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法律英语证书(LEC)考试试题库
法律英语试题库
说明:法律英语试题库共分两部分〜第一部分为普通法律英语部分〜侧重对一
般
法律英语知识的相关词汇、语篇阅读分析能力、法律翻译能力掌握情况的考
察。
第二部分为涉外法律英语部分〜侧重对涉外法律知识的相关词汇、语法、涉外
法
律文书及其法律翻译能力的考察。
PartOne:普通法律英语部分
I(Matcheachofthefollowingnumbereddefinitionswiththecorrect
terminthelistbelow,Writetheletterofyourchoiceintheanswer
column.
Exercise1
A.defendantF.adjudicate
B.allegationG.review
C.caselawH.plaintiff
D.lawI.CommonLaw
E.statutorylawJ.Jurist
()1.Judicialreexaminationoftheproceedingsofacourtorother
body;areconsiderationbythesamecourtorbodyofitsformerdecision.
()2.Rulesofconductapplicabletoallpeopleandenforceableincourt.
()3.Todecideamatterbylegalmeans;forexample,court,
mediation,arbitration.
()4.Thepartybeingsuedortriedineithercivilorcriminal
action.()5.ThemajorsourceoflawintheU.S.A.ortheUK;based
onoldEnglishLaw.
()6.LawestablishedbyCongress,starelegislaturesoranyother
lawmakingbodies.
()7.Apersonwhohasasubstantialknowledgeoflawandwhohas
writtenextensivelyonlegalmatters;forexample,judges,professors,
andsoon.()8.Thepartywhoinitiatesanactionatlaw(lawsuit).
()9.Lawbasedoncourtdecisions.
()10.Astatementorchargemadeinapleadingwhichoneintendsto
provebylegalevidence.
Exercise2
1
AexecutivebranchFdevolution
B.federalG.defamation
C.legislationII.legislativebranch
D.confederationLallegation
E.judicialbranchJ.constitution
,LawsorwrittenruleswhicharepassedbyParliamentand()11
implementedbythecourts.
()12.Thegovernmentdepartmentthatisresponsiblefordetermining
theconstitutionalityoflegislativeandexecutiveactions,and
adjudicatingrightsanddutiesofothersinvolvedindisputes.It
interpretsandappliestheLaw.
()13.Awrittendocumentdefiningfundamentallegalprinciplefor
governanceofthepeople.Itmayincludegrantsofpowerandlimitations
ofpower.
()14.Passingofpowertogovernortomakedecisionsfromacentral
authoritytoalocalauthority.
()15.Thegovernmentdepartmentthatisresponsibleforcarrying
lawsintoeffect.
()16.Groupofindependentstatesororganizationsworkingtogether
forcommonaims.
()17.Thegovernmentdepartmentthatisresponsibleforenacting
statutorylaws.
()18.ReferstotheU.Sgovernmentanditsactivities.TheUnited
Statesisafederationof50sovereignstates.
()19.Inpleading,anassertionoffact;thestatementoftheissue
whichthecontributingpartyispreparedtoprove.
()20.Falsestatement,eitheroralorwritten,whichtendstoinjure
thereputationofthevictim.Itmaybecivilaswellascriminal.
Exercise3
A(separatepropertyF.adultery
B(bigamyG.beneficiary
C(custodyH.separation
D(heirI.necessaries
E(nonsupportJ.guardian
()21.Asituationinwhichpartiesarenotlivingtogetherbut
otherwisehavelegaldutiesofhusbandandwife.
()22.Thecareandpossessionofminorchildrenofamarriage
duringadivorceproceedingandafterdivorceisfinal.
()23.PropertyownedByeitherspousebeforemarriageoracquired
duringmarriagebygiftorinheritance.
2
()24.Apersonappointedbythecourttosuperviseandtakecareof
another.
()25.Failuretocontributemoney,inaccordancewithone'sability,
tothemaintenanceofaparentasrequiredbylaw.
()26.Goodsandservicesordinarilyrequiredbyandappropriateto
anincompetentperson,sstationinlife,yetnotavailableorprovided
byparentorguardian.
()27.Thecrimeofbeingmarriedtotwoormorepersonsatthesame
time.
