英译汉理论与实践课件

英译汉理论与实践教程

第一章报刊文章选段汉译

第一节1OutsidetheUnitedNations,humanrightsmattershavebeendiscussedwiththeGroupof7majorindustrializedcountriesandtheNon-AlliedMovementattheirsummitmeetings,aswellaswiththeOrganizationofAmericanStates,theOrganizationofAfricanUnity,theAssociationofSouth-EastAsianNations,EuropeanUnion,theCommonwealthofIndependentStates,theRioGroupandinotherimportantregionalandsubregionalforums.1)Analysisoftheoriginal:A)Grammaticalanalysis:

1.Sentencestructure:Theselectionconsistsofanunusuallylongsimplesentence,whosebackbonestructure

couldbereducedto…humanrightsmattershavebeendiscussedwith…aswellaswith….2.Additionalcomplication：Thesentencebeginswithaprepositionalphrase.B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Asrevealedinthegrammaticalanalysis,theselectionconsistsofonlyasinglesimplesentenceanditisaperiodicsentence,beginningwithaprepositionalphrase.Inaddition,theselectionsoundexotictotheChineseearwithsomanynamesofinternationalorganizations.2.Structuralcomplication：Theselectionisstructurallycomplicatedwiththetwocoordinateprepositionalphrasesattheendofthesentence,anditisstructurallyformalforitsstructuralcomplication,grammaticalcompletenessandfreedomfromanycolloquialstructures.3.Parallelstructure：Intheselection,parallelstructuresarefrequentlyused,forexample,with…,aswellaswith…;theGroupof7majorindustrializedcountriesandtheNon-AlliedMovement;theOrganizationofAmericanStates,theOrganizationofAfricanUnity,theAssociationofSouth-EastAsianNations,EuropeanUnion,theCommonwealthofIndependentStates,theRioGroup;andregionalandsubregional.4.Lexicalcohesivedevice：Examplescouldbefoundasfollows:thepattern…discussedwith…andwith…isusedtoreinforcethecoherenceandunityaswell;thepossessivepronountheirisusedtorefertoGroupof7majorindustrializedcountriesandtheNon-AlliedMovement;namesofinternationalorganizationsarelistedoneafteranother;subregionalandregionalareusedaspartialrepetitions,andsoon.5.Lexicalformality：Theselectionischaracterizedbythefrequentemploymentofsuchformalwords,includingnominalizations,asmatter,discuss,major,industrialize,summit,movement,organization,association,commonwealth,independentandothers.2)Stagedtranslation:A)Translation1:联合国之外，人权方面的事务已经讨论过了，和七个主要工业国集团、不结盟运动，在它们的峰会上；也已经讨论过了，同美洲国家组织、非洲统一组织、东南亚国家联盟、欧洲联盟、独立国共同体、里约集团以及在其他重要的地区和次地区的论坛上。Comments:Suchatranslationisawkwardinthatinthecaseofexpressingthesimilarideasastheselectioncontains,theusualChinesewaywillbe:某某问题已经在某某地点和某某、某某以及某某讨论过了.Ifthediscussionpartnerlististoolong,theChinesemightturntosuchexpressionas某某问题已经在某某地点和某某与某某讨论过了，也已经在某某地点和某某、某某……等讨论过了，…….ThealternativeChinesepatternspointtothenecessitythatsuchphrasesas和七个主要工业国集团、不结盟运动;在它们的峰会上;同美洲国家组织、非洲统一组织、东南亚国家联盟、欧洲联盟、独立国共同体、里约集团以及在其他重要的地区和次地区的论坛上shouldbefrontedorreorganized.B)Translation2:

