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Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.
AdvertisingResearch:TheoryandPractice,2e(Davis)
Chapter14Experimentation
1)Whichofthefollowingtype(s)ofdatacollectionallow(s)aresearchertodeterminecausality?
A)surveys
B)experiments
C)bothsurveysandexperimentsworkequallywelltodeterminecausality
Answer:B
PageRef:361
Difficulty:Easy
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:Conceptual
2)________allowsaresearchertodeterminetheeffectofchangesinoneareaononeormoreotherareas.
A)Causality
B)Correlation
C)Creativity
D)Brainstorming
E)Synergy
Answer:A
PageRef:361
Difficulty:Easy
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:Conceptual
3)Whichofthefollowingbestillustratestheconceptofcausality?
A)showarespondentanadandthenaskquestionsaboutreactionstothead
B)givearespondentasampleproductandthenconductaninterviewtodeterminesatisfaction
C)varytheamountofadvertisingexposuretodeterminechangesinsales
Answer:C
PageRef:361
Difficulty:Difficult
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:CriticalThinking
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
4)Experimentsallowresearcherstobypasstherecallofbehaviorandactuallyobservebehaviorsinresponsetoastimulusofinterest.
Answer:TRUE
PageRef:361
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:Conceptual
5)Thefollowingstatementsrefertotheuseofsurveyresults.
I. Surveyresultsbecomelessreliableandlessvaluablefordecisionmaking
whenindividualsareaskedtousememorytoattributecauseandeffect.
II. Surveyresultsbecomelessreliableandlessvaluablefordecision
makingwhentherearebelievedtobecomplex,multiple,orinterrelated
influencesonbehavior.
Which,ifany,ofthesestatementsis(are)true?
A)Ionly
B)IIonly
C)IandIIarebothtrue
D)NeitherInorIIaretrue
Answer:C
PageRef:364
Difficulty:Difficult
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
6)Thefirststepinconductinganexperimentisto________.
A)identifywhatyouneedtolearn
B)begintheexperimentbytakingtherelevantactions
C)determinetheresearchbudget
D)hireafieldservicetocollectthedata
Answer:B
PageRef:364
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:Conceptual
7)Surveyresultsbecomemorereliableandvaluablefordecisionmakingwhenindividualsareaskedforintrospectioninareasofbehaviortheydonotnormallythinkabout.
Answer:FALSE
PageRef:364
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:Conceptual
8)Everyexperimenthasatleastonemanipulation.
Answer:TRUE
PageRef:365
Difficulty:Easy
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:Conceptual
9)ThetextdescribesPeter'spizzaexperiment.Inthisexperimenttheamountofwaterwasthe________variable.
A)dependent
B)independent
C)causative
D)categorical
Answer:B
PageRef:364,365
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:AnalyticSkills
10)ThetextdescribesPeter'spizzaexperiment.Inthisexperimentthequalityofcrusttexturewasthe________variable.
A)dependent
B)independent
C)causative
D)categorical
Answer:A
PageRef:364,365
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:AnalyticSkills
11)Johnisawaiter.Hewantstodetermineifhowhegreetshiscustomers(specificallywhetherornotheintroduceshimselfbyname)affectshistips.Inthissituation,theindependentvariablewouldbe________
A)thesizeofJohn'stips
B)thenumberofrepeatcustomers
C)thepresenceorabsenceofJohn'snameinhisgreeting
D)whetherornotJohn'scustomersaddresshimbyname
Answer:C
PageRef:365
Difficulty:Difficult
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:Application
AACSBStandard:AnalyticSkills
12)Johnisawaiter.Hewantstodetermineifhowhegreetshiscustomers(specificallywhetherornotheintroduceshimselfbyname)affectshistips.Inthissituation,thedependentvariablewouldbe________
A)thesizeofJohn'stips
B)thenumberofrepeatcustomers
C)thepresenceorabsenceofJohn'snameinhisgreeting
D)whetherornotJohn'scustomersaddresshimbyname
Answer:A
PageRef:365
Difficulty:Difficult
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:Application
AACSBStandard:AnalyticSkills
13)Itisalwaysthecasethatanexperimentseekstodeterminetheeffectofchangesinthedependentvariableontheindependentvariable.
Answer:FALSE
PageRef:365
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
14)Thefollowingtwostatementsrefertoexperimentalcausality.