()28.Sexualintercoursebyamarriedpersonwithsomeoneother
thantheoffender,sspouse.
()29.Anyonewhohasalegalrighttoinheritthepropertyof
another.()30.Anyonewhobenefitsunderthetermsofawill.
Exercise4
A.proprietorF.dividends
B.limitedpartnerG.generalpartner
C.dissolutionILproxy
D.quorumI.liquidation
E.mergerJ.subsidiary
()31.Apersonwhoconductsthebusinessofapartnershipandhas
unlimitedLiability.
()32.Apersonwhoisthesoleownerofabusiness.
()33.Acompanyowned(byamajorityofsharesorinterest)and
controlledbyanothercompany.
()34.Acombinationoftwoormorecorporationswherebyoneremains
alegalentityandtheotherisabsorbed.
()35.Apersonwhoinvestscapitalandsharesintheprofitsofthe
partnershipbutwhoseliabilityandshareofprofitsarelimitedbythe
amountinvested.
()36.Thesaleand/ordistributionoftheassetsofabusinessto
settleitsaccountswithcreditorand/orstockholders.
()37.Theterminationoftheexistenceofalegalentity,suchasa
partnershiporacorporation.
()38.Aportionofcorporateprofitsdividedamongtheshare
holders,incashand/orstock.
()39.Thenumberofmemberswhomustbepresentatameetingfor
businesstobetransacted;amajority.
()40.Theauthorizationforanothertoactforashareholderata
meeting;also,thepapergrantingtheauthority.
II.Choosetherightwordfromthelistgivenbelowforeachblank.
Changetheformofthewordifnecessary.(15')
3
Exercise1
Institutionfoundationstart
provisionstatuteknow
codeexperiencejurisdiction
still-survivejudicatureadvocate
asexerciseregard
Weareabouttopassintoaworldgovernedby_41_;andafewwords
willnotbeoutofplaceastothewayinwhichcodesare_42_inthe
countrieswheretheyformthe_43_ofthenationallaw.Inthefirst
placeacodeissupposed,intheoryatleast,toprovideafresh_44_in
allthosepartsofthelawwithwhichitdeals.Itisnotconceivedas
restinguponapresupposedand_45_commonlaw,butasstandinguponits
ownfoundations,_46_does,forexamplewithus,a_47_introducinga
novelprinciple,suchasWorkmen'sCompensation.Weshallnotfindina
continentalcodesuchlanguageasthatusedintheSupremeCourt
of_48_Act,1925,wherethejurisdictionoftheHighCourtisdefinedas
including"the_49__whichwasformerlyvestedin,orcapableof
being_50_by,alloranyofthecourtsfollowing…"Itwasthe
intentionoftheauthorsoftheFrenchCivilCodethatitshouldbe
interpretedonlyinthelightofitsown_51_anddefinitions.Oneofthe
earlycommentators,Bugnet,said:aknownothingofcivillaw;Ionly
teachtheCodeNapoleon.,z
Averyshort_52_,however,wasenoughtoshowthatthisideawas
impossibleofrealization.Thejudgesand53_,tosaynothingofthe
notlessimportantlegalauthors,whosetaskitwastoexpoundandto
applythenewCode,couldnothavedonetheirworkhadtheynotbeen
familiarwiththeoldtechnicaltermsitadopted,andwiththe_54_which
insubstanceitreproduced.Whateverpretencetheymightmakeoflooking
onlytothetextoftheCode,theycouldnotemptytheirmindsofa
largebodyofrelevantprofessionalknowledge,_55_ofsomethingwhich
wemay,withoutgreaterror,callthecommonlawofFrance-orat
leastthecommonlawofParis.