在联合国之外，人权问题已经在峰会上同七大工业国集团、不结盟运动讨论过了，也已经同美洲国家组织、非统组织、东南亚国家联盟、欧洲联盟、独立国共同体和里约集团讨论过了，在其他地区性和次地区性的论坛上也已经讨论过了。Comments:Thepresenttranslationistotallydifferentfromthepreviousinthatbyrepeating同……讨论过了with在……也已经讨论过了asareinforcement,allthediscussionparticipantsarenowwellorganizedinanorderlypattern.However,abbreviationscouldhavebeenusedforthenamesoftheinternationalorganizations,andothermeasurescouldalsobetaken.C)Translation3:人权问题在联合国内外都已经讨论过了。例如，在联合国机构之外，在七国集团和不结盟运动的峰会上，在美洲国家组织、非统、东盟、欧盟、独联体、里约集团中，在重要的地区与次地区论坛上，都已经讨论过了。Comments:Inthepresentversion,abbreviationsareused,therepetitionof讨论过了isavoidedbyrepetitionof在….上（中）threetimes,andadditionof人权问题在联合国内外都讨论过了。例如fortheclarityoftheideas,coherenceofthetextandimprovementonthestructureofthetranslationasawhole.Theadditionof在联合国内外,togetherwiththerepetitionof讨论过了,ismeaningfulinthatfirst,theimpliedmeaningismadeexplicit;second,thetranslationnowassumesanexplicitdeductivepatternofdevelopment,thatis,developmentfromgeneraltospecific.2Paralleltothis,theHighCommissionerhasinitiatedandvigorouslypursuedtherestructuringoftheCentreforHumanRightswiththeaimofensuringasecretariatcapableofprovidingthehigheststandardsofworktorespondeffectivelytoanever-growingnumberofmandatesandhumanrightschallengesaroundtheworld.TheCommissiononhumanRightsisauniqueworldforumwithprimaryobjectivebeingtomaketheenjoymentofhumanrightsarealityforallpeople.Thiscanonlybeachievedbytranslatingprinciplesandnormsintoconcretedeedsaffectingthewaypeoplelive.Indoingso,theCommissiononhumanrightscanalsogivegreaterimpetustotheinitiativesbeingundertakenbytheHighCommissioner.ItisessentialthattheCommission,asthemostimportantforumdedicatedtohumanrights,accordtheHighCommissionerthesupportneededforforginggreaterdeterminationinpromotingandprotectingallhumanrights.1)Analysisoftheoriginal:A)Grammaticalanalysis:1.Sentencestructure：Theselectionconsistsoffivesentencesinall,withthelongestrunningthreeandahalflines,andtheshortestoneandahalflines.Ofthefivesentences,thefirstisasimplesentence;thesecondisalsoasimplesentencebutwithanabsolutenominalconstructionembedded;thenexttwoarealsosimplesentencesbutthelastisacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandasubjectclause.2.Additionalcomplication：Thefirstsentencebeginswithanadjectivephraseandthestructureofthesentencecouldbereducedtosuchabackbonestructureas…theHighCommissionerhasinitiatedandpursued…withtheaimof….3.Notes：Inthesentence,asecretariatcapableof…meansasecretariatthatiscapableof….Andalsointhesentence,…provide…to…meansto…provideinorderto….Inthesecondsentence,…withprimaryobjectivebeingtomaketheenjoyment…isanabsolutenominalconstruction.Againinthesecondsentence,…make…arealityforallpeopleassumesthestructureofmake+object+objectcomplement.InItisessentialthat…inthelastsentence,thethatclauseservesastherealsubject,anditservesastheformalsubject.Theclauseisinsubjunctivemood.Alsointhesentence,thereisapatternofaccordsomebodysomething.B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Ofthefivesentencestheselectionconsistsof,thefirst,thefourthandthelastareperiodicwhiletheothertwoareloosesentences.Thethreesentencesareregardedasperiodicinthatthefirstsentencebeginswithanadjectivephrase;thefourthbeginswithaprepositionalphrasewhilethelastbeginswithaformalsubject,keepingtherealsubjectfurtherback.Alsointhelastsentence,thereisaparentheticstructureembedded,asdiscussedinthegrammaticalanalysis.2.Structuralcomplication：allthesentencesarestructurallycomplicatedtosomeextentthoughmostofthemarecomplicatedatphrasallevelratherthanatsententiallevel.Forexample,inthefirstsentence,thetwopastparticiplesinthepredicateareincoordination;andthereareanumberofprepositionalphrasestogetherwithanadjectivephraseandaninfinitivephrase.Inthesecondsentence,thereisanabsolutenominalconstructiontogetherwithotherstructuralcomplications;andothersentencesarecomplicatedinsimilarways.Inaddition,allthesentencesvaryinlength,rhetoricstructureandgrammaticalstructure.3.Structuralformality：Allthesentencesarestructurallyformalfortheirgrammaticalcompletenessandfreedomfromanycolloquialstructure.4.Parallelstructure：Parallelstructurearefrequentlyused,forexample,initiatedandvigorouslypursued;anever-growingnumberofmandatesandhumanrightschallengesaroundtheworld;principlesandnorms;andpromotingandprotecting.5.Lexicalcohesivedevice：Examplescouldbefoundasfollows:theHighCommissioner,commissionandhumanrightsarerepeated;initiativeisusedasapartialrepetitionforinitiate;andsoon.6.Lexicalformality：Formalwords,includingnominalizations,canbeeasilylocatedsuchascommissioner,initiate,vigorously,pursue,restructuring,andmanyothers.2)Stagedtranslation:A)Translation1:与此平行，高级专员已经启动了并不遗余力地追求人权中心改组，目的是确保书记处能够提供最高的工作标准，以有效地回应不断增长的官方要求和世界范围内的人权挑战。人权专署是世界上唯一的论坛，其主要目的是让享受人权成为所有的人的一种现实。这个目的的达到，只有通过将原则和规范转换成影响人们生活方式的具体的做法。在这样做的时候，人权专署也可以提供更大的动力，为正在采取的启动行动的高级专员。下面的做法是有必要的，专署，作为致力于人权工作的最重要的论坛，必须为高级专员提供支持，为他更加增强决心来促进和保护所有的人权。Comments:Thetranslationofthefirstthreesentences,thoughwordforword,sentenceforsentence,arebasicallyacceptable.Forinthetranslatingprocess,whatshouldbefrontedandreadjustedhasbeenfrontedandreadjustedalready.However,thatofthelasttwosentencesarebeyondtheChinesenorm,which,inthecaseofexpressingthesimilarideas,wouldrequiretwosentenceslikethis:在这样做的时候，人权专署也可以为……提供更大的动力;and作为……，专署必须为……提供更多的支持，以便他……。这样做是很有必要的.Thisanalysispointstothenecessityforimprovementtobemadeonthetranslation.Inaddition,与此平行attheverybeginningisnotatypicalChineseexpressionforthecontext;这个目的的达到，只有通过将原则和规范转换成影响人们生活方式的具体的做法couldbereadjusted,andsoon.B)Translation2:同样，高级专员已经启动并正在竭力追求重组人权中心，以确保书记处能够提供最好的工作标准来有效地回应日益增长的官方指令和世界范围内的人权挑战。人权专署是唯一的世界论坛，其主要目的是将人人都享有人权变为现实。这个目标，只有通过将原则和规范都转换成影响人们的生活方式的具体行动，才能达到。这样做，人权专署就能为高级专员做好正在启动的工作提供更大的动力。作为致力于人权工作的最重要的论坛，专署必须为高级专员提供必要的支持，以便他在促进和维护所有的人权事务中能下更大的决心。Comments:Improvementshavebeenmadeonthereadability,coherenceandauthenticitywiththeproperchoiceofwordsandsentencepatterns.Forexample,thepatternsproposedintheabovecommentsarenowused;同样issubstitutedfor与此平行;andreadjustmentsaremadeinaccordancewithwhatispreviouslycommentedonaboutothertranslations.Consequently,thetranslation,nowwithoutanyforeignizedstructure,ismuchmorereadable,coherentandauthentic.C)Translation3:与此同时，高级专员已经启动并孜孜以求于改组人权中心，以便秘书处能以最高工作标准去有效应对联合国官员日益增长的要求和世界范围的日益增长的挑战。