastChinaTigerandLeopardNationalParkcoversanareaof14,100squarekilometers.C.Therearemorethan1,600wildgiantpandasinGiantPandaNationalPark.D.Morethan400kindsofplantsandanimalscanonlybefoundinHainan.4.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Thebeautifulscenesofnature B.ThehomeofanimalsandplantsC.Theintroductiontothefivenationalparks D.Therelationshipsamongthefivenationalparks【答案】1.A2.A3.D4.C【解析】这是一篇说明文，本文主要介绍了中国公布的首批五个国家公园的情况。1.细节理解题。根据第二段“ThreeRiverSourceNationalParkontheQinghaiTibetPlateauisthelargestnationalparkinChina.BecauseitishometothesourcesoftheYangtze,YellowandLancangrivers,peoplecallit‘China’swatertower’.(位于青藏高原的三江源国家公园是中国最大的国家公园。因为它是长江、黄河和澜沧江的源头，人们称之为‘中国的水塔’)”可知，人们称三江源国家公园为“中国的水塔”。故选A。2.词义猜测题。根据划线词上文“Theforestmakesupover96percentofthepark.(森林占了公园面积的96%以上)”可知，森林占公园的96%以上，由此推知，划线词所在句意为“公园是鸟类的天堂，蛇的王国，昆虫的世界”，所以单词“paradise”指的是“天堂”，即“完美之地”，故选A。3.细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Therearemorethan400kindsofplantsthatcanonlybefoundinHainan.(这里有400多种只有海南才有的植物)”可知，海南热带雨林国家公园有400多种只有海南才有的植物，未提到动物。故选D。4.主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Recently,Chinahasannouncedthelistofthefirstfivenationalparks.(最近，中国公布了首批5个国家公园名单)”及整个文章的理解可知，文章主要是介绍五个国家公园的情况，故选C。2Eachyear,theworldlosesabout10millionhectaresofforest—anareaaboutthesizeofIceland—becauseofcuttingdowntrees.Atthatrate,somescientistspredicttheworld’sforestscoulddisappearin100to200years.Tohandleit,nowresearchersatMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havepioneeredatechniquetogeneratewoodlikeplantmaterialsinalab.Thismakesitpossibleto“grow”awoodenproductwithoutcuttingdowntrees.Inthelab,theresearchersfirsttakecellsfromtheleavesofayoungplant.Thesecellsareculturedinliquidmediumfortwodays,thenmovedtoanothermediumwhichcontainsnutrientsandtwodifferenthormones.Byadjustingthehormonelevels,theresearcherscantunethephysicalandmechanicalqualitiesofthecells.Next,theresearchersusea3Dprintertoshapethecellbasedmaterial,andlettheshapedmaterialgrowinthedarkforthreemonths.Finally,theresearchersdehydratethematerial,andthenevaluateitsqualities.Theyfoundthatlowerhormonelevelsleadtoplantmaterialswithmorerounded,opencellsoflowerdensity,whilehigherhormonelevelscontributetothegrowthofplantmaterialswithsmallerbutdensercellstructures.Lowerorhigherdensityofcellstructuresmakestheplantmaterialssofterormorerigid,helpingthematerialsgrowwithdifferentwoodlikecharacteristics.What’smore,it’stobenotedthattheresearchprocessisabout100timesfasterthanthetimeittakesforatreetogrowtomaturity!Researchofthiskindisgroundbreaking.“Thisworkdemonstratesthegreatpowerofatechnology,”saysleadresearcher,JeffreyBerenstain.