Exercise2
disputesjusticepursuit
procedureplaintiffroots
proceduralreliancemeans
adversaryjurisdictionsclaims
judgmentpartiesopposing
Inalljurisdictionsthereisgeneralagreementthatthegoalof
civil_56_isthejust,prompt,andinexpensivedeterminationof_57_
beforethecourts.Thereissimilaragreementthat_58_ofthisgoal
requires
4
thatthelawofprocedureprovidessome_59_forperformingeachof
thefollowingbasicfunctions:notifyingthedefendantthatthe_60_is
bringingsuit,informingeachpartyofthe_61_andcontentionsofthe
other,determiningthenatureofthedisputeandtheissuesbetweenthe
_62_,ascertainingthefacts,decidingwhichprinciplesoflawgovern
thecase,applyingthelawtothefactstoreacha63_,givingthe
judgmenteffectinsomepracticalway,andhavingtheofficialactions
oflowercourtscheckedbyhighercourts.Withveryfewexceptions,the
differencesthatexistinthe_64_lawsofthevarious_65_areonly
differenceswithrespecttothemeanschosentoperformoneormoreof
thesefunctions.Inaddition,Americanrulesofprocedure,withthe
exceptionofthoseineffectinLouisiana,havetheir_66_intheearly
Englishcommonlaw.Consequently,mostdifferencesarenotdifferences
inkind;theyaredifferencesinthedegreeofevolutionfromearly
commonlawconcepts.Finally,inallofourjurisdictionsmuch_67_is
placedontheassumptionthatifeachofthe_68_partiestakesthesteps
andadvancesthepropositionsthatappeartohimorhertobestserve
hisorherowncause,truthand_69_willemerge.Becauseofthis
characteristic,oursystemisoftenreferredtoasthe_70_system.
Exercise3
forcourtcelebrating
laterpattedrejected
drunkherwith
prisonsearchedof
prosecutordeclaringboth
Oneeveningpoliceofficerssawamanandwomanrunningdowna
street.Thepolice_71_them.Thewomanhadabagofmoneyinherhand
andabulgein_72_jacket.Theypattedherdownandfoundagun.Then
they_73—downhercompanion;theyfoundnothing.Theytook_74_to
thestation,bookedthemandarrestedthemforarmedrobbery.Backon
patrol_75_thatnighttheysawagroupofrowdycollegestudents
76afootballvictory.Thegroupwasinaquietneighborhood.The
twoofficerstoldtheyouthsto“keepquiet”.Stilllater,theysawa
_77_stumble
andfelldown;theytookhimtoanearbyshelter.
Afewdayslater,a78chargedthetwoarmedrobberysuspects
79robbery,accordingtothestate,scriminalcode.Thewomanwent
to_80_;thejuryacquittedherbecausetheonlyeyewitnessdied
_81_aheartattackthemorningofthetrial.Afterchargingher
companion,theprosecutorofferedthemalesuspecta"deal."In
exchange_82_
apleaofguilty,theprosecutorwouldreducethechargetosimple
theftandaskthejudgeforasentencetoanewlyinstitutedhome
confinementprograminsteadoftoprison.Themanacceptedthedealand
pleadedguilty,
5
butthejudge83therequestforhomeconfinement.Shesentenced
themanto84_fortwoyears.Becauseofgoodbehaviorandacourt
order_85_theovercrowdedprisontobeinviolationofthe
Constitution,prisonofficialsreleasedthemanaftersixmonths,
judgingthathewould
notseriouslyendangerthecommunity.
III.VocabularyandStructure
A.Matchthewordsontheleftwiththeirdefinitionsontheright.
(8points)
86.strategya)alegallyregistereddesignnamingtheoriginal
designerasownerofthedesign
87.tediousb)thenameofaproductorsometimesthenameof
acompany
88.briefe)amemorablesentenceusedtoadvertisea
product
89.brandd)notveryinterestingandoftenrepetitive
90.e)tellsomeoneaboutsomething,usuallyin
shareholderconnectionwithwork
91.sloganf)anownerofsharesinabusiness
92.spamg)junkmail
93.patenth)ageneralplanintendedtoachievesomething
overaperiodoftime
B.Completethefollowingsentences,usingtheappropriatephrasal
verbsfromtheboxbelow.Remembertoputtheverbsinthecorrectform.
YoushouldrefertothecompanystructureofABMplcforquestions1-3.
(7points)
reporttotakeoffsetupseetoconsistof
turnoffdowithoutputtogothrough
6
94.ABMplcfourdepartments.
95.HelenGreytothePersonnelManager.
96.JohnRosstheMaintenanceSection.
97.thegasbeforeyouinspectthebackofthecooker.98.
Afterinheritingalotofmoneyhedecidedto______hisownbusiness.