I. Inorderforcausalitytobeacceptedinanexperiment,changesinthe
independentvariablemustprecedechangesinthedependentvariable.
II. Inorderforcausalitytobeacceptedinanexperiment,onlyonealternative
explanationoftheoutcomemustbeeliminated.
Which,ifany,ofthesestatementsis(are)true?
A)Ionly
B)IIonly
C)IandIIarebothtrue
D)NeitherInorIIistrue
Answer:A
PageRef:366
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
15)Inorderforcausalitytobeacceptedinanexperiment,thecauseandeffectrelationshipmustbesupportedandverifiedbysignificantoutcomesfromappropriatestatisticaltests.
Answer:TRUE
PageRef:366
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
16)Anexperiment's________referstotheextenttowhichonecaneliminatealternativeexplanationsfortheobservedexperimentalresults.
A)internalvalidity
B)externalvalidity
C)externalreference
D)internalreference
Answer:B
PageRef:366
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:Conceptual
17)Premeasurementisathreattointernalvaliditythatisrelatedtoproblemsassociatedwith________.
A)apretestsurvey
B)variationindatacollectionprocedures
C)thesample
D)thestudycontext
E)theresearcher
Answer:A
PageRef:367
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO2
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
18)Instrumentationisathreattointernalvaliditythatisrelatedtoproblemsassociatedwith________.
A)apretestsurvey
B)variationindatacollectionprocedures
C)thesample
D)thestudycontext
E)theresearcher
Answer:B
PageRef:367
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO2
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
19)Maturationisathreattointernalvaliditythatisrelatedtoproblemsassociatedwith________.
A)apretestsurvey
B)variationindatacollectionprocedures
C)thesample
D)thestudycontext
E)theresearcher
Answer:C
PageRef:367
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO2
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
20)Historyisathreattointernalvaliditythatisrelatedtoproblemsassociatedwith________.
A)apretestsurvey
B)variationindatacollectionprocedures
C)thesample
D)thestudycontext
E)theresearcher
Answer:D
PageRef:367
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO2
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
21)Premeasurementiscloselyrelatedtowhatotherthreattointernalvalidity?
A)Interaction
B)Instrumentation
C)Mortality
D)History
E)Researcherbias
Answer:A
PageRef:367
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO2
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
22)Maturationiscloselyrelatedtowhatotherthreattointernalvalidity?
A)Instrumentation
B)Interaction
C)History
D)Mortality
E)Researcherbias
Answer:D
PageRef:370
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO2
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
23)________threatstointernalvalidityoccurwheneveraninterviewgivenbeforethestartofanexperimenthasadirecteffectonarespondent'sresponsesduringtheexperiment.
A)Premeasurement
B)Historical
C)Interaction
D)Selection
E)Researcherbias
Answer:A
PageRef:367
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO2
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
24)________threatstointernalvalidityoccurwheneveraninterviewadministeredbeforethestartofanexperimentaffectsarespondent'ssensitivityorresponsivenesstotheindependentvariable.
A)Premeasurement
B)Historical
C)Interaction
D)Selection
E)Researcherbias
Answer:C
PageRef:367
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO2
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
25)Premeasurementthreatstointernalvalidityoccurafterexposuretotheindependentvariable.
Answer:FALSE
PageRef:368
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO2
Classification:Conceptual
26)________threatstointernalvaliditycanresultfromrepeatedadministrationsofthesamesurvey,whenthesurveyisgivenoncebeforethetreatmentandonceagainafterthetreatment.
A)Interaction
B)Testing
C)Instrumentation
D)Historical
E)Researcherbias
Answer:B
PageRef:368
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO2
Classification:Application
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
27)________threatstointernalvalidityrefertodataoutcomesthatarenottheresultoftheexperimentalmanipulation,butareinsteadtheresultofchangesinthedatacollectioninstrument.
A)Interaction
B)Testing
C)Instrumentation
D)Historical
E)Researcherbias
Answer:C
PageRef:368
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO2
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
28)Peggiveseveryoneparticipatinginanexperimentapretestwhichmeasuresattitudestowardthebrand.Whensheexaminesthisdata,shenoticesproblemswithseveralofthequestions.Sherevisesthesequestionspriortotheiruseonthepost-test.Thischangecouldresultin________threatstointernalvalidity.
