英美国家概况资料

最近整理的英美概况的笔记，对综合英英语国家概况名词解释系列

英语国家概况名词解释系列（1）

ThePuritans清教徒----ThePuritanswerewealthy,well-educatedgentlemen.TheywantedtopurifythechurchofEnglandandthreatenedwithreligiouspersecution,thePuritansleaderssawtheNew

worldasthearefugeprovidedbyGodforthoseHemeanttosave.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（2）

TheBillofRights（America）权利法案----In1789,JamesMadisonintroducedintheHouseofRepresentativesaseriesofamendmentswhichlaterweredraftedintotwelveproposedamendmentsandsenttothestatesforratification.Tenofthemwereratifiedin1791andthefirsttenamendmentstotheconstitutionwerecalledtheBillsofRightsbecausetheyweretoinsureindividualliberties.

theBillofRights(Britain)

In1689,WilliamandMaryacceptedtheBillofRightstobecrownedjointly.ThebillexcludedanyRomanCatholicfromthesuccession,confirmedtheprincipleofparliamentarysupremacyandguaranteedfreespeechwithinboththetwoHouses.Thustheageofconstitutionalmonarchybegan.

TheEmancipationProclamation解放黑奴宣言----AftertheCivilwarbegan,LincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamationtowinmoresupportathomeandabroad.ItgrantedfreedomtoallslavesinareasstillcontrolledbytheConfederacy.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（3）

PilgrimsThanksgivingDay感恩节----ThePilgrimsin1620,201ofthemsailedtotheNewWorldinashipcalledMayflower.Thefirstwinteraftertheirarrivalwasverycoldandwhenspringcame,halfofthemweredead.ThentheIndianscametotheirhelpandtaughtthemhowtogrowcorn.Theyhadagoodharvestthatyear.SotheyinvitedtheIndiansandheldthefirstThanksgiving

celebrationinAmericatogivethankstoGod.

TheChunnel英吉利海峡隧道----In1985theBritishgovernmentandFrenchgovernmentdecidedtobuildachanneltunnel,whichiscalled“Chunnel”,undertheStraitsofDoversothatEnglandandFrancecouldbejoinedtogetherbyroad.TheChunnelwasopentotrafficinMay1994.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（4）

Eisteddfod(一年一度的)威尔士诗人、音乐家大会

---EisteddfodistheWelshwordfor“sitting”NationalEidteddfodisthemostfamousfestivalofmusicandverseinWales.IttakesplaceeachAugustandlastsforaboutaweek.ThehighlightofthefestivaliscompetitionforthebestepicpoemaboutWaleswrittenandreadinWelsh.ThewinneriscrownedBoard,consideredthesupremehonourinWales.Inthiswaythe

WelshpeoplekeeptheWelshlanguageandculturealive.

Cockney伦敦佬----AcockneyisaLondonerwhoisbornwithinthesoundofBowBells-theBellsofthechurchofSt.Mary-LeBowineastLondon.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（5）

Stonehenge巨石阵----ItisagroupofhugemonumentsofgrantrockSlabsonsalisburyplaininsouthwestEnglandbuiltaslongagoastheNewStoneAge.Itisgenerallybelievedthatstonehengeservedsomesortofreligiouspurposes.

TheCelts凯尔特人----TheCeltscametoBritaininthreemainwaves.ThefirstwaveweretheGales,thesecondwaveweretheBrythonsandtheBelgaecameabout150BC.TheCeltswerepractisedfarmers.TheCeltictribesareancestorsoftheHighlandScots,theIrishandtheWelsh,AndtheirlanguagesarethebasisofbothWelshandGaelic.TheyreligionwasDruidism.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（6）

NormanConquest诺曼征服---TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-ofYork,symbolizedbythewhite,from

1455to1485.HenryTudor,descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryatBosworthFireldin1485andputhtcountryundertheruleoftheTudors.FromtheseWars,Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakened.