专署是世界上的唯一人权论坛，主要致力于实现人人享有人权。这个目标，只有通过将原则和规范变为影响人们的生活方式的具体行动，才能实现。在实现目标的过程中，人权专署就能进一步推动高级专员做好正在启动的工作。作为最重要的人权论坛，专署必须为高级专员提供必要的支持，以便他痛下决心，来推进和保护一切人权。Comments:Improvementsarefurthermadeonauthenticityandcoherencebyusingsuchexpressionsas与此同时；以便；主要在于，andsoon;andbyemployingthesentencepattern这个目标，只有……，才能实andbysubstituting主要致力于实现人人享有人权and在实现目标的过程中，人权专署就能进一步推动高级专员做好正在启动的工作fortheprevious.Consequently,thetranslationsoundsmorelikeapieceofChinesewriting.3Thediverseramificationsoftheendofthecoldwarremainapalpablefactorintheworldeventoday,nearlyadecadelater.Thecessationofsuper-Powerrivalsandmilitaryconfrontationsetintrainawholehostofprogressivechangeswithinandamongcountries.Atthesametime,theinternationalcommunityisstillstrugglingwiththeadverseconsequencesofbipolarity’scollapse.Theinner-ethnicconflictsthatfollowedthebreak-upofseveralmulti-ethnicStates,whetherincentralAsiaortheformerYugoslavia,aretragiccasesinpoint.SomeoftheformerproxybattlegroundsofthecoldwarinAsiaandAfricacontinuetoreelfrominstability.1)Analysisoftheoriginal:A)Grammaticalanalysis:1.Sentencestructure：Theselectionconsistsoffivesentences,andallofthesentencesaresimpleinstructureexceptforthefourth,whichisacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandanattributiveclause.2.AdditionalcomplicationInthefirstsentence,nearlyadecadelaterisinappositiontotodaybeforeit,servinggrammaticallyastheappositiveandfunctionallytoexplainwhentodayis.Inthesecondsentence,thephrasesetintrainmeanscause…tohappen.Thethirdsentencebeginswithaprepositionalphrasewhilethefourthsentencehasaparentheticstructureembedded,thatis,whetherincentralAsiaortheformerYugoslavia.B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Theselectionconsistsoffivesentences,ofwhichthefirsttwoandtheverylastareloosesentenceswhilethetwointhemiddleareperiodic,forthebeginningwithaprepositionalphraseandtheinsertionofaparentheticstructurerespectively.However,attheendofthefirstsentence,thereisanounphraseservingasappositivetowhatgoesbeforeandaddingcomplexitytothesentencestructure.2.Structuralcomplication：Thestructurecomplicationofthethirdsentenceliesinitsbeginningwithaprepositionalphrase.Andthefourthsentencecontainsasubordinateclauseandaparentheticstructure.3.Structuralformality：Allthesentencesintheselectionareformalinstructureinthattheyareallgrammaticallycompleteandfreefromanycolloquialstructure.4.Parallelstructure：Intheselection,parallelstructuresarefrequentlyused,forexample,super-Powerrivalsandmilitaryconfrontation;withinandamong;centralAsiaortheformerYugoslavia;andAsiaandAfrica.5.Lexicalcohesivedevice：Examplescouldbeidentifiedasfollows:super-Powerrivalsisusedasaspecificationforcoldwar;internationalcommunityisusedasanearsynonymfortheworld;coldwarandmulti-ethnicarerepeated;conflictisusedasanearsynonymforconfrontation,andsoon.6.Lexicalformality：Formalwords,includingnominalizations,canbefoundthroughouttheselectionsuchasdiverse,ramification,palpable,cessation,confrontation,bipolarity,progressive,adverse,andmanyothers.C)Backgroundknowledge:(1)ThecoldwarreferstothecoldwarbetweentheformerSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates;(2)ThesuperpowersalsorefertotheformerSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates;(3)BipolarityreferstothetwopolesleadingbytheformerSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates.2)Stagedtranslation:A)Translation1:冷战的结束的各种分支甚至在今天的世界也能感受得到，已经快十年过去了。超级大国的竞争和军事对抗的停止，使国家内部和国家之间发生了一系列循序渐进的变化，变化的安排是恰当的。同时，国际大家庭仍然在同两极对抗崩溃的坏的后果作斗争。跟着几个多民族国家的解体，内部民族冲突，不管是在中亚还是在前南斯拉夫，都是悲剧的例子。在亚洲和非洲的某些从前的冷战代理战场由于不稳定仍在继续运转。Comments:Theaboveisbasicallyaword-for-wordtranslationthoughsomeoftheprepositionalphrasesarefrontedinthetranslatingprocessaccordingtoChinesenorms.Consequently,improperstructuringandwordingcanbefoundhereandthere.Forexample,已经快十年过去了isinappropriatelyplacedattheendofthesentenceandisnecessarytobetranspositioned;变化的安排是恰当的isemployedasthetranslationofsetintrain,whichsoundsexoticandmayprobablybeamistranslation;thepuzzlingexpressionof某些从前的冷战代理战场由于不稳定仍在继续运转,puzzlingforitsexoticness,shouldberetranslated.B)Translation2:将近十年过去了，冷战结束后的各种分化瓦解，在今天的世界上仍然可以感觉得到。超级大国之间的竞争和军事对抗的停止，使国家内部和国家之间发生了一系列循序渐进的有利变化。同时，国际社会仍然在同两极对抗崩溃后的负面影响作斗争。随着某些多民族国家的解体，国内的民族对立，无论是在中亚还是在前南斯拉夫，都是悲剧的例子。在亚洲和非洲某些从前的冷战次战场由于不稳定仍然危机四伏。Comments:Improvementsaremadeonthefirsttranslationwhen将近十年过去了istranspositioned;变化的安排是恰当的and某些从前的冷战代理战场由于不稳定仍在继续运转areretranslated,andsoon.Consequently,allthestructuralproblemsaresolvedandthetranslationisimprovedintermsofauthenticity,coherenceandreadability.However,thereisstillmuchroomforfurtherimprovement.C)Translation3:随着冷战的结束，各种力量分崩离析，将近十年过去了，其影响在今天的世界上仍难以消除。超级大国停止了竞争和军事对抗，促使国家内部和国家之间发生了许多有利的变化。尽管如此，国际社会仍然在同两极对抗崩溃后的负面影响作斗争。某些多民族国家解体之后，国内发生民族对抗，无论是在中亚还是在前南斯拉夫，都是悲剧。在亚洲和非洲，某些从前冷战时期的第二战场，由于两级对抗崩溃了，力量均衡打破了，依旧危机四伏。Comments:Thepresenttranslationischaracterizedbythefrequentuseofverbsfornounsandoftheexplicationtechniquetobringouttheimpliedmeaningsoftheoriginal,forexample,都是悲剧性的;冷战时期的第二战场;由于两极对抗崩溃了，力量均衡打破了,依旧危机四伏,etc.Inaddition,尽管如此isnowemployedtotranslateatthesametime,achoicemadeinaccordancewiththecontextratherthanwiththeoriginalwording.4Statesthatwereheldtogetherbytheirperceivedstrategicutilitytoonesideortheotherinsomeinstanceshavesufferedgravelyasaresult;thiswastrue,forexample,intheHornofAfricaearlierinthedecade,andmostrecentlyintheformerZaire.ThehelpofallStates,especiallythosethatplayedleadingrolesincoldwar,isnecessarytoundoitsremainingsocial,economicandpoliticaldistortions.1)Analysisoftheoriginal:A)Grammaticalanalysis:1.Sentencestructure：Theselectionconsistsoftwosentences,ofwhichthefirstisacompoundcomplexsentence,containingtwocoordinateclausesconnectedbyasemi-colon,andinthefirstclause,thereisanattributiveclauseembedded.Thesecondisacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandanattributiveclausebutembeddedintheparenthesis.2.Additionalcomplication：Thesubjectandthepredicateofthemainclauseofthefirstsentenceiskeptfarapartbytheattributiveclauseandforexampleisembeddedasaparenthesis3.Notes：Thebackbonestructureofthefirstclauseinthefirstsentencecanbereducedintosomethinglikethis:states…havesuffered….Thesecondsentencehasespeciallythosethatplayedleadingrolesincoldwarembeddedasaparenthesis,andthebackbonestructureofthesentencewouldbesomethinglikethis:thehelp…isnecessarytoundo….B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Theselectionconsistsoftwoperiodicsentences,eachfortheinsertionofaparentheticstructurerespectivelyandeachofthetwosentencesisstructurallyfurthercomplicatedbytheembeddingofasubordinateclause.2.Structuralformality：Thetwosentencesareformalinstructureinthattheyarebothgrammaticallycompleteandfreefromanycolloquialstructure.3.Parallelstructure：Theselectionismadefurtherpeculiarinthatitispopularwithparallelconstructions,forexample,toonesideortheother;intheHornofAfricaearlierinthedecade,andmostrecentlyintheformerZaire;social,economicandpolitical.4.Lexicalcohesivedevice：examplescouldbefoundasfollows:theotherisanellipticstructureoftheotherside;thewordstatesisrepeated;thoseisasubstituteforthestates,andsoon.5.Lexicalformality：Itisalsopopularwithformalwords,includingnominalizations,suchasperceive,strategic,utility,instance,especially,economic,political,distortionandsoon.2)Stagedtranslation:A)Translation1:那些被见到的战略利益将它们在有些场合同这边或同那边捆在一起的国家结果已经遭遇得很严重。这是真的，例如，这十年中的头几年的非洲的好望角和最近的原扎伊尔。帮助所有这些国家，尤其是那些在冷战中起领头作用的国家是必要的，以便它们解除仍然存在在那儿的政治的、经济的和政策的扭曲。Comments：Translation1isapureword-for-wordtranslationexceptforthetranspositionofsomeoriginallysubordinateclausesintoproperpositionsintheChinesesense.Consequently,thereadabilityofsuchatranslationcouldbechallenged.Forexample,thefirstsentenceinthetranslationistoolong;someexpressionssuchas遭遇得很严重;这十年中的头几年的非洲的好望角;解除……扭曲andothersarenottypicalChineseandarenotreadableeither.B)Translation2:由于明显的战略利益，那些在有些场合同这边或那些捆绑在一起的国家，结果遭遇很惨。例如，在前几年的非洲好望角和最近的前扎伊尔都是如此。帮助所有这些国家，尤其是那些在冷战中起领头羊作用的国家，是必要的，以便它们摆脱社会的、经济的和政治的影响。Comments:Thepresenttranslationismuchimprovedintermsbothofsentencepatternandvocabularybyfrontingthe由于……clause;using例如，……都是如此totranslateitwastrue,…;帮助……摆脱…

是必要的,etc.andsuchexpressionsas领头羊;摆脱……影响,etc.Consequently,thepresenttranslationismuchmorereadableandauthenticintheChinesesense.C)Translation3:出于眼前的战略需要，有些国家时而站在冷战的这一方，时而站在冷战的那一方，结局都很凄惨。前几年非洲的好望角和最近的前扎伊尔都是这样。帮助这些国家，尤其是那些在冷战中冲锋陷阵的国家，从政治上、经济上、政策上摆脱冷战的阴影，是必要的。