基于学科核心素养的英语阅读理解试题命制

高2023基于学科核心素养的英语阅读理解试题命制——

以高考英语全国卷为例

内容要点01020304题项编写技巧命题工具介绍阅读命题流程文本改编方法

阅读命题流程Part01刘润清武尊民曾用强邹申（李筱菊，2001）阅读理解命题流程选材改编找考点写题干写答案编干扰项1.选材：选什么？

英语试题的设计要充分考虑英语语言在现实生活中的使用情况。在选择语言素材的时候，要尽量使用真实、地道、典型的当代英语素材。可以根据考试的目的和学生的实际语言水平，对真实的语言材料就行适当的删减和改写。语言材料的题材和体裁要丰富多样（教育部，2017）。

试题所选择的语言素材和所创设的语言运用情景要充分考虑到高中学生的生活经验和所处的社会环境。试题内容和载体的选择以及题型的设计要与学生的认知水平相适应。要避免因学生的生活经历的明显差异而影响试题的公正性和合理性。另外，试题的设计尽量使学生能够结合亲身经历或体验来答题（教育部，2017）。命题流程:选材

（What/Where)1.选材：选什么？

1.真实性：语料真实、地道、当代（时效性）2.多样性：题材、体裁多样3.长度要合适：中等以上测试300字左右最理想4.难度要合适：生词率3%；复杂句子控制5.内容有新意：忌讳老生常谈6.信息点充分：信息密度不高，可能凑题目7.内容要健康：避免引起政治、民族、宗教、

地区、性别等争议纠纷（价值导向）。（刘润清，韩宝成，2000）1.文段体裁：多样2.文段题材：适应考生年龄特点和生活经历

3.文段长度：高中200~300，高考略长4.文段考点：不低于3个5.文段数量：多个文段，考点分布不集中6.文段难度：与考生语言能力相当7.文段中数字信息：特定文段数字题不宜多8.文段简化：确保语言内容结构完整和信息连贯和逻辑性；可不改编加低于3%汉语注释。（武尊民，2008）(Heaton,1988)命题流程:选材“5.0社会”

材料特点：立德树人2016.命题选材丰富多样，落实立德树人任务2017.落实立德树人根本任务，凸显高考思想性和育人功能2018.落实立德树人根本任务，强化高考育人功能和价值导向2019.立足全面发展育人方向，加强德智体美劳全面考查2020.体现立德树人时代特性，促进德智体美劳全面发展2021.落实立德树人，引导德智体美劳全面发展2022.落实立德树人，发挥学科育人功能2023.坚持立德树人，引导学生全面发展1.选材：选什么？篇目体裁题材主题语境育人价值A应用文名人介绍：古今历史上女性名医人与社会

勇敢坚毅，舍己为人B记叙文摄影经历：寻找最佳拍摄点获取独特景色人与自我了解不同职业的艰辛；树立积极乐观人生态度

C说明文饮食节目：对英国人饮食习惯的影响人与社会拓展视野，了解异域文化D议论文人类文明：文献和文物相结合才有可能还原更加真实的历史人与社会批判性思维全面客观地看待事物7选5说明文自然生态：种植室内植物有益于提高人们的生活质量人与自然关注自然及周围环境养成健康的生活方式

2023年

全国

乙卷

材料特点：立德树人1.选材：选什么？篇目体裁题材主题语境育人价值A应用文绿色出行：自行车租赁服务人与社会

绿色出行；环保/健康意识B记叙文环境保护：利用微生物治理污水人与自然与自然和谐共处；观察自然，实践创新

C说明文健康生活：数字极简主义人与自我健康的生活方式D说明文群体智慧：小组讨论，集体决策可以消

除个体偏见，提高估计的准确性人与社会科学精神前沿新知7选5说明文自我原谅：学会适度自我原谅，罗列优点和做过的好事增强自信人与自我自尊自爱自信的心理素质积极乐观看待自己

2023年

全国I卷

材料特点：立德树人1.选材：选什么？篇目体裁题材主题语境育人价值A应用文旅游休闲：罗马四个旅社介绍人与社会渗透中外文化B记叙文音乐经历：钢琴家的翻乐谱助手人与自我终身学习，刻苦练习

