IRENA-绿色氢气促进可持续工业发展：发展中国家的政策工具包（英）-2024.1

GREEN

HYDROGEN

FORSUSTAINABLEINDUSTRIAL

DEVELOPMENTAPOLICY

TOOLKIT

FORDEVELOPING

COUNTRIESAcknowledgementThis

report

is

the

result

of

a

joint

effort

between

TheUnited

Nations

Industrial

Development

Organization(UNIDO),

The

International

Renewable

Energy

Agen-cy

(IRENA)

and

The

German

Institute

of

Developmentand

Sustainability

(IDOS).

It

was

authored

by

SmeetaFokeer,

Jan

Sievernich

and

Andrea

Heredia

(UNIDO),Emanuele

Bianco

and

YuryMelnikov

(IRENA),

and

RitaStrohmaier,

Almudena

Nunez

and

Andreas

Stamm(IDOS).

The

authors

would

like

to

express

their

sinceregratitudeto

allthosewhocontributedto

thisreport.The

publication

of

this

report,

which

was

developedunder

the

Global

Programme

for

Hydrogen

in

Indus-try,

was

made

possible

through

the

generous

fund-ingfromtheDeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit

GmbH

(GIZ).

IDOS

would

also

liketo

acknowledge

funding

received

from

the

GermanFederal

Ministry

of

Education

and

Research

(BMBF)through

the

project

“Global

Hydrogen

Potential

At-las”

(HYPAT).

The

layout

of

the

report

was

prepared

byMariaGrineva(UNIDO).Special

appreciation

is

extended

to

the

followingexperts

for

their

reviews

of

the

report:

Dolf

Gielen(World

Bank),

Freda

Opoku

and

Eisuke

Tachibana

(Af-rican

Development

Bank);

Fabian

Barrera,

MatthiasDeutsch,

Zaffar

Hussain

and

Paul

Münnich

(AgoraEnergiewende);

Jan

Frederik

Braun

(Fraunhofer

–

Hy-drogen

Cooperation

MENA

Head);

Ute

Collier,

AnnKathrine

Lipponer,

Francisco

Boshell,

Luis

Janeiro

andPaul

Komor

(IRENA);

Cindy

Parokkil,

Maria

Sandqvistand

Kirsi

Silander-van

Hunen

(ISO);

Rasmus

Wendt(NunaGreen);

Deger

Saygin

(OECD);

Michele

Clara(UNIDO);

Rainer

Quitzow

(Research

Institute

for

Sus-tainability,

Potsdam);

Ludovico

Alcorta

(UNMERIT);andFrank

Wouters(MenaHydrogenAlliance).DisclaimerThis

document

has

been

produced

without

formal

United

Nations

editing.

The

designations

employed

andthe

presentation

of

the

material

in

this

document

do

not

imply

the

expression

of

any

opinion

whatsoeveron

the

part

of

the

Secretariat

of

UNIDO,

IRENA

and

IDOS

concerning

the

legal

status

of

any

country,

territory,city,

or

area

or

of

its

authorities,

or

concerning

the

delimitation

of

its

frontiers

or

boundaries,

or

its

economicsystem

or

degree

of

development.

Designations

such

as

“developed”,

“industrialized”

or

“developing”

areintended

for

statistical

convenience

and

do

not

necessarily

express

a

judgement

about

the

stage

reachedby

a

particular

country

or

area

in

the

development

process.

Mention

of

firm

names

or

commercial

productsdoes

not

constitute

an

endorsement

by

UNIDO,

IRENA

and

IDOS.

Material

in

this

publication

may

be

freelyquotedorreprinted,butacknowledgementisrequested,togetherwithacopyofthepublicationcontainingthequotationorreprint.Copyright©2023UNIDO,IRENAandIDOS2GREEN

HYDROGENFORSUSTAINABLE

INDUSTRIAL

DEVELOPMENTAPOLICY

TOOLKIT

FORDEVELOPING

COUNTRIESFirst

editionDecember2023ContentsForeword

12Executive

summary

131.

Introduction161.1.

Whygreenhydrogen(GH2)?161.2.

IdentifyingpotentialGH2producers161.3.

ExploringGH2applications171.4.

Globaldemandandthehydrogenindustry’sfutureoutlook181.5.

ApriceforecastforGH2

181.6.

Whatare

theprospectsforrenewable-richdevelopingcountries?191.7.

