数控技术双语-吴瑞明-习题参考答案

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Chapter1IntroductionofCNC

1.1NarratetheconceptofNC.

Numericalcontrol(NC)isaformofprogrammableautomationinwhichthemechanicalactionsofamachinetoolorotherequipmentarecontrolledbyaprogramcontainingcodedalphanumericdata.

1.2NarratetheconceptofCNC.

ACNCmachineisanNCmachinewiththeaddedfeatureofanonboardcomputer.TheonboardcomputerisoftenreferredtoasthemachinecontrolunitorMCU.ControlunitsforNCmachinesareusuallyhardwired,whichmeansthatallmachinefunctionsarecontrolledbythephysicalelectronicelementsthatarebuiltintothecontroller.

1.3WhatarethecomponentsofCNCmachinetool,andthefunctionofeachcomponent?

StructureofCNCmachinetool

CNCmachineiscomposedthefollowingparts.

(1)CNCdevice

TheCNCdeviceisthekerneloftheCNCsystem.Itsfunctionistohandletheinputpartmachiningprogramoroperationcommand,thenoutputcontrolcommandtotheappropriateexecutivepartsandfinishtheworkwhichthepartsmachiningprogramandoperationneed.

(2)ServoUnit,drivedeviceandmeasuredevice

Servounitanddrivedeviceincludespindleservodrivedevice,spindlemotor,feedservodrivedeviceandfeedmotor.Measuredevicemeanspositionandspeedmeasuredevice,itisanecessarydevicetofinishthespindlecontrol,closed-loopforthefeedspeedandforthefeedposition.

(3)Controlpanel

Controlpanel,calledoperationpanel,isatoolusedformutualinformationbetweentheoperatorandtheCNCmachine.

(4)Controlmediumandprograminputandoutputequipment

Thecontrolmediumisanagenttorecordthepartmachiningprogramanditisalsothemediumtosetupcontractionbetweenmanandmachine.PrograminputandoutputequipmentarethedevicesbywhichtheinformationexchangecanbedonebetweentheCNCsystemandexternalequipment.ItseffectistoinputthepartmachiningprogramrecordedonthecontrolmediumintotheCNCsystemandtostoreorrecordthedebuggedpartmachiningprogramontheappropriatemediumwiththeoutputdevice.

(5)Machinebody

TheobjectofCNCsystemistheexecutiveparttofulfillthemachiningparts.Itiscomposedofthemainmotionparts,feedmotionparts,bearingrackandspecialdevice,automaticplatformchangesystem,automatictoolchangersystemandaccessorydevice.

1.4WhatisthePoint-to-pointcontrol,Contouringcontrol?

Point-to-pointsystem,alsocalledPositingcontrolsystems,movestheworktabletoaprogrammedlocationwithoutregardforthepathtakentogettothelocation.

ThecontouringfacilityenablesaCNCmachinetofollowanypathatanyprescribedfeed-rate.Thecontouringcontrolsystem,alsocalledcontinuouspathcontrolsystems,managesthesimultaneousmotionofthecuttingtoolintwo,three,four,orfiveaxes(thefourthandfifthaxesareangularorientations)byinterpolatingtheproperpathbetweenprescribedpoints.

1.5Whatistheopen-loopcontrol,Half-closed-loopcontrolandClosed-loopcontrol?

Open-loopsystemshavenoaccesstotherealtimedataabouttheperformanceofthesystemandthereforenoimmediatecorrectiveactioncanbetakenincaseofsystemdisturbance.

Asemi-closed-loopcontrolCNCsystemusesfeedbackmeasurementstoensurethattheworktableismovedtothedesiredposition.Itischaracterizedasasystemthattheindirectfeedbackmonitorstheoutputofservomotor.

Inacloseloopsystem,feedbackdevicescloselymonitortheoutputandanydisturbancewillbecorrectedinthefirstinstance.

1.6WhataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofCNC?

CNCopensupnewpossibilitiesandadvantagesnotofferedbyolderNCmachines.

(1)Reductioninthehardwarenecessarytoaddamachinefunction.NewfunctionscanbeprogrammedintotheMCUassoftware.

(2)TheCNCprogramcanbewritten,stored,andexecuteddirectlyattheCNCmachine.

(3)AnyportionofanenteredCNCprogramcanbeplayedbackandeditedatwill.Toolmotionscanbeelectronicallydisplayeduponplayback.

(4)ManydifferentCNCprogramscanbestoredintheMCU.

