国立清华大学脑与心智第四讲(焦传金教授)

感觉&知觉

III2012/10/92012/10/9听觉与平衡觉The

auditory

periphery

within

the

human

headEardrum:

oval

window

=

35:1

(increasepressure

gain

in

middle

ear)2012/10/9Sound

pressure

as

a

function

of

time

for

the

sinusoidal

pressureof

a

pure

toneThe

threshold

of

human

hearing

is

about

0

dB

(the

amplitude

of

air

particlemovements

are

about

0.01

um

in

extent).The

upper

limit

of

human

hearing

is

about

120

dB.Human

are

sensitive

between

20

Hz

and

20,000

Hz

(most

sensitive

1-4

kHz).2012/10/9DecibelsDecibels

are

defined

as

a

logarithmic

unit

of

sound

intensity.Mathematically

a

decibel

(dB)

is

defined

as:Where

P1

and

P2

are

powers

in

Watts.

Decibels

can

also

becalculated

using

amplitudes.

The

above

equation

becomes:Where

A1

and

A2

are

amplitudes.In

the

first

demonstration,

track

1,

we

hear

a

440

Hz

tone

(A4on

the

musical

scale).

The

tone

is

then

reduced

in

1

dB

steps.On

tracks

2

the

tone

is

reduced

in

steps

of

3

dB.2012/10/9Intensity

vs.

LoudnessIntensityLoudnessTo

illustrate

the

relationship

between

intensity

and

loudness

based

onthe

Fletcher-Munson

curves,

a

demonstration

was

created

that

playsvarious

frequencies

at

a

constant

SPL.

Track

1

shows

that

theperceived

loudness

of

tones

varies

at

equal

sound

intensity.2012/10/9Frequency8

kHz10

kHz12

kHz14

kHz15

kHz16

kHzAge

groupEveryoneBelow

60

yearsBelow

50

yearsBelow

45

yearsBelow

40

yearsBelow

24

yearsMosquito

ringtone17.4

kHz18

kHz19

kHz20

kHz21

kHz22

kHzBelow

24

yearsBelow

24

yearsBelow

24

yearsBelow

24

yearsBelow

20

yearsBelow

20

years高音频手机铃声

「老」师听不见

/2012/10/9Cochlear

implantInsert

through

the

roundwindow

of

the

cochlea2012/10/92012/10/9#ofChannelsProcessedspeechOriginalspeech11-channelsimulationOriginalsentence22-channelsimulationOriginalsentence44-channelsimulationOriginalsentence66-channelsimulationOriginalsentence88-channelsimulationOriginalsentenceSine-wave

simulations2012/10/9/~loizou/cimplants/cdemos.htmAscending

pathway

of

auditory

system

Cochlea

Cochlear

nucleus

Superior

olivary

complex

Nuclei

of

the

lateral

lemniscus

Inferior

colliculus

Medial

geniculate

bodyAuditory

cortex2012/10/9ITD

results

from

the

longer

time

it

takessound

to

travel

from

the

source

to

theear

away

from

the

source.Good

for

low

frequencies

(<1

kHz)ILD

results

from

the

head

forming

a“sound

shadow”,

reducing

the

level

ofsound

at

the

ear

away

from

the

source.Good

for

high

frequencies

(>3

kHz)In

human,

we

are

somewhat

lessaccurate

at

the

middle

frequencies.Minimum

discrimination

angle

is

onedegree

of

azimuth

(10

us

in

ITD

or

1

dBin

ILD)2012/10/92012/10/9人类的「听声辨人」能力很差BBC

Human

Senses2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9演唱会的声音魔力BBC

Human

Senses2012/10/9关于音乐感知的神奇个案1天打雷劈席可瑞遭到雷击，大难不死。就在他的生活似乎恢复正常两、三天后，最惊异的事才要开始——他突然有股强烈的渴望，想要听钢琴乐声。4心灵唱盘父亲口袋里总摆着两三本管弦乐袖珍总谱，在看病人的空档翻阅，乐曲就自动在心中演奏。用不着把唱片放进唱机，他就能好生享受这无声的音乐。5脑虫入侵电影或电视剧主题曲，还有广告，常常都有余音绕梁三日不绝的魔力，这种在我们的脑海中萦绕不去的旋律就叫「脑虫」。9爸爸打喷嚏的音是G十九世纪的牛津音乐教授欧斯雷爵士音感绝佳，他在五岁的时候说：爸爸打喷嚏的音是G，风吹的音是D，家里的钟当当响的那两个音是B调……12脑袋装了两千出歌剧的人马丁记得两千出以上的歌剧以及全部的清唱剧，这种音乐天分实在教人叹为观止，然而除去音乐，他的脑袋几乎空无一物。28音乐小精灵葛萝莉亚拥有女高音的美妙嗓音，会唱两千首左右的曲子……可是她不会「五加三」，也无法独立生活，就像大多数的威廉斯氏症患者。脑袋装了2000出歌剧的人2012/10/9「平衡感」需要内耳、本体感觉、视觉BBC