Overcomingthechallengesoftechnologicalbarriersandhighproductioncosts191.8.

HarnessingthetransformativepotentialofGH2

192.The

GH2

industry:

reframingthe

narrative222.1.

Envisioningtherole

ofGH2indevelopingcountries232.2.UnravellingthebenefitsandbarriersofGH2trade252.3.

ThepotentialofGH2to

transformindustrialdevelopment292.4.

BuildingtheGH2valuechain332.5.

Thecloverapproachto

GH2development

353.

Backwardlinkagesin

GH2

production383.1.Strategiesforattractinginvestorsto

GH2production

403.2.

Sustainableprocurementofelectricityforelectrolysers

423.3.Technologyacquisitionandlocalmanufacturingoptions433.3.1.

Scenario1:Local

contentrequirement(LCR)433.3.2.Scenario2:Long-termstimulationofthecountry’sownR&D

443.3.3.Justtransitionaspectsofhydrogenproductionprojects454.

Localdownstream

market

creation

policies

484.1.

Regulatoryclarityandstability

494.2.

Providingsupportforearlymovers524.3.

Demandcreationpolicies

564.4.

Value

chainintegrationandcoordination

584|GREENHYDROGENFORSUSTAINABLEINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENT:APOLICYTOOLKITFORDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESGH25.

Transportand

distribution

policies

645.1.PlanningGH2infrastructure,transportandstorage655.1.1.

Pipelinesvsmaritimetransport

675.1.2.

GH2carriers695.1.3.

GH2storage

facilities

715.1.4.

Justtransitiondimension

725.2.

Regulatingtransport725.3.Infrastructurefinancing

736.

Options

for

international

cooperation

tosupport

national

policymaking766.1.

Co-financingthedevelopmentofapolicyframework

766.2.Multilateralcooperationinscience,technologyandinnovation...776.3.Knowledgesharing:Dialogueandcapacitydevelopment

786.4.

Policyto

supportfinancingfrom

theGlobalNorthto

theGlobalSouth796.5.Internationalcoordinationforhydrogentrade

routes806.5.1.

IntergovernmentalMemorandumsofUnderstanding

816.5.2.Internationalstandardsandcertification

826.5.3.Internationalcollaborationfortrade

corridors836.5.4.Internationalcollaborationfortradinggreenproducts

83Policy

sheets

86Bibliography

98|5ListofFiguresFigure

1.1.

PolicyprioritiesforGH2applications

17Figure

1.2.Hydrogencostforecasts18Figure

1.3.CumulativenumberofNHSbyUNcountryclassificationandyearoffirstpublication20Figure

1.4.

GH2valuechainlinkages

20Figure

2.1.

PublicationofNHSbyyearofpublicationandregion

22Figure

2.2.Visualizationoftheglobalhydrogenpartnershipnetwork

26Figure

2.3.ActivityclustersalongtheGH2valuechain30Figure

2.4.

Contextualfactorsshapingthedevelopmentoflargetechnicalsystemssuchas

GH234Figure

2.5.Thecloverapproachto

theGH2market36Figure

3.1.

PrerequisitesforGH2productionprojects

39Figure

4.1.

Shareofabatableindustriesintotalexports2022

53Figure

4.2.GH2clustermodel59Figure

5.1.

Mostcost-effectivehydrogentransportpathwayin2050...68Figure

5.2.Costofhydrogendeliveryforvarioustransportdistances69Figure

5.3.Energylossesfordifferentenergycarriers71Figure

5.4.

Capitalcostofahydrogenpipeline,andtotaltransportcostbycostcomponent

74Figure

6.1.

ExistingbilateralMoUas

ofOctober2023

82ListofTablesTable

2.1.

Topics

mentionedinNHS

24Table

2.2.GH2projectsatadvancedstagesofdevelopment28Table

2.3.Activityclustersrelatedto

GH2production326|GREENHYDROGENFORSUSTAINABLEINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENT:APOLICYTOOLKITFORDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESGH2ListofBoxesBox2.1.

GlobalHydrogenPartnershipNetwork26Box2.2.Therenewablespulleffect

31Box2.3.Justtransition35Box3.1.

Namibia38Box3.2.TrinidadandTobago39Box3.3.Namibia’sImplementationAuthorityOffice

41Box3.4.

Local

manufacturingandtechnologydevelopment:Casesfrom

NHS45Box4.1.