C说明文动物保护：联邦鸭票-北美水禽保护历史人与自然倡导人与自然和谐共处D说明文社会现象：大众对情商的误解，情商的

本质，对情商未来研究的期望

人与社会

鼓励关注未来，关注前沿新知

7选5记叙文

夹叙夹议旅游休闲：巴黎一周游的经历人与社会

体验文化差异，培养思辨意识2022年

全国I卷

材料特点：立德树人1.选材：选什么？中华优秀文明（优秀传统文化，中华文化）人类命运共同体/人与自然和谐共处时代发展(科学知识/科技发展)和谐人际关系

体美劳教育

材料特点：立德树人1.选材：选什么？

材料特点：立德树人(中华文化)2021.09.092023新高考I卷

饮食特点：小笼包2023新高考I卷

独特动物：柏林动物园教英语

熊猫2023新高考乙卷：历史遗迹：北京新旧共存1.选材：选什么？

材料特点：立德树人(人类命运共同体/人与自然和谐共处)

材料特点：立德树人(时代发展)2022.08.24

2017I科学实验

如何在野外自制便携式太阳能蒸馏器获取饮用水2017II科学技术

国外飞行汽车的最新进展2017III科学技术

帮助老人独立自主生活的辅助驾驶系统

材料特点：立德树人(和谐人际关系)

材料特点：立德树人(体美劳教育)

材料特点：立德树人(体美劳教育)2.选材：哪儿选？书报杂志网站2.选材：哪儿选？报纸上找：外刊报纸外刊上找：外刊杂志

电子版或网站网站上搜：关键词搜索；固定网址材料改编：国内他人外刊命题文章或者国内英语学习报文章1.

The

Los

Angeles

Times

《洛杉矶时报》

2.

The

New

York

Times

《纽约时报》

3.

Washington

Post

《华盛顿邮报》

4.

The

Wall

Street

Journal

《华尔街日报》

5.Dailymail

《每日邮报》 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ushome/index.html6.TheChristianScienceMonitor《基督教科学箴言报》

常用命题材料

报纸1.

《时代周刊》(TIME)

：2.《新闻周刊》(NEWS

WEEK)：

www.N3.《美国新闻与世界报道》(U.S.

NEWS

&WORLD

REPORT)：

4.《读者文摘》(READER’S

DIGEST)

：5.《商业周刊》(Business

Week)

：6.《财富》(Fortune)：

7.

《经济学家》(The

Economist)：

8.

《发现》(Discovery)

：9.

《自然》(Nature)

中国地区自然杂志网址：/ch/gta/10.

《科学通讯》(Science

News)：

11.《科学美国人》（ScientificAmerican）/常用命题材料

外刊杂志1.

美国国家公共电台

NPR

/

2.

澳大利亚网站

nowtolove

.au/4.

关于美国人生活

/

5.

校园生活类

6.

心灵鸡汤类

/7.

科技

8.

科技

/8.

新闻

9.环保

10.HowStuffWorks

/11.WIKIHOW

/Main常用命题材料网站“中文期刊

外刊话题文章介绍”文本改编方法Part022.改编：怎么改？2.改编：怎么改？1.段落：删除、合并、拆分2.句子：删除、改述、合并3.词汇：删除、替换、注释2.改编：怎么改？改编理据1：了解文本的语篇结构

记叙文？说明文？

不同体裁文本的信息核心（语篇结构）应用文记叙文说明文议论文信息核心（篇章结构）·所需信息（紧扣说明对象

根据阅读目的

抓住所需信息）·记事文

（5W1H）·人物传记（身世、事迹、对他的情感态度）·说明的事物

·说明的道理

·论点·论证（正反分析；

逻辑推理；

列举事实）·结论（刘松，2003）2021.12.19

记叙文

语篇结构

1/2（李秀萍，2022）（杨文彬，2022）

记叙文

语篇结构

2/2（杨文彬，2022）

说明文

语篇结构

1/21.问题—解决模式（Problem-SolutionPattern）SPRE

提问—回答模式（Question-AnswerPattern）SQA一般—特殊模式（General-ParticularPattern）GSG（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）（McCarthy&Carter,1993;MichaelHoey,2001）