(5)SeveralCNCmachinescanbelinkedtogethertoamaincomputer.ProgramswrittenviathemaincomputercanbedownloadedtoanyCNCmachineinthenetwork.ThisisknownasdirectnumericalcontrolorDNC.

(6)SeveralDNCsystemscanalsobenetworkedtoformalargedistributivenumericalcontrolsystem.

(7)TheCNCprogramcanbeinputfromflashorfloppydisksordownloadedfromlocalareanetworks.

CNCmachinescandramaticallyboostproductivity.TheCNCmanager,however,canonlyensuresuchgainsbyfirstaddressingseveralcriticalissues,suchasthefollowing:

(1)SufficientcapitalmustbeallocatedforpurchasingqualityCNCequipment.

(2)CNCequipmentmustbemaintainedonaregularbasisbyobtainingafull-servicecontractorbyhiringanin-housetechnician.

(3)PersonnelmustbethoroughlytrainedintheoperationofCNCmachines.Inparticular,manyjobsrequiresetupsformachiningpartstocomplywithtolerancesofformandfunction.

(4)CarefulproductionplanningmustbestudiedbecausethehourlycostofoperationofaCNCmachineisusuallyhigherthanthatforconventionalmachines.

1.7NarratethefinancialrewardsofCNCinvestmentusingReturnonInvestment.

Returnoninvestment(ROI)isusedtoestimateinvestmentefficiency.TheROIcalculationpredictswhatpercentofthenetcostoftheCNCwillberecoveredeachyear.TheROIcalculationaccountsfortheusefullifeoftheCNCmachinetool.

Chapter2CNCPartProgramming

2.1Readandmatchthepicturetothenameofthehandtool.

[13]hacksaw[8]benchvise[2]filecard[16]scraper[23]die

[4]handtaps[25]hammer[12]burnishingtool[6]adjustablewrench[3]tapextractor

[11]hexkey[18]arborpress[15]T-handletapwrench[20]handreamer[9]screwdriver

[1]pliers[17]externallap[14]rotaryfiles[19]Phillips[10]open-endwrench

screwdriver

[24]broaches[20]socketwrench[22]tumblingmachine[22]diestock[5]file

2.2Studythefollowingwords

Verniercalipersareprecisiontoolsusedtomakeaccuratemeasurementstowithin0.001inchor0.02mm.Theycanmeasuretheoutsidediameterorwidthofanobject.Theycanmeasuretheinsidediameterorwidthofanobject.Theycanalsomeasurethedepthofanobject.Verniercalipersareavailableininchandmetricgraduations.Sometypeshavebothinchandmetricgraduationsonthesamecaliper.TheverniercaliperconsistsofoneL-shapedframeandonemovablejaw.TheL-shapedframeconsistsofabarandthefixedjaw.Thebarshowsthemainscalegraduations.Themovablejawslidesalongthebarandcontainsthevernierscale.Anadjustingnutadjustsforsizeandthelockingorclampscrewslockreadingsintoplace.

Mostbarsaregraduatedonbothsidesoronbothedges.Onesidetakesoutsidemeasurementsandtheothertakesinsidemeasurements.Theinternaljawsmeasureinsidespaceslikeholes.Theexternaljawsmeasurethingsliketheoutsidediameterofapieceofpipe.

Lookatthetwofiguresbelowanddeterminethereadings.

Thisreads3.3mm

2.3Themicrometer

Sleevereadsfullmm=7mm

Sleevereads½mm=0.5mm

Thimblereads=26

Totalmeasurement=7.76mm

2.4NarrateCNCcoordinatesystems.

TheCartesian,orrectangular,coordinatesystemwasdevisedbytheFrenchmathematicianandphilosopherRene’Descartes.Withthissystem,anyspecificpointcanbedescribedinmathematicaltermsfromanyotherpointalongthreeperpendicularaxes.Thisconceptfitsmachinetoolsperfectlysincetheirconstructionisgenerallybasedonthreeaxesofmotion(X,Y,Z)plusanaxisofrotation.Onaplainverticalmillingmachine,theXaxisisthehorizontalmovement(rightorleft)ofthetable,theYaxisisthetablecrossmovement(towardorawayfromthecolumn),andtheZaxisistheverticalmovementofthekneeorthespindle.CNCsystemsrelyheavilyontheuseofrectangularcoordinatesbecausetheprogrammercanlocateeverypointonajobprecisely.

Coordinatesystem

2.5GivetheCNCprogramoffollowingFigure2.50(units:mm).