“Therealopportunityhereistobeatitsbestwithwhatyouuseandhowyouuseit.Thistechnologycanbetunedtomeettherequirementsyougiveaboutshapes,sizes,rigidity,andforms.Itenablesusto‘grow’anywoodenproductinawaythattraditionalagriculturalmethodscan’tachieve.”5.WhydoresearchersatMITconducttheresearch?A.Togrowmoretrees. B.Toprotectplantdiversity.C.Toreducetreelosses. D.Topredictforestdisappearance.6.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytellusaboutthelabresearch?A.Itstheoreticalbasis. B.Itskeyprocedures.C.Itsscientificevidence. D.Itsusualdifficulties.7.Whatdoesthefindingsuggestabouttheplantmaterials?A.Thehormonelevelsaffecttheirrigidity.B.Theyarebetterthannaturallygrownplants.C.Theircells’shapesmainlyrelyontheirdensity.D.Theirgrowthspeeddeterminestheircharacteristics.8.WhyistheresearchgroundbreakingaccordingtoBerenstain?A.Itusesnewbiologicalmaterialsinlabexperiments.B.Itrevolutionizesthewaytomakewoodenproducts.C.Itchallengestraditionalscientifictheoriesinforestry.D.Ithasasignificantimpactonworldwideplantgrowth.【答案】5.C6.B7.A8.B【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了为了避免砍伐树木，麻省理工学院的研究人员开创了一种技术，在实验室里生产类似木材的植物材料。解释了其实验过程以及其积极意义。5.细节理解题。根据第一段“Eachyear,theworldlosesabout10millionhectaresofforest—anareaaboutthesizeofIceland—becauseofcuttingdowntrees.Atthatrate,somescientistspredicttheworld’sforestscoulddisappearin100to200years.Tohandleit,nowresearchersatMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havepioneeredatechniquetogeneratewoodlikeplantmaterialsinalab.(每年，由于砍伐树木，世界上损失了大约1000万公顷的森林——面积约为冰岛的大小。一些科学家预测，按照这个速度，世界上的森林可能会在100到200年内消失。为了解决这个问题，麻省理工学院的研究人员开创了一种技术，在实验室里生产类似木材的植物材料)”可知，麻省理工学院的研究人员进行这项研究是为了减少树木损失。故选C。6.主旨大意题。根据第二段“Inthelab,theresearchersfirsttakecellsfromtheleavesofayoungplant.Thesecellsareculturedinliquidmediumfortwodays,thenmovedtoanothermediumwhichcontainsnutrientsandtwodifferenthormones.Byadjustingthehormonelevels,theresearcherscantunethephysicalandmechanicalqualitiesofthecells.Next,theresearchersusea3Dprintertoshapethecellbasedmaterial,andlettheshapedmaterialgrowinthedarkforthreemonths.Finally,theresearchersdehydratethematerial,andthenevaluateitsqualities.(在实验室里，研究人员首先从幼小植物的叶子上提取细胞。这些细胞在液体培养基中培养两天，然后转移到另一种含有营养物质和两种不同激素的培养基中。通过调节激素水平，研究人员可以调节细胞的物理和机械特性。接下来，研究人员使用3D打印机来塑造细胞基材料，并让成型的材料在黑暗中生长三个月。最后，研究人员将材料脱水，然后评估其质量)”可知，第二段主要告诉我们关于实验室研究的关键程序。故选B。7.细节理解题。根据第三段“Theyfoundthatlowerhormonelevelsleadtoplantmaterialswithmorerounded,opencellsoflowerdensity,whilehigherhormonelevelscontributetothegrowthofplantmaterialswithsmallerbutdensercellstructures.Lowerorhigherdensityofcellstructuresmakestheplantmaterialssofterormorerigid,helpingthematerialsgrowwithdifferentwoodlikecharacteristics.(他们发现，较低的激素水平会导致植物材料的细胞更圆、更开放，密度更低，而较高的激素水平会导致植物材料的细胞结构更小，但密度更大。细胞结构的密度或高或低，使植物材料更柔软或更坚硬，帮助材料生长出不同的类木特性)”可知，激素水平影响植物材料的硬度。故选A。8.细节理解题。根据最后一段“Thistechnologycanbetunedtomeettherequirementsyougiveaboutshapes,sizes,rigidity,andforms.Itenablesusto‘grow’anywoodenproductinawaythattraditionalagriculturalmethodscan’tachieve.