99.Iwouldliketothesalesfigureswithyouandfindout
wherethemistakesare.
100.Wereallycan,thisexpertknowledge.Wellhaveto
reschedulethemeetingtosuithim.
(H)ChooseawordfromtheboxforeachspaceintheExercisebelow.
Remembertoputthewordsinthecorrectform.
managepostreferencetoarrange
reachencloserequireprivatemoreover
studyenablewouldparticularlyavailable
46PottersLane
Walton
Leicestershire
23April2002MrPeterSellers
DirectorHumanResources
CarneyandDenhamConsultants
7
2CromwellRoad
NottinghamNT79GH
DearMrSellers
With101toyouradvertisementintheIndependenton21April,I
wouldliketoapplyforthe102ofProjectManagerwithyour
company.
Iam35yearsoldand1haveconsiderableexperienceinengineering
inboththepublicand103sectormanagingoverseasconstruction
projects.104,IhaverecentlycompletedacourseonManagementand
CommunicationandIamcurrently105foranMAdegreeinEngineering
Management.Thisexperiencebas106metodevelopthenecessary
leadershipandCommunicationskillsto107multidisciplined
constructionteams.Iam108interestedinthepositionyouare
offeringasI109liketobecomemoreinvolvedwithbuilding
refurbishmentprojects.
Iwouldbegratefulifyoucould110aninterviewassoonas
possibleasIamgoingabroadnextmonth.IcanBe111attheabove
address.Iam112tostartworkfromIJune.Pleasefind113myCV.
Pleasedonothesitatetocontactmeifyou114anyfurther
information.
Ilookforward115heatingfromyou.
Yourssincerely
AnneAlexander
AnneAlexander(Ms)
8
IV.Readthematerialsandanswerthefollowingquestions:
Exercise1
1.Readthefollowingtextandanswerquestions116-120.
Sometimesyoumightbeaskedtogotoaselectionorassessment
centre.Thisisanextendedinterviewwhichismadeupofaseriesof
groupactivities,restsandpresentations.Youwillbeassessed
throughoutthedaybyassessorswhowillbelookingtoseehowwellyou
workinaream,whetheryourcommunicationskillsaregoodandwhether
youcanworktodeadlines.Teamworkisimportant.Youdon,tdoyourself
anyfavorsbytryingtotakeoverthegroup,butatthesametime,don,t
sitbackandleteveryoneelsedothework.
Don'tpanicifyou,reaskedtodoapresentationonsomethingyou
don,tknowmuchaboutasthewayyougivethepresentationisoftenmore
importantthanthecontentitself.Youshouldpracticebeforehandsoyou
knowhowlongthepresentationtakes.Thebestadviceondealingwitha
selectioncentreistogiveityourbestshot.Ifyousittimidlyinthe
corner,theassessorcannotmakeanyjudgmentaboutyou.
Whenyoutakeapersonalitytest,whichisdesignedtofindout
aboutyourpersonalityandcharacter,whatyourvaluesareandwhat
motivatesyou,don,tworryaboutansweringquestionsincorrectlythere
isusuallynorightorwronganswers.Answerthequestionshonestlyand
positively.Thereisnopointintryingtogivetheanswersyouthink
theemployerwillwantbecausefirstlyyoumighthavethewrongidea
aboutwhattheemployerislookingfor,andsecondly,youdon'twantlo
geltilejobandspendtheensuingmonthstryingtobesomeonewho
you'renot.116.WhatistheExercisemainlyconcernedwith?
9
117.Howshouldyoubehaveduringthedayattheselectioncentre?
118.Howshouldapplicantsapproachgivingpresentations?
119.Doesitmatterifyouanswerquestionsincorrectlyina
personalitytest?Why?
120.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutlyinginapersonalitytest?
Exercise2
Despitetheattentionpaidwithinadvertisingagenciestothewhole
businesstargetingspecificgroups,therehavebeensomespectacular
failurestogetitrightwhencompanieshavetriedtogointernational
orglobalwiththeirproducts.Thishasbeenforavarietyofreasons.