LanguageasDiscourse;DiscourceInteraction

说明文

语篇结构

2/21.问题—解决模式（Problem-SolutionPattern）SPRE

提问—回答模式（Question-AnswerPattern）SQA一般—特殊模式（General-ParticularPattern）GSG（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）（McCarthy&Carter,1993;MichealHoey,2001）

LanguageasDiscourse;DiscourceInteraction2019，全国I

说明文

语篇结构

2/2问题—解决模式（Problem-SolutionPattern）SPRE

2.提问—回答模式（Question-AnswerPattern）SQA一般—特殊模式（General-ParticularPattern）GSG（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）2019，天津生态系统的运行机制？物种数量分布差异的原因？科学家建立食物网的数据模型

说明文

语篇结构

2/2问题—解决模式（Problem-SolutionPattern）SPRE

提问—回答模式（Question-AnswerPattern）SQA3.一般—特殊模式（General-ParticularPattern）GSG（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）

说明文

语篇结构

2/2问题—解决模式（Problem-SolutionPattern）SPRE

提问—回答模式（Question-AnswerPattern）SQA3.一般—特殊模式（General-ParticularPattern）GSG（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）2020，全国IMainlyabout:Theclassificationofthepopular.

说明文

语篇结构

2/2

议论文

语篇结构

（Hypothetical-real）

段落改编：怎么改？改编理据2：

文本解读，确定考点(主要信息)

对于文本太长的语篇，可以选取其中信息内容完整、逻辑清晰的文本片段，用以考查学生。如：2018全国卷I-C“人类发展导致语言的减少”；2018全国卷III-D“Livemorewithless”。对于主要信息单一集中的文本，进行适当的删减。在进行段落删除前，需要确定素材的主要信息和次要信息，再删除不影响文章内容完整性的次要信息及补充说明信息的段落。这样才能使文本在简化的同时，不影响后期文本考点的设置。“一篇文章必然有一个主信息。阅读测试，就是要攻主信息，攻主信息核心，是必要考点”（李筱菊,2001)。1.段落删除

2023QGI-B背景实验过程原理分析应用尝试应用1应用2应用3未来计划1.段落删除

2023QGII-B现象背景内容好处2.句子删改

在删除含次要信息的段落，初步简化文本后，文本的长度变短，接下来的工作就是对段落内的句子进行删改简化。Allen(2009)提出了句子简化过程的三种方式，即：减少信息、增加信息、结构简化和详述。就2023年全国卷而言，句子的改编涉及到删除信息和句子重组。2.句子删改

Thenonprofit,whichJaramilloandanotherteacherlaunchedin2004,aimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.It’soneofagrowingnumberofsuchprogramsacrossthecountry;Californiarecentlywentsofarastoallocate$15millionforgrantstosupportschoolgardens.（2023QGII-D）2.1删除信息（次要/补充/并列/重复的信息）

2.句子删改

Somestudentsgetsohookedongardeningthattheybringhomeseeds,pottedplants,orwormbinsforcomposting.（2023QGII-D）

JohnToddwasoneofthosekidswhodidn'tlikeschool.Buthedidlikenature—andhelikedinventingthings.

（2023QGI-B）

Asachild,growingupinCanada,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems...

2.1删除信息（次要/补充/并列/重复的信息）

interestedinWhenJohnToddwas2.句子删改

源文：Lastyear,aftershootingsnearoneofthemiddleschools,studentsseemedcalmedbytheirworkinthegarden,asthoughithadatherapeuticbenefit.ThisisespeciallyapparentwithJaramillo’sspecialeducationstudents.（2023QGII-D）改编：Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo’sspecialeducationstudents.2.2句子重组（简化句子）

2.句子删改

源文：OnMarch7,1907—almost111yearsagototheday—theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapeculiarobservation.AtacountyfairheldinPlymouth,800visitorshadparticipatedinacompetitiontoguesstheweightofanox.Whilemostpeople'sestimatesweretoohighortoolow—fallinganaverageof37lbs.awayfromthetrueweightof1,198lbs.—themedianofeveryone'sguesswasoffbyonly9lbs.,orlessthan1percentofthetrueweightoftheox.Thisexampleillustrateswhathascometobeknownasthe"wisdomofcrowds"effect.Insomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescanbequiteaccurate,evenwhentheestimatorshavenospecialexpertise.（2023QGI-D）

2.3句子重组（简化句子;增加连贯）

paper,whichcouldTheexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthat

2.句子删改

2.3句子重组（简化句子;增加连贯）

“There'sinstructionsonthepagefromthecomposeraboutloudandsoftandquickandslowandsoon,”MrTittertonexplained.