(该技术可以调整以满足对形状、大小、刚性和形式的要求。它使我们能够以传统农业方法无法实现的方式“种植”任何木制品)”可知，贝伦斯坦认为这项研究具有开创性因为它革新了制作木制品的方法。故选B。3It’sreportedthatabout20percentoftheAmazonrainforesthasdisappearedduringthepast50years.DeforestationisnotonlythreateningthemillionsofuniqueplantandanimalspeciesnativetotheAmazonRiverarea,it’saffectinghumansworldwide.WhenitestotheprotectionoftheAmazon,it’shardformanypeopletorelatebecausetheydon’tfeelconnectedtothearea.Thereareactuallyalotofdirectconnections,nomatterhowfarawayweare.Aconnectionthataffectseveryoneontheplanetisclimate(气候)change.PlantingnewtreesintheforestisbasicallyawayofremovingCO2fromtheair.Rainforestshaveacarbon(碳)reductionnearlyequaltohalfofwhatisintheair.AbouthalfofthatisintheAmazon.AnothercaseinpointisabigsnakecalledthebushmasterthatlivesintheAmazon.Today,millionsofpeopleusemedicinesmadefromitsvenom(毒液)totreathighbloodpressure.Sotheyhavelonger,fuller,andmoreproductivelives.Inthe1960s,therewasonlyonehighwayintheentireAmazon.That’sanareaaslargeasthecontinentalUnitedStateswithonehighwayandthreemillionpeople.Today,therearebetween30millionto40millionpeople,countlessroads,andabout20percentforestshavebeencutdown.Butontheplusside,50yearsagotherewereonlytwonationalparksandanationalforestandareserveinBrazil.Today,morethan50percentoftheAmazonisundersomeformofprotection.“There’sbeenalotofdamagedoneandforestlost,butnothingisgoneuntilit’sgone”,notedNationalGeographicexplorerDr.ThomasLovejoy.“Wewanttoseemoresharedplanningbetweenthedepartmentsoftransportation,energy,agriculture,andtheotherindustriesinthearea.WethinkAmazoncitiescanhavehigherqualityoflifeandkeeppeopleinexistingcitiessothere’slessreasontodeforest.”9.Whichcanreplacetheunderlinedword“Deforestation”inparagraph1?A.Plantingmoretrees. B.Destroyingtheforests.C.Protectingthespecies. D.Pollutingtherivers.10.WhatmightthepartiallossoftheAmazonrainforestleadto?A.Theincreaseofextremeweather. B.TheremovalofCO2.C.Morepeoplewithhighbloodpressure. D.Theovergrowthofthebushmaster.11.Howdoesparagraph3mainlydevelop?A.Bymakingparisons. B.Bylistingreasons.C.Byexplainingadefinition. D.Bymakingasummary.12.WhatisDr.Thomas’attitudetowardsthefutureoftheAmazonrainforest?A.Doubtful. B.Worried. C.Positive. D.Uncaring.【答案】9.B10.C11.A12.C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了亚马逊雨林的砍伐和保护问题。9.词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“It’sreportedthatabout20percentoftheAmazonrainforesthasdisappearedduringthepast50years.(据报道，在过去的50年里，大约20%的亚马逊雨林已经消失了)”可知，在过去的50年里，大约20%的亚马逊雨林已经消失了，说明亚马逊雨林的森林遭到了破坏。故划线词意思是“破坏森林”。故选B。10.细节理解题。根据第二段“AnothercaseinpointisabigsnakecalledthebushmasterthatlivesintheAmazon.Today,millionsofpeopleusemedicinesmadefromitsvenom(毒液)totreathighbloodpressure.Sotheyhavelonger,fuller,andmoreproductivelives.