Human

Senses2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9触觉与痛觉2012/10/9ConnectivetissueHeatStrongpressureHairmovementNerveGentle

touch

Epidermis

DermisHypodermisPainColdHairVariation

in

two-point

limen

(threshold)

across

the

body

surface

Finger

tip:

0.9

mm,

around

mouth:

0.5

mmLegs,

shoulders,

and

back:

60-70

mm2012/10/9Somatotopic

organization

of

human

SI

(Penfield,

1950)2012/10/92012/10/9Different

species

rely

on

different

parts

of

the

body

foradaptive

somatosensory

informationThe

area

of

representation

of

the

hand

in

thesomatosensory

cortex

changes

after

surgical

correctionof

syndactyly

of

digits

2-52012/10/9Phantom

limb

sensations

can

be

evoked

by

stimulating

body

surfaces2012/10/9幻肢（Phantom

limb）2012/10/9Mirror

box治疗幻肢的方式2012/10/9痛由心生BBC

Human

Senses2012/10/9味觉与嗅觉2012/10/9Oishii（好好吃）2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9超级味觉BBC

Human

Senses2012/10/9味觉其实是靠嗅觉BBC

Human

Senses「风味」与「口味」不同bulbBone

Epithelial

cellOdorantreceptorsPlasmamembraneOdorants

2012/10/9OdorantsNasal

cavityChemo-receptorCiliaMucus

人类的嗅觉Brain

Action

potentials

OlfactoryOdor

molecules

(odor

object)

given

off

by

the

jasmine

flower2012/10/9Main

projection

pathwaysin

the

olfactory

systemAON:

anterior

olfactory

nucleusPC:

pyriform

cortexOT:

olfactory

tubercleAMYG:

amygdalaTEC:

transitional

entorhinalcortexNHLDB:

nucleus

of

horizontallimb

of

diagonal

bandMD:

mediodorsal2012/10/92012/10/9嗅觉感受因人而异BBC

Human

Sensesphysiological

and

reproductive

responses.

(adapted

from

Dulac

and

Torello,

NRN2003)Functional

and

anatomical

segregation

of

the

twomammalian

olfactory

systemsInformation

provided

by

pheromone

signals

is

primarily

processed

by

a

distinct

neural

circuit.Pheromones

are

mostly

detected

by

sensory

neurons

in

the

vomeronasal

organ

(VNO),

a

bilateral

tubularstructure

in

the

anterior

region

of

the

nasal

cavity.

VNO

axons

project

to

the

accessory

olfactory

bulb(AOB),

which

in

turn

transmits

sensory

information

to

the

vomeronasal

amygdala

(VA)

and

then

tospecific

nuclei

of

the

hypothalamus

(H),

which

are

involved

in

regulating

genetically

pre-programmed犁鼻器2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9闻女性负面情绪时的眼泪会降低男性性欲2012/10/9感觉整合2012/10/9视觉

vs.听觉McGurk

Effect2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9好书分享2012/10/9脑袋装了2000出歌剧的人MUSICOPHILIA:Tales

of

Music

and

the

Brain作者：奥立佛‧萨克斯原文作者：Oliver

Sacks译者：廖月娟出版社：天下文化出版日期：2008年08月29日神经内科医师萨克斯研究发现，音乐比语言占用更多脑细胞。音乐「让人起舞、影响情绪、引起购买欲，勾起回忆……音乐代表着心灵与感受，超乎经验，无法形容」。

萨克斯这本新书中的精采故事，包括知名心理分析家饱受脑中重复出现的歌声困扰；威廉斯氏症候群的小孩拥有过人的音乐禀赋；乐评家得了「恐惧音乐」的怪病，只要听见铜管演奏就吓得半死；《幽冥的火》作者纳博科夫似乎患有「音乐失认症」，对音乐几无反应。还有，记忆只持续七秒的人，却始终记得音乐；作曲家车祸后音感全消；闪电击中的医生变成肖邦迷，突然拥有钢琴才华……2012/10/9寻找脑中幻影

Phantoms

in