Sometimes,thebrandnameoftheproducthasunfortunateassociations
whentranslatedintoforeignlanguages.Lookingatthisareacan
illustratehowpowerfultheoperationofconnotationis-thewayin
whichwordscancallupassociationsinourminds.Becauseofthewaywe
makeconnectionsbetweenwordsandparticularideas,feelingand
experiences,brandnamesarecrucialforadvertisers.Theyarevery
economic,actingaslittleconcentratedcapsulesofmeaning.Where
advertisersgetitright,readerswilldotheworktogenerateallthe
intendedconnotations.
Therearewholecompanieswhospecializeinofferingresearchon
brand-nameconnotationstoproductmanufacturerslookingforanamefor
anewproduct,orlookingathowbesttomarketanexistingproductto
new,foreignaudiences.Thesecompanies-forexampleInter-brand,and
TheBrand-namingCompanytypicallyorganizebrainstormingsessions
wheretheyaskgroupsofpeopletolettheirimaginations'roamfree’,
fromwhichmeetingstheyarriveatshortlistsofnameswhose
suitabilityisthenresearchedfurther.Namesontheshortlistshaveto
passcertain
10
tests:forexample,thattheyarenottooclosetoexistingnames;
thattheyarepronounceableinalltheworld'smajorlanguages;that
theyhavetherightconnotations.Thelatter,however,isacomplexarea.
Evenwithinonelanguage,connotationscanbeaboutquitesubtle
distinctions.Forexample,whenPickfordsTravelmergedwithHogg
Robinsontwoyearsago,theshortlistforthenewcompanyhadtwomain
contenders:'Destinations',arid'GoingPlaces'.Thenewcompanychose
thelatter,decidingthat'destinations,tendedtosuggestlonghaul
flightstofarflungplacestravelfortheprivileged.’GoingPlaces',on
theotherhand,wasthoughttodescribeallsortsoftraveland
thereforebemoresuitableforthemassmarket,whichwasthecompany?s
target.
2.Markstatements121-125TrueorFalseaccordingtothe
informationprovidedinthetextabove.
121.ThisExerciseismainlyabouthowtochoosenamesforcompanies
wishingtogoglobal.
122.Goodnamesmaketherightconnectionbetweenwordsandideas.
123.‘GoingPlaces,isusedasanexampletoshowhowharditisto
chooseanameforacompany.
124.‘Destinations'islikelytoappealtowealthytravelers.125.
Onetechniquebrandnameconsultantsoftenuseistoinvitepeopleto
freelysuggestanynamesontheirmind.
Exercise3
Material1:Jurisprudence:AnOverview
11
ThewordjurisprudencederivesfromtheLatintermjurisprudentia,
whichmeans“thestudy,knowledge,orscienceoflaw.〃IntheUnited
Statesjurisprudencecommonlymeansthephilosophyoflaw.Legal
philosophyhasmanyaspects,butfourofthemarethemostcommon.The
firstandthemostprevalentformofjurisprudenceseekstoanalyze,
explain,classify,andcriticizeentirebodiesoflaw.Lawschool
textbooksandlegalencyclopediasrepresentthistypeofscholarship.
Thesecondtypeofjurisprudencecomparesandcontrastslawwithother
fieldsofknowledgesuchasliterature,economics,religion,andthe
socialsciences.Thethirdtypeofjurisprudenceseekstorevealthe
historical,moral,andculturalbasisofaparticularlegalconcept.The
fourthbodyofjurisprudencefocusesonfindingtheanswertosuch
abstractquestionsaswhatislaw?Howdojudges(properly)decidecases?
Apartfromdifferenttypesofjurisprudence,differentschoolsof
jurisprudenceexist.Formalism,orconceptualism,treatslawlikemath
orscience.Formalistsbelievethatajudgeidentifiestherelevant
legalprinciples,appliesthemtothefactsofacase,andlogically
deducesarulethatwillgoverntheoutcomeofthedispute.Incontrast,
proponentsoflegalrealismbelievethatmostcasesbeforecourts
presenthardquestionsthatjudgesmustresolvebybalancingthe
interestsofthepartiesandultimatelydrawinganarbitrarylineonone
sideofthedispute.Thisline,realistsmaintain,isdrawnaccordingto
thepolitical,economic,andpsychologicalinclinationsofthejudge.
Somelegalrealistsevenbelievethatajudgeisabletoshapethe
outcomeofthecasebasedonpersonalbiases.