(另一个例子是生活在亚马逊的一种叫做巨蝮的大蛇。今天，数百万人使用由它的毒液制成的药物来治疗高血压。所以他们的生活更长、更充实、更有成效)”可知，亚马逊雨林的部分损失可能会导致更多人得高血压。故选C。11.推理判断题。根据第三段“Inthe1960s,therewasonlyonehighwayintheentireAmazon.That’sanareaaslargeasthecontinentalUnitedStateswithonehighwayandthreemillionpeople.Today,therearebetween30millionto40millionpeople,countlessroads,andabout20percentforestshavebeencutdown.Butontheplusside,50yearsagotherewereonlytwonationalparksandanationalforestandareserveinBrazil.Today,morethan50percentoftheAmazonisundersomeformofprotection.(20世纪60年代，整个亚马逊地区只有一条高速公路。这是一个和美国大陆一样大的地区，有一条高速公路和300万人口。今天，这里有3000万到4000万人口，无数的道路，大约20%的森林被砍伐。但好的一面是，50年前，巴西只有两个国家公园，一个国家森林和一个保护区。今天，超过50%的亚马逊雨林处于某种形式的保护之下)”可知，第3段主要是通过比较展开。故选A。12.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Wewanttoseemoresharedplanningbetweenthedepartmentsoftransportation,energy,agriculture,andtheotherindustriesinthearea.WethinkAmazoncitiescanhavehigherqualityoflifeandkeeppeopleinexistingcitiessothere’slessreasontodeforest.(我们希望看到交通、能源、农业和该地区其他行业部门之间有更多的共享规划。我们认为亚马逊城市可以拥有更高的生活质量，让人们留在现有的城市，这样就没有理由砍伐森林了)”可推知，托马斯博士对亚马逊雨林的未来持积极态度。故选C。4PacificCoastRangeStretchingalongthewestcoastofNorthAmericafromnorthernCaliforniatoAlaska,theforestsfoundalongthePacificCoastRangearethelargestareaoftemperate(温带的)rainforestintheworld.Theforestsarehometothecoastredwood,theworld’stallesttree.Acrosstheregion,theforestunderstory(林下叶层)iswetandheavilyvegetated.TaiheiyoEvergreenForestsFoundinsouthernJapan,theyaretemperaterainforestsofevergreenbroadleaftrees.Theforestscanreceivemorethan100inchesofraineveryyear.TheforestsarecoveredbyJapanesecedarandJapanesestoneoak,whilemosobambooprisetheunderstory.TheextentoftheTaiheiyoforestshasbeenreducedduetodevelopmentandagriculture.Today,17%oftheremainingforestisprotectedbynationalparksandotherreserves.AtlanticOakwoodForestTheAtlanticOakwoodForestcoversthewettestpartsoftheUnitedKingdom.Aspeciesofoaktree(橡树)calledsessileoakoccupiesthelandscape.Unlikeothertemperateforests,theseforeststendtohaveanopenunderstoryofgrasses.Muchofthehistoricalrangeoftheforesthasgiventoagricultureandotherdevelopment,thoughthathaschangedinrecentdecades.ValdivianTemperateRainforestThisforestisfoundonthewestcoastofChileandArgentina,onthewet,westernslopes(斜坡)oftheAndesmountainrange.Withthecoastlinetothewest,thepeaksoftheAndestotheeast,andtheAtacamaDeserttothenorth,theregionsupportsanumberofplantandanimalspeciesfoundnowhereelseintheworld.Uniquely,theforestiscoveredbyevergreenfloweringtrees,whicharenativetoChileandlittleknownoutsidetheregion.13.Whichofthefourforestareasoccupiesthemostland?A.PacificCoastRange. B.TaiheiyoEvergreenForests.C.AtlanticOakwoodForest. D.ValdivianTemperateRainforest.14.WhatdoTaiheiyoEvergreenForestsandAtlanticOakwoodForesthaveinmon?A.Theyhaveopenunderstorygrasses. B.They’rehometoextremelytalltrees.C.They’reofgreathistoricalsignificance. D.Theyusedtobeaffectedbyagriculture.15.WhatisuniquetoValdivianTemperateRainforest?A.Wetclimate. B.Coastallocation.C.Evergreenfloweringtrees. D.Wellprotectednationalparks.【答案】13.A14.D15.C【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四种森林的特点和分布情况。13.细节理解题。根据第一段“StretchingalongthewestcoastofNorthAmericafromnorthernCaliforniatoAlaska,theforestsfoundalongthePacificCoastRangearethelargestareaoftemperate(温带的)rainforestintheworld.(太平洋海岸山脉沿着北美西海岸从加利福尼亚北部一直延伸到阿拉斯加，是世界上面积最大的温带雨林)”可知，四个林区中，PacificCoastRange占的土地最多。故选A。14.细节理解题。根据第二段“TheextentoftheTaiheiyoforestshasbeenreducedduetodevelopmentandagriculture.(由于发展和农业，太黑窑森林的面积已经减少)”以及第三段“Muchofthehistoricalrangeoftheforesthasgiventoagricultureandotherdevelopment,thoughthathaschangedinrecentdecades.(森林的大部分历史范围已经用于农业和其他发展，尽管近几十年来发生了变化)”可知，太平洋常青林和大西洋橡树林的共同之处在于过去受到农业的影响。故选D。15.细节理解题。根据最后一段“Uniquely,theforestiscoveredbyevergreenfloweringtrees,whicharenativetoChileandlittleknownoutsidetheregion.(独特的是，森林被常绿开花树木覆盖，这些树木原产于智利，在该地区以外鲜为人知)”可知，瓦尔迪维亚温带雨林的独特之处是常绿开花树木。故选C。5Overthepast45years,farmerFuBenfahasplantedcountlesstreesonbarren(不毛的)mountainsnearQilitavillageinSuizhou,Hubeiprovince.Thetaskwouldhavebeenachallengeforanablebodiedperson,letaloneapersonwithparalysis(瘫痪).Fu,65,wasparalyzedinanaccidentinJanuary1978.Newsaboutgreendevelopmentthroughmeasuressuchasexpandingforestsintheprovincecaughthisattention.Hegottheideathathemightbeabletocontribute.Fu’sparentsstronglydisagreedbecauseofhispoorphysicalcondition.Butheinsisted.Hisfatherfinallyacquiescedandmadehimaspecialshovel(铁锹)andstrawmat(草席).Inthewinterof1978,Fucametoabarrenmountainandbeganthetaskthatwouldoccupyhimfordecades.Hesatonthestrawmatandtriedtodigaholetoplantatreein,buthefailedtofinishitafterworkingallday.Hedidn’tgiveup,however,andtriedvariouskindsofmovementsuntilhebecamemoreefficient.Everydayhespentmorethan12hoursonthemountain.Afteramonth,hehadsuccessfullyplanted18trees,13ofwhichsurvived.Threemonthslater,hehadplantedmorethan300trees,mostofwhichsurvived.Overthenext30years,Fubroughtgreencolortofivemountainsaroundhisvillage.Withthehelpoflocalgovernments,aforestprotectionvolunteerserviceteamwassetuptocarefullyprotectandguardthegreenmountains.Afteryearsofstudyandexploration,Fuhasgainedrichexperienceandtakenadvantageoftechnology.Hehastaughtmorethan200nearbyfarmers,freeofcharge,toincreasetheirinesbyplantingtrees.RecenthealthproblemshaveslowedFudown.HehasbeenrecoveringathomesinceFebruary.“Nowitisdifficultformetocontinueplantingtreesinthemountains,butIwillalwaysguardthisforest,”hesaid.“Iwillneverchangemydream.”16.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“acquiesced”inParagraph2mean?A.Quit. B.Agreed. C.Argued. D.Opposed.17.