ExampleofGH2strategy:Morocco50Box4.2.JustEnergyTransitionPartnerships(JETPs)55Box4.3.Greengoodscertificationinsights56Box4.4.

Chile:AntofagastaGH2hub

60Box4.5.KnowledgesharinginChile’ssolarenergyindustry

61Box5.1.

Hydrogenas

anindirectGHG

73Box5.2.KochiGreenHydrogen(KGH2)Hubproject

74Box6.1.

InternationalMaster’sProgramme

inEnergyandGreenHydrogen79Box6.2.EU’sCarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanism(CBAM)84|7ListofAbbreviationsADBAHJAsianDevelopmentBankAuthoritieshavingjurisdictionBlastfurnace–basicoxygenfurnaceGermanFederal

MinistryofEducationandResearchBalanceofplanBF-BOFBMBFBoPCAPEXCBAMCBDRCCSCapitalexpenditureCarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanismCommonbutDifferentiatedResponsibilitiesCarboncaptureandstorageCleanEnergyMinisterialCEMCO2CarbondioxideCoCCertificateofconformityCOPCSRConferenceofPartiesCorporatesocialresponsibilityDevelopmentfinanceinstitutionDirectreducedironDFIDRIEBRDESMAPEUEuropeanBankforReconstructionandDevelopmentTheEnergySectorManagementAssistanceProgramEuropeanUnionFDIForeign

directinvestmentGCAGDPGEPGlobalClimateAllianceGross

domesticproductGreenEnergyParkGH2GHGGHICGIZGreenhydrogenGreenhousegasGreenhydrogenindustrialclustersGermanAgencyforInternationalCooperation8|GREENHYDROGENFORSUSTAINABLEINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENT:APOLICYTOOLKITFORDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESGH2GPHIH2GlobalProgramme

forGreenHydrogeninIndustryHydrogenH4DIHECHFCHydrogenforDevelopmentInternationalHydrogenEnergyCenterHydrogenandfuelcellIAOImplementationAuthorityOfficeInternationalElectrotechnicalCommissionInternationalPartnershipforHydrogenandFuel

CellsintheEconomyInternationalRenewableEnergyAgencyInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationJustEnergyTransitionPartnershipsKilogrammeIECIPHEIRENAISOJETPSKgKPIsLCOELCOHLCRKeyperformanceindicatorsLevelizedcostsofenergyLevelizedcostsofhydrogenLocal

contentrequirementLDCLeast

developedcountryLH2LiquefiedhydrogenLOHCMDBsMENAMoUMtLiquidorganichydrogencarriersMultilateraldevelopmentbanksMiddleEastandNorthAfricaMemorandumofUnderstandingMilliontonnesMWMegawattMWhNDCsNGHRIMegawatthourNationallydeterminedcontributionsNamibiaGreenHydrogenResearchInstitute|9NH3AmmoniaNHSNationalhydrogenstrategyOECDO&MOPEXPEMOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOperationsandmaintenanceOperationsexpensesProton

exchangemembranePGMPPAPlatinumgroupmetalsPowerpurchaseagreementPPPPublic-privatepartnershipPtXPower-to-XRABRegulatedassetbaseR&DREResearchanddevelopmentRenewableenergySAFSustainableaviationfuelSDGsSEZSustainableDevelopmentGoalsSpecialeconomiczoneSOECUNSolidoxideelectrolysercellUnitedNationsUNECEUNFCCCUNIDOUSAIDVATUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEuropeUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeUnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganizationUnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopmentValue

addedtaxVREVariablerenewableenergyWACCWASCALWTOWeightedaverage

costofcapitalWestAfricanScienceServiceCentre

onClimateChangeandAdaptedLandUseWorldTrade

Organization10

|GREENHYDROGENFORSUSTAINABLEINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENT:APOLICYTOOLKITFORDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESGH2|11ForewordGreen

Hydrogen

represents

a

unique

opportunity

for

the

clean

energy

transition.

Climate

change

is

an

existen-tial

threat

to

a

sustainable

future,

but

at

the

same

time,

facing

up

to

the

climate

challenge

is

an

opportunity

topromote

prosperity

and

a

brighter

future

for

all.

Green

hydrogen

and

its

derivatives

will

play

a

vital

role

in

thejustenergytransition.This

collaboration

between

UNIDO,

the

International

Renewable

Energy

Agency

(IRENA)

and

the

German

Instituteof

Development

and

Sustainability

(IDOS)

has

synergized

our

collective

commitment

to

fostering

a

global

energytransition

that

leverages

green

hydrogen.