Apartfromtherealist-formalistdichotomy,thereistheclassic
debateovertheappropriatesourcesoflawbetweenpositivistand
natural
12
lawschoolsofthought.Positivistsarguethatthereisno
connectionbetweenlawandmoralityandtheonlysourcesoflaware
rulesthathavebeenexpresslyenactedbyagovernmentalentityorcourt
oflaw.Naturalists,orproponentsofnaturallaw,insistthattherules
enactedbygovernmentarenottheonlysourcesoflaw.Theyarguethat
moralphilosophy;religion,humanreasonandindividualconscienceare
alsointegratingpartsofthelaw.
Therearenobrightlinesbetweendifferentschoolsofjurisprudence.
Thelegalphilosophyofaparticularlegalscholarmayconsistofa
combinationofstrainsfrommanyschoolsoflegalthought.Somescholars
thinkthatitismoreappropriatetothinkaboutjurisprudenceasa
continuum.
Theabove-mentionedschoolsoflegalthoughtsareonlypartofa
diversejurisprudentialpictureoftheUnitedStates.Otherprominent
schoolsoflegalthoughtexist.Criticallegalstudies,feminist
jurisprudence,lawandeconomics,utilitarianism,andlegalpragmatism
arebutafewofthem.
Material2:LegalPhilosophy
Jurisprudenceisthephilosophyoflawandofthelegalsystem.
Therearemanywaysofclassifyinglegalphilosophyorjurisprudence.
Thefourmajorschoolsofthoughtarenaturallaw,positivelaw,
sociologicaljurisprudenceandlegalrealism.
Thenaturallawschoolofthoughtfeelsthatthelegalsystemshould
modeltherelationshipsfoundinnatureandbelieveintheinnate
goodnessofman.
13
ThenaturallawschoolofthoughtbeganduringthefifthcenturyB.C.
andstatesthatthereexistsasenseofwhatisjustandrightinnature
separateanddistinctfromtherulesthatmaybedevelopedbyastate.
Aristotleassertedthatlawexistedinnatureandcouldbe
ascertainedbyman,sexerciseofhispowertoreason.TheStoicschool
elaboratedonandexpandedontheideasofAristotleinthethird
centuryB.C.During
gentium(thelawofnations)wastheRomanperiodtheconceptofjus
similartotheearlierGreeknaturallawtheories.
St.ThomasAquinascombinedtheGreekandRomanschoolsofthought
intoaChristianviewthatGodrevealsnaturallawtomanthroughman's
abilitytoreason.JohnLockearguedthatmanhada"bundle"ofrights,
onlysomeofwhichhesurrenderedtothestateinordertoliveinan
organizedsociety.AccordingtoLocke,theindividualretainedthe
remainingrightsinthebundle.ThisviewisrecognizedintheTenth
AmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution.Thepowersnotdelegatedto
theUnitedStatesbytheConstitutionnorprohibitedbyittotheStates,
arereservedtotheStatesrespectively,ortothepeople.
Beginningwiththenineteenthcentury,therewasamoveawayfrom
relianceonnaturallawtowardtheconceptofpositivelaw.Naturallaw
takesthepositionthatlawisbasedonfundamentaltruths.This
positionismoreastatementoffaiththananassertionoffact.The
advocatesofpositivelaw(sometimescalledlegalpositivismor
analyticaljurisprudence)believethatlawshouldbemorescientificand
lessreliantonblindfaith.Thus,positivelawdealswithaxiomsand
attemptstodevelopalegalsystembasedonlogicratherthanonbeliefs.
LegalpositivismoriginallydevelopedinEurope.Thelegal
positivistsbelievethatthereisnolawunlessanduntillaiddownbya
sovereign.(Thesovereigncanbeeitherapersonoraninstitution.)As
aresult,positivelawcanbedistinguishedfrommoralitybecause
moralitydoesnotcomefromthesovereign,whilelawis,oratleast
shouldbe,handeddownbythesovereign.Therearefourbasiccomponents
oflegalpositivism:
1.Lawconsistsofrules.
2.Lawisdifferentfrommorals.
3.Thesovereignestablishestherules.
4.Legalrulescarrysanctions.
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