TheGloriousRevolutionof1688光荣革命----In1685CharlesIIdiedandwassucceededbyhisbrotherJamesII.JameswasbroughtupinexileinEurope,wasaCatholic.Hehopedtorulewithoutgivinguphispersonalreligiousvies.ButEnglandwasnomoretolerantofaCatholickingin1688than40yearsago.SotheEnglishpoliticiansrejectedJamesII,andappealedtoaProtestant

king,WilliamofOrange,toinvadeandtaketheEnglishthrone.WilliamlandedinEnglandin1688.Thetakeoverwasrelativelysmooth,withnobloodshed,noranyexecutionoftheking.Thiswas

knownastheGloriousRevolution.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（10）

TheGunpowderPlotof1605火药阴谋案----TheGunpowderPlotof1605wasthemostfamousoftheCatholicconspiracies.OnNov.5,1605,afewfanaticalCatholicsattemptedtoblowKingJames

andhisministersupintheHouseofParliamentwhereGuyFawkeshadplantedbarrelsofgunpowderinthecellars.TheimmediateresultwastheexecutionofFawkesandhisfellowconspiratorsandimpositionofsevereanti-Catholiclaws.Thelong-termresulthasbeenanannualcelebrationonNov.5,whenabonfireislittoturnaguyandafireworkdisplayisarranged.

BloodMary血腥玛丽----ItisthenicknamegiventoMaryI,theEnglishQueenwhosucceededtothethroneafterHenryVIII.ShewasadevoutCatholicandhadsomanyProtestantsburnttodeaththatsheisrememberedlessbyherofficialtitleMaryIbyhernicknameBloodMary.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（11）

Thatcherism撒切尔主义----Theelectionof1979returnedtheConservativePartytopowerandMargaretThatcherbecamethefirstwomanprimeministerinBritain.Herpoliciesarepopularlyreferredtoasstate-ownedindustries,theuseofmonetaristpoliciestocontrolinflation,theweakingoftradeforcesunions,thestrengtheningoftheroleofmarketforcesintheeconomy,and

anemphasisonlawandorder.

theBritishConstitution

ThereisnowrittenconstitutionintheUnitedKingdom.TheBritishConstitutionisnotsetoutinanysingledocument,butmadeupofstatutelaw,commonlawandconventions.TheJudiciarydeterminescommonlawandinterpretstatues

TheTradeUnionActof1871工会法----Itlegalizedthetradeunionsandgivefinancialsecurity.Itmeantthatinlawtherewasnodifferencebetweenmoneyforbeneficpurposesandcollectingitto

supportstrikeaction.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（12）

Agribusiness农业产业----ItreferstothenewfarminginBritain,becauseitisequippedandmanagedlikeanindustrialbusinesswithasetofinputsintotheprocesseswhichoccuronthefarmandoutputsorproductswhichleavethefarm.Theemphasisisuponintensivefarming,designestogivethemaximumoutputofcropsandanimals.

Britishdisease英国病----Theterm“Britishdisease”isnowoftenusedtocharacterizeBritain’seconomicdecline.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（13）

Constitutionalmonarchy君主立宪制----ItisapoliticalsystemthathasbeenpractisedinBritainsincetheGloriousrevolutionof1688.Accordingtothissystem,theConstitutionissuperiortotheMonarch.Inlaw,theMonarchhasmanysupremepowers,butinpractice,therealpowerofmonarchyhasbeengreatlyreducedandtodaytheQueenactssolelyontheadviceofherministers.

Shereignsbutdoesnotrule.TherealpowerliesintheParliament,ortobeexact,intheHouseofCommons.

PrivyCouncil枢密院----AconsultativebodyoftheBritishmonarch.ItsorigincanbetracedbacktothetimesoftheNormanKings.AftertheGloriousRevolutionof1688,itsimportancewasgraduallydiminishedandreplacedbytheCabinet.Today,itisstillaconsultationbodyoftheBritishmonarch,Itsmembershipisabout400,andincludesalCabinetministers,thespeakerofthe

HouseofCommons,theArchbishopsofCanterburyandYork,andseniorBritishandCommonwealthstatesmen.

WhigsandTories辉格党和托利党

ItreferredtothetwopartynameswhichoriginatedwiththeGloriousRevolutionof1688.TheWhigswerethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNoncomformists.TheTorieswerethosewhosupportedhereditarymonarchyandwerereluctanttoremovekings.TheWhigsformedacoalitionwithdissidentToriesandbecametheLiberalParty.TheToriesweretheforerunnersoftheConservativeParty

英语国家概况名词解释系列（14）

TheNationalHealthService国民保健署.----ItisaveryimportantpartofthewelfaresysteminBritain.ItisanationwideorganizationbasedonActsofParliament.Itprovidesallkindsoffreeornearlyfreemedicaltreatmentbothinhospitalandoutside.Itisfinancedmainlybypaymentsbythestateoutofgeneraltaxation.Peoplearenotobligedtousethisservice.Theserviceisachievingitsmain

objectiveswithoutstandingsuccess.