"There’salotofskillsinvolved;you’vegottobeabletoturnthepageandthat'sharderthanitsounds. “Youhavetomakesureyoudon’tturntwopagesatonce,makesureyoudon'ttipitintoherlap,makesureyoufindtherepeatsinthemusicwhenyouhavetogobacktotherightspot.”

（2022QGI-B）“Alotofskillsareneededforthejob.3.词汇删改注

3.1词汇删除由于真实语料源文本的目标读者非我们的高中学生，在遣词上会使用一些我们超出了我们的考纲3500词的生词。我们需要对该部分超纲词汇用同义词进行替换；无法找到合适的替换词汇时，可以考虑添加中文注释、或在不影响句子主干意思的前提下将其删除（吕平，2018）。在2023年全国卷阅读文本中，部分词汇被替换、加注或删除。3.词汇删改注

3.1词汇删除

(超纲；简洁)

Afterstudyingagriculture,tropicalmedicine,fisheries,andoceanographyincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnaturedirectlyandaskingallkindsofquestions.（2023QGI-B）Didtheygowiththeanswersofthosewhoweremostconfidentabouttheirestimates?（2023QGI-D）3.词汇删改注

3.2词汇替换

(超纲)

“ThekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofhotCheetosand32-ouncebottlesofCoke,”shesays.“Theycometousthinkingvegetablesaregross,dirtisgross,wormsaregross.”

.

（2023QGII-B）snackslargesoftdrinksawfulawfulinsectsawful3.词汇删改注

3.2词汇加注

(超纲)

加注的词数每篇文章不超过3个。2023年全国I,II卷加注词汇如下：全国I：brake(刹车),gears(排挡);bacteria(细菌),sludge(污泥),sewage(污水);

cultivate(培养),solitude(独处);twist(转折);err(犯错),cliche(陈词滥调)全国II：trail(小径),canyon(峡谷);;portray(描绘),intellect(才智);coding(编码);sketchbook(素描本),feedback(反馈)超纲词：“标注、考点、不标注”（刘庆思，2008）合成/派生：详见

指难针

分析题项编写技巧Part03研高考方向，做细处文章细节理解：事实细节，词汇猜测，细节推理，观点态度主旨大意：基本结构，主旨大意

3.考点怎么定？“一篇文章必然有一个主信息。阅读测试，就是要攻主信息，攻主信息核心，是必要考点”（李筱菊,2001)。3.考点怎么定？

(2023QGI-A)BikeRental&GuidedToursWelcometoAmsterdam,welcometoMacBike.Yousee...WhyMacBikeMacBikehasbeenaroundforalmost30yearsandisthebiggestbicyclerentalcompanyinAmsterdam.wemakesurethereisalwaysabikeavailableforyou.Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,

...Prices...GuidedCityToursThe2.5-hourtourcoversThetourdepartsfromDamSquare...,....buyyourticket...21.WhatisanadvantageofMacBike?22.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewith...?23.Wheredoestheguidedcitytourstart?3.考点怎么定？

(2023QGI-B)WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoods...Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedto...Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Why...?Whichkindsoffish...?...Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge.First,heconstructed...tanks...Thenhebroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested...背景过程24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?3.考点怎么定？

(2023QGI-B)Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewagefrom1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”应用原理26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?27.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?3.考点怎么定？