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoexpressinParagraph3?A.FuBenfawasfarsighted. B.FuBenfasufferedlittle.C.FuBenfawasphysicallypoor. D.FuBenfawasstrongwilled.18.WhydidFuBenfateachnearbyfarmerstoplanttrees?A.Tobettertheirlife. B.Todrawtheirinterest.C.Tofindmorehelpers. D.Tomakemoreprogress.19.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.PlantingTreesChangedtheWorldB.FuBenfaHelpedFarmersintheVillageC.AnAblebodiedManAmazedtheCountryD.For45Years,aParalyzedManPlantedManyTrees【答案】16.B17.D18.A19.D【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了湖北农民付本发身残志坚，绿化荒山的感人事迹。16.词义猜测题。根据划线词前文“Fu’sparentsstronglydisagreedbecauseofhispoorphysicalcondition.Butheinsisted.(由于付的身体状况不佳，他的父母强烈反对。但他坚持)”及后文“madehimaspecialshovel(铁锹)andstrawmat(草席).(给他制作了特别的铁锹和草席)”可知，他的父亲同意了，故划线词意思是“同意”。故选B。17.主旨大意题。根据第三段“Inthewinterof1978,Fucametoabarrenmountainandbeganthetaskthatwouldoccupyhimfordecades.Hesatonthestrawmatandtriedtodigaholetoplantatreein,buthefailedtofinishitafterworkingallday.Hedidn’tgiveup,however,andtriedvariouskindsofmovementsuntilhebecamemoreefficient.Everydayhespentmorethan12hoursonthemountain.Afteramonth,hehadsuccessfullyplanted18trees,13ofwhichsurvived.(1978年冬天，付来到一座荒山，开始了他几十年的工作。他坐在草席上，想挖个洞种棵树，但工作了一天，还是没能把它挖完。然而，他并没有放弃，他尝试了各种各样的动作，直到他变得更有效率。每天他都要在山上度过12个小时以上。一个月后，他成功地种下了18棵树，其中13棵存活了下来)”可推知，本段主要表达的是付本发意志坚强。故选D。18.细节理解题。根据第五段“Hehastaughtmorethan200nearbyfarmers,freeofcharge,toincreasetheirinesbyplantingtrees.(他免费教了200多名附近的农民通过种树来增加收入)”可知，他教附近农民植树是为了改善他们的生活。故选A。19.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Overthepast45years,farmerFuBenfahasplantedcountlesstreesonbarren(不毛的)mountainsnearQilitavillageinSuizhou,Hubeiprovince.Thetaskwouldhavebeenachallengeforanablebodiedperson,letaloneapersonwithparalysis(瘫痪).(在过去的45年里，湖北省随州市七里塔村附近的贫瘠山上，农民付本发种植了无数棵树。这项任务对一个健全的人来说都是一个挑战，更不用说瘫痪的人了)”可知，文章主要讲述了身残志坚的付本发45年来坚持植树，为荒山秃岭披上绿装的故事。由此可知，D选项“45年来，一个瘫痪的人种了很多树”最符合文章标题。故选D。6Wildfires,whenallowedtoburninareaswithouthumandevelopment,cancontributetotherestorationofthesurroundingwatershed(集水区),renewalofthesoil,andresettingtheclockfortheecosystem.Manyforestscannotsustainthemselveswithoutnaturalwildfire,includingpinebarrens,lodgepolepineforestsandmanymore.Theseforestsrequirecanopyfires,whichprimarilyaffecttheupperlayerofplantsinaforest,toreproducebecausethetreesintheforestareadaptedtoonlyproduceseedsfollowingamajorfireevent.Hence,firescanberestorativefortheforest,andwithoutthemmanyoftheseforesttypeswoulddeclineonthelandscape.Howisafirerestorativeforthewatershed?Itrestoresinmanywaysincluding,butnotlimitedto,improvingwaterquality,offeringhabitatforinsectsthatserveasfoodforfish,promotingthegrowthoffireadaptedplants,etc...Nottomentionrenewalofthesoilchemistrywhichisvitaltotheforestandthewatershed.