Comprehensiveschools综合学校----Comprehensivesschoolstakepupilswithoutreferencetoabilityoraptitudeandprovideawide-rangingsecondaryeducationforallormostofthechildreninadistrict.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（15）

Reuters路透社----Itwasfoundedin1851bytheGerman,JuliusReuter.Itisnowapubliclyownedcompany,employingover11000staffin80countries.Ithasmorethan1300staffjournalistsandphotographers.

TheCrownCourt巡回刑事法庭----AcriminalcourtthatdealswiththemoreseriouscasesandholdssessionsintownsthroughoutEnglandandWales.ItispresidedovereitherbyajudgefromtheHighCourtofJusticeoralocalfull-timejudge.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（16）

TheGreatlakes北美五大湖----TheGreatLakesarethefivelakesinthenortheast.TheyareLakeSuperiorwhichisthelargestfreshwaterlakeintheworld,LakeMichigan(theonlyoneentirelyintheU.S.),LakeHuron,LakeEireandLakeOntario.TheyarealllocatedbetweenCanadaandtheUnitedStatesexpectLakeMichigan.

TheMississippi密西西比河----TheMississippihasbeencalled“fatherofwaters“or”oldmanriver”.Itanditstributariesdrainoneoftherichestfarmareasintheworld.ItisthefourthlongestriverintheworldandthemostimportantriverintheUnitedStates.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（17）

UncleTom’sCabin汤姆叔叔的小屋----ItwasasentimentalbutpowerfulantislaverynovelwrittenbyHarrietBeecherStowe.Itconvertedmanyreaderstotheabolitionistcause.

Gettysburg葛底斯堡演说----ItrefertotheshortspeechPresidentLincolnmadewhenhededicatedthenationalcemeteryatGettyburg.Heendedthespeechwith“thegovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth”.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（18）

TheRedScare红色恐惧----WhentheWWIwasover,thereexistedahighlyaggressiveandintolerantnationalism.Between1919and1920,theRedScarehappened.OnNov.7,1919andJan.2,1920,theJusticeDepartmentlaunchedtwowavesofmassarrests.Over4000suspectedCommunistsandradicalwerearrested.

TheNewDeal新政---InordertodealwiththeDepression,PresidentFranklinRooseveltputforwardtheNewDealprogram.ItpassedalotofNewDeallawsandsetupmanyefficientsocialsecuritysystems.TheNewDealhelpedtosaveAmericandemocracyandthedevelopmentofAmerican

economy.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（19）

TrumanDoctrine杜鲁门主义----OnMar.12,1949,PresidentTrumanputforwardtheTrumanDoctrineinhisspeechtothejointsessionofCongress.TheDoctrinemeanttosupportanycountrywhichsaiditwasfightingcommunism.

MarshallPlan马歇尔计划----ItwasannouncedbyGeorgeMarshallonJune.5,1947,andwastheeconomicaidplanforWesternEurope.ItwasalsousedtopreventthelossofWesternEuropeintotheSovietsphere.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（20）

Londonsmog伦敦烟雾----In195,thesulphurdioxideinthefour-dayLondonsmog,anunhealthyatmosphereformedbymixingsmokeanddirtwithfog.Itleft4000peopledeadordying.SincethenmostcitiesinBritainhaveintroduced“cleanairzones”wherebyfactoriesandhouseholdsare

onlyallowedtoburnsmokelessfuel.

FamilyDocto家庭医生----InordertoobtainthebenefitsoftheNHSapersonmustnormallyberegisteredonthelistofageneralpractitioner,sometimesknownasa“familydoctor”.Thefamilydoctorgivestreatmentorprescribesmedicine,or,ifnecessary,arrangesforthepatienttogotohospitalortobeseenathomebyaspecialist.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（21）

MarvellousMelbourne了不起的墨尔本----Afterthegoldrushin1850sand1860s,therewasanimportantrevolutionintransport,especiallywiththenetworkoftramandrailwaysystems.Thischangedthepaceofurbanlifeandtheappearanceofthecityandsoonpeoplewerecallingthecity“MarvellousMelbourne”.Butbythe1890soutsiderswerecallingthecity“MarvellousMelbourne”becauseofthebadsmellofthecity.

WaitangiDay怀唐伊日----In1840thefirstofficialgovernor,WilliamHobson,wassenttonegotiatewithMaorileaders.In1840Hobson,representingQueenVictoria,andsomeMaorichiefs,signedtheTreatyofWaitangi.ModernNewZealandwasfounded.Theanniversaryofthesigning,February6,iscelebratedasNewZealandNati