A)Interaction
B)Testing
C)Instrumentation
D)Historical
E)Researcherbias
Answer:C
PageRef:368
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO2
Classification:Application
AACSBStandard:AnalyticSkills
29)Atthestartofanexperimenteveryoneisexcitedabouttheirparticipation.Everyonetakesagreatdealofcareincompletingthepretestsurvey.Theexperimenttakesfivehourstocomplete.Attheendoftheexperiment,apost-testquestionnaireisadministered.Manyoftherespondentsjustwanttogethome,andsogiveonlysuperficialanswerstothepost-testquestions.Thissituationreflectsa________threattointernalvalidity.
A)maturation
B)selection
C)mortality
D)testing
E)researcherbias
Answer:A
PageRef:370
Difficulty:Difficult
LearningObj.:LO2
Classification:Application
AACSBStandard:AnalyticSkills
30)________threatstointernalvalidityoccurwhenever,atthestartoftheexperiment,thetestandcontrolgroupsdifferintermsofrelevantdemographics,attitudes,orbehaviors.
A)Testing
B)Mortality
C)Researcherbias
D)Selection
E)Premeasurement
Answer:D
PageRef:370
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO2
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
31)________threatstointernalvalidityarisewhenrespondentsdropoutoftheresearchbetweenthepretestandthepost-testand,asaresult,itcannotbedeterminedifdifferencesbetweenthetwotestsarethetheresultoftheexperimentaltreatmentoraretheresultofdifferentgroupcharacteristicsatthetwostagesofmeasurement.
A)Mortality
B)Researcherbias
C)Selection
D)Testing
E)Premeasurement
Answer:A
PageRef:370
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO2
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
32)________threatstointernalvalidityrefertoanyeventsorinfluencesbeyondthoseoftheresearcherthatoccurduringtheexperimentandhavethepotentialtoaffecttheexperimentaloutcome.
A)Testing
B)Researcherbias
C)Premeasurement
D)Historical
E)Mortality
Answer:D
PageRef:371
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO2
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
33)________areapoorattempttouncovercausalrelationships.
A)Trueexperimentaldesigns
B)Quasi-experimentaldesigns
Answer:B
PageRef:372
Difficulty:Easy
LearningObj.:LO3
Classification:Conceptual
34)Thediagramshownbelowillustrateswhattypeofexperimentaldesign?
A)quasi-experimental:onegrouppost-testonly
B)quasi-experimental:onegrouppretesttopost-test
C)experimental:onegrouppost-testonly
D)experimental:simulatedpretesttopost-test
Answer:A
PageRef:374
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO3
Classification:Conceptual
35)Thediagrambelowillustrateswhattypeofexperimentaldesign
A)quasi-esperimental:onegrouppost-testonly
B)quasi-experimental:onegrouppretesttopost-test
C)experimental:onegrouppretesttopost-test
D)experimental:simulatedpretesttopost-test
Answer:B
PageRef:374
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO3
Classification:Conceptual
36)Thediagrambelowillustrateswhattypeofexperimentaldesign?
A)quasi-esperimental:twogrouppost-testonly
B)quasi-experimental:twogrouppost-testwithcontrol
C)experimental:twogrouppost-testonly
D)experimental:twogroupsimulatedpretesttopost-test
Answer:B
PageRef:376
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO3
Classification:Conceptual
37)Considerthediagramshownbelow.
Assumethat50peoplewereassignedtoeachgroup.Whichofthefollowingwouldresultinthebestimprovementtothisdesign?
A)Increasesamplesizeto200pergroup
B)Userandomassignmenttoplaceindividualsineachgroup
C)Decreasethetimelagbetweenpretestandpost-test
D)Restrictthegroupcompositiontoincludeindividualsofonlyonegender
Answer:B
PageRef:376
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO3
Classification:Application
AACSBStandard:AnalyticSkills
38)Trueexperimentaldesignsdifferfromquasi-experimentaldesignsinthat________designsuserandomassignmenttogroups.
A)trueexperimental
B)quasi-experimental
Answer:A
PageRef:377
Difficulty:Easy
LearningObj.:LO3
Classification:Conceptual
39)Therandomassignmentofindividualstotestandcontrolgroupsisimportantbecausethisprocedure________.