(Myattitudeisthatofsomeonewhohasstudiedwildfireandstreamssincethedisastrous1988Yellowstonewildfires.)Thesciencebacksuphownaturalwildfirecanbefavorablethroughresearchpublicationafterpublication.It’slike“resettingtheclock”ontheecosystem,allowingittosmoothlyalloveragainforanother200years.Bytheway,acanopyfiresuchasYellowstonein1988alsoresultsinthereproductionofyoungertreesafterfirewhichacttostopthespreadandprogressofapotentiallydestructivewildfireimmediately.Withoutit,futurewildfiresareverylikelytobeebiggerandbigger.Thebottomlineisthatwemayneedtoday’snaturalwildfiresonourforestedlandscapetopreventmoreseriousfireeventsinthefuture.Thatlessonwaslearnedin1988Yellowstonewildfireswhichwasayearofdisastrouslargescalefiresdespitemorethan50yearsofthoroughandtightfiremonitoring.20.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inParagraph2referto?A.Seeds. B.Wildfires. C.Trees. D.Ecosystems.21.Whatisthefunctionofyoungertreesafterwildfires?A.Makingwildfireseasiertobespotted. B.Reducingoccurringratesofwildfires.C.Stoppingamajorwildfireinitstracks. D.Preventingpotentialwildfirespletely.22.Whatcanbelearnedfromthe1988Yellowstonewildfires?A.Weshouldacceptwildlifeonitsownterms. B.FiremonitoringinYellowstonewassuccessful.C.Naturalfiresmayreducetheriskoflargerones. D.Seriouswildfiresarecausedbyhumanactivities.23.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Thebeneficialeffectsofwildfires. B.Impactsofwildfiresondevelopment.C.Thenecessityofwatershedpreservation. D.Measurestopreventlargescalewildfires.【答案】20.B21.C22.C23.A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如果没有自然野火，许多森林无法维持生存，包括松树荒地、洛奇波勒松林等等，解释了野火带来的好处。20.词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“firescanberestorativefortheforest”以及后文“manyoftheseforesttypeswoulddeclineonthelandscape”可知，野火可以恢复森林，如果没有野火，许多这些森林类型将在景观上下降。故划线词指的是“野火”。故选B。21.细节理解题。根据第三段“Bytheway,acanopyfiresuchasYellowstonein1988alsoresultsinthereproductionofyoungertreesafterfirewhichacttostopthespreadandprogressofapotentiallydestructivewildfireimmediately.(顺便说一下，像1988年黄石公园这样的冠层火灾也会导致火灾后年轻树木的繁殖，这可以立即阻止潜在破坏性野火的蔓延和发展)”可知，野火过后，年轻树木的功能是阻止大火蔓延。故选C。22.推理判断题。根据第三段“Bytheway,acanopyfiresuchasYellowstonein1988alsoresultsinthereproductionofyoungertreesafterfirewhichacttostopthespreadandprogressofapotentiallydestructivewildfireimmediately.Withoutit,futurewildfiresareverylikelytobeebiggerandbigger.(顺便说一下，像1988年黄石公园这样的冠层火灾也会导致火灾后年轻树木的繁殖，这可以立即阻止潜在破坏性野火的蔓延和发展。没有它，未来的野火很可能变得越来越大)”可推知，1988年黄石公园大火告诉我们，自然火灾可能会降低更大火灾的风险。故选C。23.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Wildfires,whenallowedtoburninareaswithouthumandevelopment,cancontributetotherestorationofthesurroundingwatershed(集水区),renewalofthesoil,andresettingtheclockfortheecosystem.(当野火在没有人类开发的地区燃烧时，可以帮助恢复周围的集水区，更新土壤，并为生态系统重置时钟)”结合文章，主要说明了如果没有自然野火，许多森林无法维持生存，包括松树荒地、洛奇波勒松林等等，解释了野火带来的好处。