φ40×100,45#

0-TC(FANUC)

O0001;

N10T0101;

N20S400M03;

N30G00X40.Z2.;

N40G71U1.5R1.;(U:Depthofcut,R:Escapingamount)

N50G71P60.Q150.U0.5W0.2F0.3;(P:Sequencenumberofthefirstblock,

Q:Sequencenumberofthelastblock,

U:FinishingallowanceinXdirection,

W:FinishingallowanceinZdirection)

N60G01X18.Z0.;(Startpoint)

N80X20.Z-1.;(1×45°)

N90G01Z-10.;(φ20)

N100X26.;

N110X28.Z-11.;(1×45°)

N120Z-25.;

N140X35.Z-31.;

N150Z-36.;(Endpoint)

N160G70P60Q150S1100F0.05;(N60--N150)

N170G00X50.Z60.;

N180T0202;(Toolchange)

N190S200M03;

N210G00X37.Z-40.;

N220G01X0.F0.03;(Cutoff,Cutterwidth4mm)

N230G00X50.;

N240G00Z0.;

N250M05;

N260M02;

2.6GivetheCNCprogramoffollowingFigure2.51(units:mm).

φ60×105,45#

%PM3333(Maho)

N3333

N1G54

N2G99X60Z105

N3G96S200D2500T1001M4(Constantsurfacespeedcontrol,

Linearvelocity(m/min)200,Maximumspeed(rpm)2500)

N4G0X65Z110

N5G1X65Z100F0.5M8

N6G1X-0.5F0.1(Facework)

N7G10X65Z110I0.5K0.5C2.5F0.5(FinishingallowanceX,Z0.5,cuttingdepth/P2.5,Startfrom60,110)

N8G42

N9G1X0Z100(Startpoint)

N10G3X20Z90R10

N11G1X48Z90

N12G1Z20(φ48)

N13G1X60

N14G1Z17(Endpoint)

N15G40

N20G13N1=8N2=15(Machiningcyclecall)

N21G0X200Z150M5

N22T2002M4

N23G12X60Z105S200(Finishingmachiningdefinition)

N24G13N1=8N2=15

N25G0X300Z200M5

N30T3003M4(Cutterwidth5mm)

N40S100

N42G0X65Z40(Cutterpoint:left)

N43G0X50

N44G1X42

N47G0X65M5

N48T4004M4(Screwcuttingtool)

N51G97S1200

N52G0X48Z105(Screwcuttingstartpoint)

N53G32U-2.2Z45C0.2F2(Threadprocess,threadpitch2,depthofthread2.2,length45)

N71G0X300Z200

N80M30

2.7GivetheCNCprogramoffollowingFigure2.52(units:mm).

150×150×20,45#.

%PM2009412

N2009412

N1G17S700F100T1M3(Millingcutterφ10)

N2G54

N3G0X100Y120Z50M13

N4G89Z-10B2R20J1K5(Depth10,cylindricalcavity)

N5G79X70Y120Z0

N6G0Z50M5

N7T2M13(Millingcutterφ10)

N8G93B4=90

N9G88X37Y12Z-4B2J1K5(Slot)

N10G79X35Y-30Z0

N11G93X0Y0B4=0(Programmedabsolutezeropointshift)

N12G0Z50M5

N13T2M13(Millingcutterφ10)

N14G93X80Y60B4=25

N15G87X40Y25Z-5B2R6I70J1K5(Rectangularrecessmillingcycle)

N16G79X0Y0Z0

N17G0Z50M5

N18G93X0Y0B4=0

N19T3M13(Millingcutterφ20,startpoint)

N20G0X-10Y135

N21G41(Cuttercompensationleft)

N22G1Z-6F50(Depth6)

N23G1X56.771F100

N24G2X82.23Y135R21(orI,J)

N25G1X130

N26G1X150Y75

N27G1X134.68Y56.74(40°)

N28G3X130Y48.89R20

N29G1X130Y18

N30G2X122Y10R8

N31G1X100Y10

N32G3X60Y10R20

N33G1X30Y10

N34G2X15Y25R15

N35G1X15Y85

N36G3X15Y100R15

N37G1X-20(Endpoint)

N38G0Z50(Cleanup)

N39G0X130Y135

N40G1Z-6

N41G1X150

N42G1Y130

N43G0Z50

N44G0X145Y20

N45G1Z-6

N46G1Y10

N47G1X-5

N48G40(Cuttercompensationcancel)

N49G0Z300M5

N50T4M13(φ8.5drill)

N51G83X0.3Y2Z-21B10I3J5K10(Repetitivehole)

N52G77X70Y120Z0I180J3K360

N53G0Z300M5

N54T5M13(M10tap)

N55G84X0.3Y5Z-21B10I3J1S200F1050(Thread)

N56G77X70Y120Z0I180J3K360

N57G0Z50M5

N58G53

N59T0M66

N60M30

2.8GivetheCNCprogramoffollowingFigure2.53(units:mm).