A)eliminatesthepossibilityofproblemsassociatedwithdatacollection
B)guaranteesthesamenumberofmenandwomenineachgroup
C)reducesmanyofthethreatstoexternalvalidity
D)reducesmanyofthethreatstointernalvalidity
Answer:D
PageRef:377
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO3
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
40)Thediagrambelowillustrateswhattypeofexperimentaldesign?
A)simulatedpretest-post-test
B)post-testonlywithcontrol
C)pretesttopost-testwithcontrol
D)factorialdesign
Answer:A
PageRef:378
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO3
Classification:Conceptual
41)Thediagrambelowillustrateswhattypeofexperimentaldesign?
A)simulatedpretest-post-test
B)post-testonlywithcontrol
C)pretesttopost-testwithcontrol
D)factorialdesign
Answer:C
PageRef:379
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO3
Classification:Conceptual
42)Thediagrambelowillustrateswhattypeofexperimentaldesign?
A)simulatedpretest-post-test
B)post-testonlywithcontrol
C)pretesttopost-testwithcontrol
D)factorialdesign
Answer:B
PageRef:379
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO3
Classification:Conceptual
43)Whichtrueexperimentaldesignisboththemostpowerfulandthemostresource-intensive?
A)Solomonfourgroup
B)pretesttopost-testwithcontrol
C)simulatedpretest-post-test
D)post-testonlywithcontrol
Answer:A
PageRef:380
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO3
Classification:Conceptual
44)Whichtrueexperimentaldesigncontrolsforallinternalthreatstointernalvalidity?
A)Solomonfourgroup
B)pretesttopost-testwithcontrol
C)simulatedpretest-post-test
D)post-testonlywithcontrol
Answer:A
PageRef:380
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO3
Classification:Application
45)Thefollowingtwostatementsrefertothestructureofexperiments.
I. Anexperimentcanonlymanipulateoneaspectorleveloftheindependent
variableatatime.
II. Anexperimentcanonlyhaveoneindependentvariable.
Which,ifany,ofthesestatementsis(are)true?
A)Ionly
B)IIonly
C)IandIIarebothtrue
D)NeitherInorIIaretrue
Answer:D
PageRef:380
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO3
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSkills
46)MaxandTomhaveheardthatifyoudropMentosintobottlesofDietCokeanexplosionoccurs.TheyconductanexperimentinwhichtheyvarythenumberofMentosdroppedintoabottleandthesize(inounces)oftheDietCokebottle.Thiswouldbeanexampleofa________experiment.
A)simulatedpretest-post-test
B)Solomonfourgroup
C)factorial
D)pretesttopost-testwithcontrol
Answer:C
PageRef:383
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO3
Classification:CriticalThinking
47)Krathwohlnotesthatinternalvalidityisgreaterwhenachangeinthe"cause"isfollowedbylargechangesinthe"effect."
Answer:TRUE
PageRef:386
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO4
Classification:Conceptual
48)Krathwohlnotesthatinternalvalidityisgreaterwhenthe"effect"reinforcesratherthanreversesaprevailingtendencyorcondition.
Answer:FALSE
PageRef:386
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO4
Classification:Conceptual
49)________validityisconcernedwiththeextenttowhichtheexperimentalresultscanlegitimatelybegeneralizedbeyondthenarrowconfinesoftheexperimentitself.
A)External
B)Internal
C)Modified
D)Correlational
E)Statistical
Answer:A
PageRef:386
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO4
Classification:Conceptual
50)________experimentstendtohaverelativelyhighinternalvaliditybutrelativelylowexternalvalidity.
A)Laboratory
B)Field
Answer:A
PageRef:387
Difficulty:Easy
LearningObj.:LO3
Classification:Conceptual
51)Whatarethefourprimarystepsinconductinganexperiment?
Answer:-identifywhatyouneedtolearn
-taketherelevantactions(conducttheexperimentbymanipulatingoneormorevariables)
-observetheeffectsandconsequencesofthoseactionsonothervariables,andthen
-determinetheextenttowhichtheobservedeffectscanbeattributedtoactionstaken
PageRef:364
Difficulty:Moderate
LearningObj.:LO1
Classification:Conceptual
AACSBStandard:ReflectiveThinkingSki
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