Comments:Thepresenttranslationfindsitselfdifferentfromthepreviousintheemploymentofsuchnewsentencesasthefirsttwoandtheemploymentofsuchnewexpressionsas出于眼前的战略需要;时而站在……,时而站在……;冲锋陷阵;摆脱阴影,etc.Consequently,thetranslationismuchmorereadable,coherentandauthentic,thoughintheChinesesense.Apparently,intheprocess,explicationtechniqueisrepeatedlyused,forexample,冷战的isrepeatedlyinserted;冲锋陷阵isusedtotranslateplayedleadingroleswithmeaningamplified,andsoon.5Asecondfundamentalforcereshapingtheworldtodayisglobalization,itisperhapsthemostprofoundsourceofinternationaltransformationsincetheindustrialrevolutionbegantoturnexternaltradeintoaroutinefeatureofinternationallife.Beginninginthe1960s,withthelimitedliftingofcapitalcontrolsandthegradualemergenceofmultinationalmanufacturingfirms,financialmarketshavebecomeincreasinglyintegratedandtheproductionofgoodsandservicestransnationalized.1)Analysisoftheoriginal:A)Grammaticalanalysis:1.Sentencestructure：Thepresentselectionconsistsoftwosentences,ofwhichthefirstisacompoundcomplexsentence,containingtwocoordinateclauses,ofwhichthesecondiscomplexinstructure,composedofamainclauseandanadverbialclauseoftime.Thesecondsentenceissimpleinstructure.2.Additionalcomplication：thecoordinateclausesinthefirstsentencearelooselyconnectedandtheycanbechangedintoeitheracompoundsentence:Asecondfundamentalforceis…globalizationanditisperhapsthemostprofoundsourceof…orintoacomplexsentence:Asecondfundamentalforce…isglobalization,whichisperhapsthemost….Thesecondsentencebeginswithapresentparticiplephrasefollowedbyaprepositionalphrase,whichisparentheticinstructure.B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Thefirstsentenceislooseinstructurewhilethesecondisaperiodicsentenceforthebeginningwithapresentparticiplephraseandtheembeddingofaparenthesisintheformofaprepositionalphrase.2.Structuralcomplication：Thetwosentencesarecomplicatedinthatthefirstsentencehasasubordinateclauseembeddedwhilethesecondhasacomplicatedbeginning.Inaddition,theselectionisformalinstructureforthegrammaticalcompletenessandfreedomfromcolloquialstructures.3.Parallelstructure：Intheselection,parallelstructurescanbeidentified,forexample,thelimitedliftingofcapitalcontrolsandthegradualemergenceofmultinationalmanufacturingfirms;andfinancialmarketshavebecomeincreasinglyintegratedandtheproductionofgoodsandservicestransnationalized.4.Lexicalcohesivedevice：

examplescanbeeasilyfound,forinstance,internationaltransformationisusedwiththemeaningofreshapingtheworld;andglobalization,international,multinational,andtransnationalizedareusedassynonymsthoughofdifferentpartsofspeech.5.Lexicalformality：Theselectioncontainsmanyformalwords,includingnominalizations,suchasfundamental,reshape,globalization,profound,international,revolution,transformation,multinational,translationalize,andmanyothers.2)Stagedtranslation:A)Translation1:第二个改变今天的世界的基本力量是全球化，这或许是国际改造的最深刻的源泉，自从工业革命开始将对外贸易变成国际生活的一种日常特征。1960年代开始，由于资本限制的有限解除，由于多国生产公司的渐渐出现，金融市场已经在不断整合，物资生产、服务生产也跨国化了。Comments:Thetranslationofthefirstsentencerunsaslongastheoriginalwithoutanystructurechangeandthatofthesecondsentenceisalsoaword-for-word,clause-for-clausetranslation.Thetwotranslationssoundawkwardtosomeextentthoughtolerablyacceptable.Butstrictlyspeaking,自从工业革命开始将对外贸易变成国际生活的一种日常特征shouldbefrontedwithrewordings.However,inotherparts,readjustmentsaremade,thoughlocally,forexample,inthelastsentenceofthetranslation,由于and生产arerepeatedforthesakeofauthenticity.B)Translation2:当前，第二个重组世界的基本力量是全球化，这或许是自工业革命开始将对外贸易变成国际生活的日常特征以来的最深刻的国际改组的力量之源。