245×145,45#.

%PM200805

N200805

N1G17S400T31M66(XOY,Millingcutterφ10)

N2G54

N3G98X-130Y-100Z-20I260J180K30

N4G99X-120Y-90Z-20I240J160K20

N5G0X55Y45Z2M13

N6G1Z-20.5F50

N7G43Y55F100

N8G42

N9G1X97(Startpoint)

N10G2X105Y47R8

N11G1Y18

N12G2X97Y10R8

N13G1X83

N14G2X75Y18R8

N15G1Y30

N16G1X35

N17G1Y18

N18G2X27Y10R8

N19G1X23

N20G2X15Y18R8

N21G1X47

N22G2X23Y55R8

N23G1X55

N24G0Z70(Endpoint)

N25G40

N26G73X-1Y-1(Mirrorimagemachining,X,Y)

N27G14N1=5N2=25

N28G72(CancellationofG73)

N29G0Z100M5

N43T2M6(Millingcutterφ20)

N44G0X30Y30Z50M3

N45G87X90Y40Z-20B2R8I70J1K5(Rectangularrecessmillingcycle)

N46G79X-60Y35Z0

N47G0Z100

N48G93B4=20(Rotationofthecoordinatesystem)

N50G14N1=5N2=25

N51G0Z50

N52G93X0Y0Z0B4=0

N58G53

N59M30

Chapter3CNCUnitandControlPrinciple

3.1NarratetheconceptofMCU.

TheMCUisthehardwarethatdistinguishesCNCfromconventionalNC.TheMCUconsistsofthefollowingcomponentsandsubsystems:(1)CentralProcessingUnit,(2)Memory,(3)Input/OutputInterface,(4)ControlsforMachineToolAxesandSpindleSpeed,and(5)SequenceControlsforOtherMachineToolFunctions.

3.2WhatisthefunctionofGPU?

Agraphicsprocessingunit(GPU),alsooccasionallycalledvisualprocessingunit(VPU),isaspecializedelectroniccircuitdesignedtorapidlymanipulateandaltermemorytoacceleratethecreationofimagesinaframebufferintendedforoutputtoadisplay.

3.3Whatarethemainfunctionsofcontrolsoftware?

ThemainfunctionsofaCNCsystemaremainlybroughtoutbycontrolsoftware.Controlsoftwaredoesthefollowingworkbycorrespondingsubroutines.

(1)Compilingthepartcodesinputtedbyusers.

(2)Interpolationcalculations.

(3)Toolcompensation.

(4)Speedcontrol.

(5)Positioncontrol.

3.4Whatisinterpolation?

TheonethatmostappliestoCNCisthemath-relateddefinition:“Toestimateamissingfunctionalvaluesatneighboringpoints.”

3.5Whatistheprincipleofapointbypointcomparisonmethodinterpolation?

Whenthecontrolmakesastraightmotionintwoaxes,thecontrolautomatically,allthatisrequiedisthestartpointandendpointofthemotion.Thecontrolautomaticallyandinstantaneouslyfillsinthemissingpointbetweenthestartpointandendpoint.Whatreallyhappensisthatthecontrolmakesaseriesofverysmallone-axismovementfromthestartpointtotheendpoint.Thisseriesofmotionsresemblesastairway.Eachstepalongthewayisverysmall,andtheendresultwillappeartobeastraightline.Whentwoormoreaxesareprogrammed,thecontrolformsaseriesofsmallone-axismovement.Theseriesofeachstepdeterminestheresolutionoftheaxis.Thesmallerthestepthebettertheresolution.

Pointbypointcomparisonmethodinterpolation

3.6Whatiscutterradiuscompensation?Howmanyadvantagesdoesthecompensationhave?

Cutterradiuscompensation(alsocalledcutterdiametercompensation)isusedonmachiningcentersandsimilarCNCmachines.Thisfeatureallowstheprogrammertoforgetaboutthecuttingtool’sradiusordiameterduringprogramming.