(2023QGI-C)Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,including...andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’sright...Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,startingwith...Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyouto...Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,...Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivateasustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle...Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestyle目的PartIPartII28.Whatisthebookaimedat?29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”in...mean?30.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?31.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepractices

offeredinparagraphtwo?3.考点怎么定？

(2023QGI-D)OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustrated...the“wisdomofcrowds”effect...Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeople...Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout...Butanewstudy...offeredaninterestingtwistonthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroups...haveadiscussion,theaverages...weremoreaccurate...Thediscussiongroups...moreaccuratethan...from20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudy...,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion...Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,...resultedinaglobalreductioninerror....limitations...potentialimplications...发现原理新发现原理32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif___.34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?4.题干怎么编？

高考英语阅读理解题干表述的“指向性”如何？2022-05-0123:55标题和出处单个的名词短语同义转述的名词短语多个名词短语关键词的重心位于动词短语状语从句4.题干怎么编？

(2023QGI-A)4.题干怎么编？

(2023QGI-A)21.WhatisanadvantageofMacBike?WhyMacBikeMacBikehasbeenaroundforalmost30yearsandisthebiggestbicyclerentalcompanyinAmsterdam.Withover2,500bikesstoredinourfiverentalshopsatstrategiclocations,wemakesurethereisalwaysabikeavailableforyou.Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,includingbasicbikeswithfootbrake(刹车),bikeswithhandbrakeandgears(排挡),bikeswithchildseats,andchildren’sbikes.

4.题干怎么编？

(2023QGI-A)22.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwodays?

4.题干怎么编？

(2023QGI-A)23.Wheredoestheguidedcitytour

start?GuidedCityToursThe2.5-hourtourcoverstheGooyerWindmill,theSkinnyBridge,theRijksmuseum,HeinekenBreweryandmuchmore.ThetourdepartsfromDamSquareeveryhouronthehour,startingat1:00pmeveryday.YoucanbuyyourticketinaMacBikeshoporbookonline.4.题干怎么编？

(2023QGI-B)24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.4.题干怎么编？

(2023QGI-B)25.WhydidJohn

putthesludgeintothetanks?...Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge(污泥).First,heconstructedaseriesofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.4.题干怎么编？

(2023QGI-B)26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.4.题干怎么编？

(2023QGI-B)26.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”4.题干怎么编？

(2023QGI-C)28.Whatisthebook

aimedat?Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.4.题干怎么编？

(2023QGI-C)29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.4.题干怎么编？

(2023QGI-C)30.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingout

yourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.4.题干怎么编？

(2023QGI-C)31.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo?Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivateasustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapters,Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceofsolitudeandthenecessityofcultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspendonmindlessdeviceuse.Eachchapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatworksforyourparticularcircumstances..4.题干怎么编？

(2023QGI-C)32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.4.题干怎么编？

(2023QGI-C)33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.4.题干怎么编？

(2023QGI-C)34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudy

focuson?Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.4.题干怎么编？

(2023QGI-C)35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?

AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.5.答案怎么编？

(2023QGI-A)21.WhatisanadvantageofMacBike?

B.Itoffersmanytypesofbikes.

出处：Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,includingbasicbikeswithfootbrake,bikeswithhandbrakeandgears,bikeswithchildseats,andchildren’sbikes.同义转述5.答案怎么编？

(2023QGI-A)24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?

B.Hehadaninquiringmind.

出处：WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems....Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?...推理提炼5.答案怎么编？

(2023QGI-B)25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?

D.Totesttheeco-machine.

出处：...Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallan

eco-machine.ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge.First,heconstructedaseriesofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.Hewasamazedattheresults...推理提炼5.答案怎么编？

(2023QGI-B)26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?

B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn’sidea.

出处：Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.

推理提炼5.答案怎么编？

(2023QGI-B)27.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?

A.Naturecanrepairitself.

出处：“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”同义转述5.答案怎么编？

(2023QGI-B)27.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?

A.Naturecanrepairitself.

出处：“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”同义转述5.答案怎么编？

(2023QGI-B)27.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?

A.Naturecanrepairitself.

出处：“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”同义转述5.答案怎么编？

(2023QGI-C)28.Whatisthebookaimedat?

B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.

出处：Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.”同义转述5.答案怎么编？

(2023QGI-C)30.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?

C.Practicalexamples.

出处：Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.

推理提炼5.答案怎么编？

(2023QGI-C)31.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo?

A.Usethemasneeded.

出处：Eachchapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatworksforyourpa