英语知识树(语法)

EnglishKnowledgeTree(Grammar)CATALOGUE目录IntroductionMorphologyTenseVoiceNonfineverbsSubordinateclauseSubjectverbconsistency01IntroductionToprovideacomprehensiveunderstandingofthestructureandrulesoftheEnglishlanguageTodevelopeffectivecommunicationskillsthroughaccurategrammarusageToenhancereading,writing,speaking,andlisteningabilitiesinEnglishPurposeandbackgroundGrammarisessentialforclearandeffectivecommunicationGrammarprovidesstructureandorganizationtowriteandspeaklanguageItenablesspeakerstodiscoverideasaccuratelyandavoidmisunderstandingsItsupportsthedevelopmentofvocabularyandpresencecomplexityTheImportanceofGrammar02MorphologyNounisawordthatnamesaperson,place,thing,orideaTherearetwotypesofnouns:propernouns(namesofspecificpeople,places,orthings)andcommonnouns(generictermsforgroupsofpeople,places,orthings)Nounscanbefurtherclassifiedintocountablenouns(canbecounted)anduncountablenouns(cannotbecounted)Countablenounscanbesingular(one)orplural(morethanone)NounVerbisawordthatexpressesanactionorstateofbeingVerbscanbeclassifiedasregularverbs(infinitiveformendsin"to"+baseform)andirregularverbs(donotfollowtheregularpattern)Verbscanalsobeclassifiedaspresenttense(describeanactionhappeningnow),pasttense(describeanactionthathappenedinthepast),andfuturetense(describeanactionthatwillhappeninthefuture)VerbObjectiveisawordthatmodifiesanounorpronountodescribeitscharacteristicsorattributesAdjectivescanbeclassifiedasdescriptive(describingphysicalcharacteristics,suchas"big,""red,"or"fast"),limiting(indicatingquantityordegree,suchas"some,""many,"or"few"),andpositive(indicatingownership,suchas"my,""your,"or"they")AdjectivesAdverbisawordthatmodifiesaverb,objective,orotherverbtoindicateManner,time,place,degree,orquantityAdvantageouscanbeclassifiedasdescriptive(describingManner,suchas"slowly,""quickly,"or"easily"),temporary(describingtime,suchas"yesterday,""tomorrow,"or"now"),local(describingplace,suchas"here,""there,"or"away"),comparative(describingdegreeorquantity,suchas"more,""less,"or"enough"),andnegative(indicatingconnection,suchas"not,""never,"or"hard")AdverbPositionisawordthatshowstherelationshipbetweenanounorpronounandsomeotherwordsinthepresencePositionscanbeclassifiedasspatial(describingpositioninspace,suchas"on,""in,"or"under"),temporary(describingtime,suchas"before,""after,"or"during"),andpurpose/circuitstance(describingpurposeorcircuitstances,suchas"for,""with,"or"without")Preparation03Tense

PresenttenseDefinitionThepresenttenseisusedtodescribeactionsorstatesthatarehappeningcurrentlyoraredomesticExamples"Ieatappleseveryday.""Shesingsbeautifully."UsageThistenseisoftenusedforsimplepresentationstatements,expressingopinions,andmakinggeneralizationsExamples"Iateanappleyesterday.""Theyvisitedthemuseumlastweek."UsageThistenseisusedtorenteventsthathavealreadyoccurred,todescribehistoricalevents,andtotellstoriesDefinitionThepasttenseisusedtodescribeactionsorstatesthathappenedinthepastPasttenseExamples"Iwillgototheparktomorrow.""Theyarecomingnextweek."DefinitionThefuturetenseisusedtodescribeactionsorstatesthatwillhappeninthefutureUsageThistenseisusedtoexpressplans,predictions,andconditionalstatementsaboutthefutureFuturetense04VoiceItisformedbyusingthepresentparticleorinfinitiveoftheverbafterthesubjectTheactivevoiceismoredirectandconsistent,makingitsuitableformosttypesofwritingandspeechTheactivevoiceisthemostcommonvoiceusedinEnglish,anditemphasizesthesubjectperformingtheactionActivevoiceThepassivevoicecanmakethepresencemoreobjectiveandlesspersonal,whichcanbeusefulinsomecontexts,suchasscientificwritingornewsreportingThepassivevoiceisusedtofocusontheactionratherthanthesubjectperformingitItisformedbyusingthepastparticleoftheverbandaddingtheauxiliaryverb"tobe"(am,is,are,was,were)Passivevoice05NonfineverbsDefinition01Infinitiveisthebasicformofaverb,withoutchangesintenseorvoice,andoftenservesasthesubject,object,predicate,etc.inasentence.Form02Infinitivehastwoforms,oneistheprototype,suchas"run"and"write";Thesecondistoconfirm,startingwith"to",suchas"torun"or"towrite".Usage03Infinitivecanindicateanaction,state,orpurposeinasentence,forexample:"Iwanttorunamarathon.""Shelovestosing."InfinitiveGerundisthepresentparticipleformofaverb,oftenusedasthesubject,object,predicate,etc.inasentence.DefinitionGerundendswith"-ing",suchas"running"or"writing".FormGerundcanindicateanongoingactionorstate,forexample:"Ienjoyrunning.""Theyarepracticingwriting."UsageGerundDefinitionArticleisoneofthenonfiniteformsofverbs,whichhasthecharacteristicsofanadjectiveandcanmodifynounsorpronouns.FormTherearetwoformsofaparticle:presentparticipleandpastparticiple.Thepresentparticipleendswith"-ing"andthepastparticipleendswith"-ed"or"-en",suchas"running"or"writing".UsageParticlescanrepresentthecompletion,passiverelationship,orstateofanaction,forexample:"Therunningmanistired.""Thewrittenreportisfinished.""Thebrokenglassisdangerous."Particle06SubordinateclauseAnominalclauseisasuborderclausethatfunctionsasanouninthepresenceNodalclausesoftenbeginwitharelativepronoun(who,which,that)oraconnection(suchasbecause,if)NominalclauseItcanserveasthesubject,object,orsubjectcompletionofthesentenceExample:"Thebook,whichIreadlastnight,wasveryinteresting."01Itprovidesadditionalinformationaboutthenounorpronoon,helpingtoclarifyorexpandonitAttributiveclaimsareintroducedbyrelativepronouns(who,which,that)orconnections(suchaswhen,where,why)Example:"Ilikethebookthatwaswrittenbymyfavoriteauthor."Anattributiveclauseisasuborderclausethatmodifiesanounorpronouninthepresence020304AttributiveclauseAdverbialclaims01Anadvisoryclauseisasuborderclausethatfunctionsasanadvisoryinthepresence02Itprovidesadditionalinformationabouttheverb,helpingtoclarifyorexpandontheactionorconditiondescribed03Adverbialclaimsareintroducedbyconnections(suchasbecause,if,when)orrelativepronunciations(who,which,that)04Example:"Iwillgotothepartyifmyfriendsaregoing."07SubjectverbconsistencyAnounisaperson,place,thing,orideaForexampl