ReasonsforCutterRadiusCompensation

(1)Partprogrameasy.

(2)Roughingprogramisrelatedtofinishmachining.

(3)Errorcompensationofcutter.

Chapter4ServoSystemandPositionMeasuringDevice

4.1Compositionofservosystems.

Theservosystem,whichisintroducedinthischapter,consistsofmechanical,powerelectronic,andpartofCNCunit.Intheservosystem,numericalcommandsfromCNCareprocessedandamplifiedtothehighvoltagelevels.Itisrequiredbythedrivemotors.

4.2Whatarerequirementsforservosystems?

(1)PrecisioninCNCPositioning

(2)Repeatability

(3)FastnessandStability.

4.3Principleofopen-loopcontrolofsteppermotors?

Asteppermotorperformstheconversionoflogicpulsesbysequencingpowertothesteppermotorwindings;generally,onesuppliedpulsewillyieldonerotationalstepofthemotor.Thisprecisecontrolisprovidedbyastepperdriverwhichcontrolsspeedandpositioningofthemotor.Thesteppermotorincrementsapreciseamountwitheachcontrolpulse,convertingdigitalinformationintoexactincrementalrotationwithouttheneedforfeedbackdevices,suchastachometersorencoders.

4.4Howtoselectsteppermotors?

Thereareseveralimportantcriteriainvolvedinselectingthepropersteppermotor:

(1)Desiredmechanicalmotion

(2)Speedrequired

(3)Load

(4)Steppermode

(5)Windingconfiguration

4.5PrincipleofACservomotor.

InanACservomotor,therotorisapermanentmagnetwhilethestatorisequippedwith3-phasewindings.Thespeedoftherotorisequaltotherotationalfrequencyconverter.

4.6Narratetheprincipleofopticalgrating.

Theopticalgratingprincipleisbaseduponthewellknown“Moirefringeeffect”.Thelinesofbothscalesaretiltedagainsteachotherbyaverysmallangleθ.Thiscausesaninterferenceeffectbetweenthemattheintersectionofthelines.ThispatternisknownasaMoirefringe.

Opticalgratingstructure

4.7Narratetheprincipleofincrementalencoders.

Afixedsourceoflightisprovidedononesideofthedisk,andonephotocellis-placedonitsotherside.Whenthediskrotates,lightisperiodicallypermittedtofallonthephotocell,whichconsequentlyproducesasinusoidaloutputsignalwithslowrisingandfallingedgesinthemillivoltrange.Thissignalisamplifiedandfedtoashapingcircuit,whichconvertsittoasquarewave.Thesquarewaveischangedintoshort-durationpulsebydifferentiatingelement.Apulseisgeneratedeachtimealinebreaksthelightcircuit.

Incrementalencoders

Chapter5MechanicalConstructionandToolSystemofCNCMachines

5.1Writethetypeofdrillfromtheboxbelowunderthecorrectpicture

1coredrill;2high-helixdrill;3gundrill;4oilholedrill

5spadedrill;6low-helixdrill;7straight-fluteddrill;8stepdrill

5.2Matchthepicturetothenameofthelatheaccessory.

a.four-jawchuckd.revolvingtailstockcenterg.cam-lockspindlenosej.mandrel

b.steadyreste.lathedogh.toolholdersk.followerrest

c.lathecenterf.boringtoolsi.three-jawchuckl.toolpost

1-d;2-c;3-I;4-b;5-f;6-j;7-h;8-a;9-k;10-e;11-l;12-g

5.3Matchthetoolandaccessorytothepicture.

aflycutterdboringheadgkeyseatsjslittingsaw

bendmillsevisehboringchuckkdrillchuck

cWoodruffkeyfshellmillicolletlT-slotcutters

b;j;f;k

i;a;d;e

c;h;l;g

5.4Identifythefollowingmachiningcenteraccessoriesbywritingtheirnamesunderthepicture

automatictoolchangeroil-holedrilltwo-fluteendmillssingle-pointboringtool

rosereamerfacemillingcutterspiralflutetapprecisionmachinevise

1-single-pointboringtool;2-spiralflutetap;3-precisionmachinevise;4-facemillingcutter

5-two-fluteendmills;6-rosereamer;7-automatictoolchanger;8-oil-holedrill

5.5Amachiningcenteraccessoryusedforcheckingpartdimensionsiscalled:

(a)Atoolset

(b)Adigitalreadout

(c)Atriggerprobe

(d)Adialindicator

(c)

5.6NarratecomponentsofCNCLathe.