This

partnership

focuses

on

amplifying

international

cooperation

tofacilitate

the

investment,

policy-making

and

clean

technology

adoption,

which

are

essential

for

inclusive

andsustainable

industrial

development

in

line

with

the

UN

Sustainable

Development

Goals.

All

three

organizationsemphasizethetransformativepotentialofgreenhydrogen,especiallyfordevelopingcountrieswithvastrenew-able

energy

resources,

viewing

it

as

a

catalyst

for

low-carbon

industrialization

and

job

creation.

However,

theactualization

of

these

economic

benefits

depend

on

factors

like

existing

industrial

capacity

and

accessibility

totechnology.Therefore,itispivotaltohavefurtherbenefit-sharingmechanismsinplacetosafeguardajusttran-sitionforthesocietyas

awhole.Westillhaveourworkcutoutforusinmakingtheenergytransitionareality.

Currently,nomaturegreenhydro-gen

market

exists.

However,

the

number

of

countries

with

national

hydrogen

roadmaps

has

more

than

tripledover

the

past

two

years,

showing

that

many

countries

are

readying

themselves

to

start

using

green

hydrogen

andare

planning

how

best

to

benefit

from

the

economic

opportunities

it

will

provide.

An

essential

prerequisite

tothe

global

scaleup

of

greenhydrogenis

the

development

of

the

necessary

policy

and

legalframeworks,

and

thecoordinationofinternationalstandards.Withoutregulatoryclarity,greenhydrogenprojectsare

unableto

moveforward

as

they

cannot

plan

or

assess

risk.

This

toolkit

is

the

first

to

cover

the

entire

green

hydrogen

value

chain

-including

backward

linkages,

production

and

end-use

-

with

a

specific

focus

on

developing

countries.

Developedunder

UNIDO’s

Global

Programme

for

Hydrogen

in

Industry,

which

was

launched

in

July

2021,

it

provides

strategicguidance

to

maximize

the

local

benefits

of

green

hydrogen

and

includes

concise

policy

sheets

that

outline

theoptionsto

achievethis.Going

forward,

this

toolkit

will

serve

as

a

valuable

resource

for

developing

countries

that

aim

to

embark

on

apathway

to

industrialization

fuelled

by

green

hydrogen.

It

informs

policymakers

about

the

latest

strategies,

chal-lenges

and

solutions

for

creating

a

local

value

chain

around

green

hydrogen

production.

Based

on

these

insights,country-specificneedsmaysubsequentlybeaddressedthroughfurthercooperationandprojects.By

facilitating

green

hydrogen

production

in

developing

economies,

UNIDO,

IRENA

and

IDOS

are

propelling

theclean

energy

revolution.

We

are

supporting

future

industry

leaders.

We

are

caring

for

the

workforce

of

tomorrow.We

arestriving

for

the

just

transition

of

industry:

evolution

frompollution

tosolution.

We

areworking

towardsasustainablefutureforall,drivenbyinnovation.Gerd

MüllerFrancesco

La

CameraAnna-KatharinaHornidgeDirector,

IDOSDirectorGeneral,UNIDODirectorGeneral,IRENA12

|GREENHYDROGENFORSUSTAINABLEINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENT:APOLICYTOOLKITFORDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESExecutive

SummaryGreen

hydrogen

(GH2)

is

gaining

significant

attentionwithin

the

global

energy

landscape.

As

a

clean

andrenewable

energy

carrier,

GH2

holds

the

potentialto

transform

a

number

of

sectors,

spanning

heavyindustries

to

shipping

and

aviation.

Its

benefits

arefar-reaching,

ranging

from

the

reduction

of

green-house

gas

emissions

to

reinforcing

energy

securityand

creating

opportunities

for

green

industrializa-tion.

However,

to

fully

unlock

GH2’s

potential,

an

eq-uitable

distribution

of

its

benefits

to

all

is

indispen-sable.

Against

this

background,

the

report

“GH2

forsustainable

industrial

development:

A

Policy

Toolkitfor

Developing

Countries”

reframes

the

prevailingnarrative

by

shifting

its

focus

away

from

the

role

ofdeveloping

countries

as

producers

and

exporters

inthe

future

hydrogen

market

to

highlighting

the

sig-nificance

of

the

hydrogen

value

chain

for

developingcountriesthemselves.challenges

need

to

be

addressed.