可知，这篇文章的主要内容是野火的有利影响。故选A。7Theoreticallysometreescouldliveforever,accordingtoarecentessaythatreviewsgrowingevidenceonlonglivedtrees.Acrosstheboard,treesdonotdiesomuchastheyarekilled,writetheauthorsofthereviewessay.Theirkillersareouterfactorsratherthanoldagealone.Thatis,thereisnoevidencethatharmfulgeneticmutations(基因突变)occurovertimeorthattreeslosetheirabilitytocontinuetogrow.“Treesmightliveforever,butthisdoesnothappen,”sayscoauthorFrancoBiondi.“Treekillersincludeenvironmentalriskssuchasdroughts,wildfires,terribleweatherandhumanbehaviorssuchaswoodcuttingandfiressettoclearforestsforhuntingorgrassland.”Treelongevity(长寿)interestsresearchersinpartbecausetreesandotherplantsremovecarbonfromtheatmosphere,andoldertreesarethoughttostoremorecarbonthanyoungerones.Theringsofoldtreescanalsoserveasaninvaluablerecordofclimatehistory,withwiderringsindicatingbetteryears.DavidStahle,ageographerandtreelongevityresearcherattheUniversityofArkansas,takesissuewiththebeliefthattreescanpossiblyliveforever.“Thelikelihood,allthingsbeingequal,thattreescanliveforeverseemsunlikelytome,”hesays.Thishypothesis(假设)hasbeepopularinthepast20yearsasresearcherscontinuetoreporthavingfoundlittlegeneticevidenceofaginginextremelyoldtrees.Andthisisoneofthereviewessay’smostimportantpoints.Butevidenceofagingcouldbeoutthereandjustnotyetfound.24.Whatdoestherecentreviewessaymainlyindicate?A.Thereareagreatvarietyoftreekillers. B.Treescouldkeeponsurvivingforever.C.Moretreesdienaturallythanbeingkilled. D.Geneticmutationsstoptreesfromgrowing.25.Whydoestreelongevityinterestresearchers?A.Becausethewaytreesgrowringsismoreinteresting.B.Becausetreesmakeclearerclimaterecordsthanotherplants.C.Becauseoldertreescontributemoretotheenvironment.D.Becauseyoungertreesarelesslikelytohavegeneticmutations.26.WhatisStahle’sattitudetothefindingofthereviewessay?A.Doubtful. B.Uninterested. C.Reserved. D.Favorable.27.Whatdoesthelastparagraphsuggest?A.Theassumptionhasbeenprovedtrue. B.Evidenceofagingtreesmightexist.C.Treeresearchhasgrowninthepast20years. D.Somekeypointsdisappearinthereviewessay.【答案】24.B25.C26.A27.B【解析】本文是说明文。树木真的可以永生吗？研究人员给出了他们的看法：在极其古老的树中几乎没有发现衰老的基因证据，但衰老的证据可能存在，但还没有发现。24.细节理解题。根据第一段“Theoreticallysometreescouldliveforever,accordingtoarecentessaythatreviewsgrowingevidenceonlonglivedtrees.(最近的一篇文章回顾了越来越多的关于长寿树的证据，从理论上讲，有些树可以长生不老)”可知，最近的评论文章主要说明了树木可以永远存活下去。故选B。25.细节理解题。根据第四段“Treelongevity(长寿)interestsresearchersinpartbecausetreesandotherplantsremovecarbonfromtheatmosphere,andoldertreesarethoughttostoremorecarbonthanyoungerones.(研究人员对树木的寿命感兴趣，部分原因是树木和其他植物从大气中吸收碳，而老树被认为比年轻树储存更多的碳)”可知，研究人员对树是长寿感兴趣是因为老的树能吸收大气层中更多的碳，即对环境的贡献更大，故选C。26.推理判断题。根据第五段“DavidStahle,ageographerandtreelongevityresearcherattheUniversityofArkansas,takesissuewiththebeliefth