ThefollowingisthecomponentsoftheCNClathe.

(1)SlantBed

Thelathebedisthemainframe,whichsupportsallthecomponents.Onitandprovidesapathforchipswhentheyfallaway.Thepurposeoftheslantedlathebedistoallowchipstofalldowneasily.Italsohasguidewaystolathecarriagetoslidelengthwiseeasily.Theheightofthelatheshouldbeappropriatetotechniciantodohisjobeasilyandcomfortably.

(2)Headstock

Theheadstockcontainsaspindleandachangeablespeedgear,whichprovidesanumberofdifferentspindlespeeds.Thespindleisdriventhroughthegearbox.

(3)Chuck

Thechuck’sfunctioneffectistoconnectthespindleandtoclampthework-piece.

(4)Carriage

Itsfunctionismainlytomovethecuttingt001intotherevolvingwork.Itcontainsthesaddle,andthecross-slideandtheapron.

(5)Turret

Itsfunctionismainlytoholdthecuttingtoolandreplaceanoldtool.Withanewtoolduringatoolchange.

(6)Tailstock

Thefunctionofthetailstockismainlytosupporttherightfunctionendofthework-piece.

(7)MCU(MachineControlUnit)

5.7Whatarethetwomajorenemiesofthespindle?

Thetwomajorenemiesofthespindleare:

(1)Heat,

(2)Contaminant(namely,chipsandcoolantinvadingthebearingsystem).

5.8Whatarethefunctionsofrotarytable?

Arotarytablecanbeused:

(1)Tomachinespannerflatsonabolt.

(2)Todrillequidistantholesonacircularflange.

(3)Tocutaroundpiecewithaprotrudingtang.

(4)Tocreatelarge-diameterholes,viamillinginacirculartoolpath,onsmallmillingmachinesthatdon'thavethepowertodrivelargetwistdrills(>0.500"/>13mm).

(5)Tomillhelixes.

(6)Tocutcomplexcurves(withpropersetup).

(7)Tocutstraightlinesatanyangle.

(8)Tocutarcs.

(9)Withtheadditionofacompoundtableontopoftherotarytable,theusercanmovethecenterofrotationtoanywhereonthepartbeingcut.Thisenablesanarctobecutatanyplaceonthepart.

(10)Tocutcircularpieces.

5.9Narratemaintoolmaterial.

(1)Carbonsteels.

(2)Low/mediumalloysteels.

(3)HSS.

(4)Cementedcarbides.

(5)Coatedcarbides.

(6)Ceramics.

Chapter6ArchitectureforModernCNCTechnology

6.1NarrateopenarchitecturesystemofCNC.

Open-systemCNCproductshavechangedrapidly.Thehigherspeedcommunicationschoicesavailabletodayhaveledtomanydifferenttypesofopenarchitecture.Mostoftheseopen-systemCNCintegratethe"openness"ofastandardPCwithconventionalCNCfunctions.Thekeyadvantageofspecifyinganopen-systemCNCisthatitcanallowtheCNCfeaturestoremaincurrentwiththestateoftechnologyandtheneedsoftheprocessevenwhilethemachinehardwareages.Amongthecapabilitiesthatcanbeaddedtoanopen-systemCNCviathird-partysoftware,somearemorerelevantandsomearelessrelevantwheremoldmachiningisconcerned.

6.2WhatarecomponentsofFMS?Whatisthefunctionofeachcomponent?

(1)Numericalcontrolmachinetools

MachinetoolsareconsideredtobethemajorbuildingblocksofanFMSastheydeterminethedegreeofflexibilityandcapabilitiesoftheFMS.

(2)Workholdingandtoolingconsiderations

Itincludespallets/fixtures,toolchangers,toolidentificationsystems,coolant,andchipremovalsystems.

(3)Material-HandlingEquipments

Thematerial-handlingequipmentsusedinflexiblemanufacturingsystemsincluderobots,conveyers,automatedguidedvehiclesystems,monorailsandotherrailguidedvehicles,andotherspeciallydesignedvehicles.

(4)Inspectionequipment

Itincludescoordinatemeasuringmachines(CMM)usedforofflineinspectionandprogrammedtomeasuredimensions,concentricity,perpendicularity,andflatnessofsurfaces.Thedistinguishingfeatureofthisequipmentisthatitiswellintegratedwiththemachiningcenters.

(5)Othercomponents

Itincludesacentralcoolantandefficientchipseparationsystem