These

include

costimpediments,

political

instability,

weak

regulatoryframeworks,

bureaucratic

hurdles,

and

the

lack

of

off-take

agreements.

Additional

challenges

arise

fromuncertaintiesininternationaltransportandconcernsregarding

the

scale

and

dynamics

of

clean

hydrogentrade,

including

the

role

of

blue

hydrogen

as

a

tran-sitional

technology.

Hence,

to

successfully

scale

upGH2

production

in

developing

countries,

adaptationsacross

several

dimensions

will

be

necessary,

includ-ingininfrastructure,

regulatory

frameworks,

financialincentives

and

skills

development.

Concerted

policyactions

are

imperative

to

harness

opportunities

andeffectively

navigate

the

many

challenges.

This

reportpresents

a

comprehensive

toolkit

to

guide

strategicdecision-makinginthiscontext.Navigatinga

just

transition:

A

policy

mission

forequitable

changeGH2:

Unveiling

opportunities

and

addressingchallengesThe

development

of

the

GH2

value

chain

hinges

onfactors

such

as

technological

expertise,

natural

en-dowments,

a

supportive

business

environment,

andpast

industrial

development

trajectories.

Effectivepolicy

coordination

plays

a

crucial

role

in

laying

thefoundation

for

a

robust

localized

GH2

value

chaintailored

to

specific

contextual

factors.

Policymakersmust

prioritize

strategic

interventions

and

instru-ments

to

achieve

green

industrial

diversification,

en-couraging

both

existing

and

emerging

industries

toengage

in

the

production

of

green

goods

and

maxi-mize

the

benefits

of

GH2

production.

Such

diversifi-cation

has

the

potential

to

create

more

job

opportu-nities

and

enhance

the

export

potential

of

high-valuegreengoodscomparedtoonlyproducingandexport-ingGH2.Countriesthatare

unableto

generate

signif-icant

linkage

effects

should

integrate

GH2

trade

withbenefit-sharing

mechanisms.

This

approach

helpsprevent

the

formation

of

export-driven

energy

en-claves

within

their

borders

and

ensures

a

GH2

roll-out

that

is

deeply

embedded

in

and

advocates

for

ajusttransition.GH2

possesses

the

potential

to

spark

a

transforma-tion

that

drives

industrial

development

and

fostersinnovation,

with

potentially

beneficial

impacts

on

allthree

dimensions

of

sustainability:

economic

(e.g.green

industrialization,

energy

independence,

in-creased

participation

in

global

trade

and

markets),environmental

(e.g.

accelerating

decarbonization,

inparticular

of

hard-to-abate

industries)

and

social

(e.g.jobcreation,reliableenergyaccess).The

toolkit

identifies

seven

primary

economic

activityclusters

within

the

GH2

value

chain:

in

addition

totheprimary

activities

of

(1)

renewable

energy

generationand

electrolysis,

(2)

conversion

into

Power-to-X

(PtX),and

(3)

GH2

export,

(4)

local

upstream

manufacturingof

electrolysers

and

renewable

energy

equipment

canoffer

substantial

impetus

to

the

growth

of

the

domes-tic

GH2

industry.

Similarly,

(5)

the

decarbonization

ofdomestic

industries,

(6)

of

transport,

and

(7)

attract-ing

foreign

direct

investment

in

energy-intensive

in-dustries

representopportunities

togeneratesustain-able

employment

downstream,

add

long-term

valueandenhanceinternationalcompetitiveness.A

‘clover

approach’

presented

in

the

report

outlinesfour

key

strategic

considerations

for

the

implemen-tation

of

GH2

production:

(1)

prioritizing

local

usebefore

export

(dual

approach);

(2)

aligning

with

ajust

transition

and

other

national

goals

(integratedDespite

the

potential

for

growth

and

cross-sectoralbenefits

in

the

GH2

industry,

a

number

of

multifaceted|13Execut

ive

Summar

yapproach);

(3)

starting

with

smaller

to

medium-sizedprojects

(gradual

approach),

and

(4)

sequentially

im-plementing

GH2

production

and

application

(phasedapproach).