从二十世纪六十年代起，由于资本限制的有限解除，由于跨国生产公司的逐步出现，金融市场日趋整合，物资与服务生产也日趋国际化。Comments:Improvementsaremadeinthefirstsentenceofthetranslationinthat自工业革命开始isnowfrontedtoitsusualpositionintheChinesesense,andinthesecondsentenceofthetranslationinthatlocalreadjustmentsaremade.However,这或许是自工业革命开始将对外贸易变成国际生活的日常特征以来的最深刻的国际改组的力量之源isunusuallylong,evenlongerthanthecorrespondingpartintheprevioustranslation,andwithoutanyrewordingidentified.C)Translation3:今天，全球化成了重组世界的第二大基本力量。由于工业革命，对外贸易在国际生活中不可或缺，自那以来，全球化就成了国际关系重组的重要的源泉。自二十世纪六十年代起，由于资本限制的有限解禁，由于多国制造公司的逐步出现，金融市场日趋整合，物资生产和服务也日趋跨国化了。Comments:Greatchangescannowbewitnessedinthetranslationofthefirstoriginalsentencetogetherwithsomelocalreadjustmentsmadeonthetranslationofthesecond.Specificallyspeaking,thelongclauseisnowchoppedshortwithnecessaryreadjustmentsmade;and今天，全球化成了重组世界的第二大基本力量。由于工业革命，对外贸易在国际生活中不可或缺，自那以来，全球化就成了国际关系重组的重要的源泉isatotallynewtranslation.Andinthelastsentenceofthetranslation,物资生产和服务issubstitutedfortheprevious,andsoon.Consequently,thepresenttranslationismorereadable,coherentandauthentic.Exercises:1Theyconsideredthatsuchworkisofparticularrelevanceinhelpingdevelopingcountries,inparticulargovernmentsandSMEs,tobetterunderstandandparticipateinprocessesunderwayinotherintergovernmentalorganizationsdealingwithtelecommunicationsandtheirtradeapplications,inparticulartheInternationalTelecommunicationsUnionandWorldTradeOrganization.2ThemeetingconsideredthattherecommendationsmadebytheUnitedNationsInternationalSymposiumonTradeEfficiencyinthesectoroftelecommunicationsremainavalidbasisforthecontinuationofintergovernmentalactivitiesintheareaofthetelecommunications,businessfacilitationandtradeefficiency.TheexpertsunderlinedthatUNCTADshouldpursueitsworkinthisareabycomplementingUNISTErecommendationsthroughtheconsiderationofanumberofrecenttrendsandevents,whichhavebeenandwillcontinuetobeofcriticalimportanceforthecompetitivenessofenterprises,especiallysmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,intheyearstocome.3Suchtrendsandeventsincludeinparticular:(a)Thecontinuationoftheliberalizationandprivatizationprocessespursuedbyagrowingnumberofcountriesinthesectoroftelecommunicationsservicesandequipment;theseprocesseshavebeenreinforcedbytherecentWTOAgreementsonInformationTechnologyandonBasicTelecommunicationsServices.(b)Thecontinuationofthetrendtowardslowerpricesforinternationaltelecommunicationsservices;(c)Theacceleratedadventofnewinfrastructuressuchaslowearthorbitingsatellitesystems;(d)TherapidexpansionoftheInternet,whichwillhavefar-reachingconsequencesonthewaysinwhichindividualsandenterprisesaccessandprovideinformation,inparticularforthepurposeofbusinesstransactions.4Sincedialogueisaninteractionprocess,notanevent,itmustbestructured,relevant,transparent,andrepresentative,and