By

leveraging

their

comparative

advantag-es

and

integrating

GH2

into

their

overall

vision

andstrategy,

developing

countries

can

promote

sustain-able

development,

technological

advancement,

andthecreationofjobs.Stimulating

market

creationand

demand

forgreengoodsGovernments

have

substantial

influence

in

creatinginitial

demand

for

green

goods

produced

with

GH2,such

as

green

steel.

By

prioritizing

green

goods

overtraditional

products

in

their

public

procurement

ac-tivities,

governments

can

boost

demand,

support

GH2producers

and

set

a

precedent

for

others

to

follow.This

approach

can

complement

direct

subsidies

forgreen

goods

produced

with

GH2,

with

governmentfunding

serving

as

a

market

shaper

rather

than

amere

hand-out.

Additionally,

public

procurement

canconsider

the

local

content

of

goods,

giving

preferenceto

those

with

a

higher

share

of

domestically

manu-factured

components

and

local

employment.

Reliablecertification

measuresarenecessarytoensureaddedgreen

value,

i.e.

low

carbon

emissions,

of

the

goodsmanufactured

with

GH2,

justifying

the

initial

price

gapto

conventionalproducts.In

this

context,

the

adoption

of

a

comprehensivenational

hydrogen

strategy

focused

on

scaling

up

ofdomestic

green

hydrogen

production

through

en-gagement

in

both

upstream

and

downstream

activ-ities

becomes

a

crucial

step.

This

strategy

providesclear

policy

direction

for

both

project

developers

andinvestors.

At

the

same

time,

it

will

only

be

effectivewhen

coupled

with

a

robust

regulatory

framework

tocreate

aconduciveenvironmentforGH2investment.Fosteringinclusive

technology

advancementand

sustainable

energy

generationPolicymakers

will

also

need

to

address

marketdistortions,

particularly

those

arising

from

fossil

fuelsubsidies

that

have

an

impact

on

the

GH2

sector.

Topromote

the

use

of

GH2

in

downstream

industries,incentives

such

as

price

premiums

and

tax

rebatescan

be

introduced.

Additionally,

the

implementationofquotasandtargetsrepresentsaviablemechanismto

establish

abaseline

for

GH2

usein

specificmarketAccess

to

technology

plays

a

pivotal

role

in

the

pro-duction

of

GH2,

particularly

given

that

core

technol-ogies

such

as

solar

PV

cells,

wind

turbines,

and

elec-trolysers

are

predominantly

manufactured

in

a

fewindustrialized

countries.

One

option

is

to

implementlocal

content

requirements

(LCRs)

to

bolster

domes-tic

manufacturing

and

leverage

investments

in

long-term

research

and

development

to

encourage

localinnovationandtechnologyadvancement.Thecaveat,however,

isto

prevent

escalatingprojectcostsandtomaintain

healthymarket

competition.

Access

totech-nology

facilitates

access

to

energy,

thus

ensuring

reli-ableenergyavailabilityandenergysecurity.segments,

ensuring

the

fulfilment

of

CO

intensity2objectives.Infrastructure,transportand

storagesolutionsforGH2Formulating

comprehensive,

long-term

strategies

forthe

transport

of

GH2

with

a

focus

on

efficient

andstandardized

regulations

that

govern

the

planning,financing

and

safety

will

be

key

for

enabling

devel-oping

countries

to

participate

in

international

trade,particularly

in

the

context

of

cross-border

transport.This

report

discusses

the

most

important

questionspolicymakersmustaddresswhenplanningGH2infra-structure,

ranging

from

the

balance

between

privatelyowned

infrastructure

and

open-access

systems,

theselection

of

domestic

storage

solutions

and

the

stra-tegic

location

of

electrolysers

and

storage

facilities.It

emphasizes

the

socioeconomic

dimension

of

GH2infrastructure

development

and

the

need

to

prioritizetheresilienceandlivelihoodsoflocalcommunities.The

potential

impact

of

large-scale

GH2

productionon

agriculture

and

water

and

food

security

must

notbe

overlooked

and

will

require

a

delicate

balancebetween

competing

demands

for

limited

natural

re-sources.

Comprehensive

environmental

and

socialimpact

assessments

are

paramount

in

this

context.Suggesting

possible

revenue-

and

benefit-sharingmechanisms,

the

report

underscores

the

fundamen-tal

role

of

social

contracts

in

ensuring

an

equitabledistributionofbenefits.14

|GREENHYDROGENFORSUSTAINABLEINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENT:APOLICYTOOLKITFORDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESGH2The

report

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