中国智慧-文化面面观 课件 UNIT 1 Chinese Visionaries and Crusades、UNIT 2 Chinese Scholars and National

UNIT1

ChineseVisionariesandCrusades

LearningObjectivesHumanismandConfucianismBiographyofLinZexu123LinZexuandInternationalDayagainstDrugAbuseandIllicitTrafficking.China?Thereliesasleepinggiant.Lethimsleep!Forwhenhewakes,hewillmovetheworld.--NapoleonIthinktheriseofChinaisoneofthegreateventsofalleconomicandhumanhistory,andIthinkthiswillbeapositivethingfortheregionandtheworld.--PaulKeatingQuotationsText WordsandEXPRESSIONSUnderstandinghetextLanguageexercisesReadingWarmingup Whatisopium? WhatweretheOpiumWars? Whatarethepharmacologicallyactiveprinciplesofopium? Whataresideeffectsofopium?LinZexuandInternationalDayagainstDrugAbuseandIllicit

TraffickingTheOpiumWarsweretwoarmedconflictsinChinainthemid-19thcenturybetweenforcesofWesterncountriesandoftheQingdynasty.ThefirstOpiumWar(1839–42)wasfoughtbetweenChinaandBritain.ThesecondOpiumWar(1856–60),alsoknownastheAnglo-FrenchWarinChina,wasfoughtbyBritainandFranceagainstChina.Ineachcasetheforeignpowersweregainedcommercialprivileges

andlegalandterritorialconcessions

inChina.DaydreamVSpipedreamWenormallywanderoffintothosefancifulmomentsbecauseourbrainsaren’tgearedforasingletime-consumingtask.Thetransientlapse,however,isnotasignofabraindysfunctionbutanindicatorofhigh-levelcreativity.InEnglish,daydreamhasacurioussynonym“pipedream”.Originally,the“pipe”referstoopiumpipe,atypeofceramicpipedesignedforinhalationofvaporizedopium.Itwasoneofthefast-sellingcommoditiesinthe19thcenturywhenopiumdenswerepervasivebothintheburgeoningChinatownsoftheUnitedStatesandinthedecayingimperialdynastiesoftheFarEast.Withreclining

bunkbedsandinfoulsmoke,theseestablishmentshadacrowdofdruguserswholoungedforthemostpartofadayonbeds.Rootedtotheirdens,theyseemedtosinkintotheecstasiesofawonderlandinwhichSamuelTaylorColeridgeclaimedthathehadroamedinavisionofadreamintothesummerpalaceoftheMongolrulerandEmperorofChinaKublaiKhan.AlthoughColeridgeattributedhisromanticismpartlytotheopiuminfluence,hesaidinafitofremorseinan1814lettertoJohnMorganthattheopiumconsumptionhadbegottenvicesandheshouldhavesufferedhimself“tobecutinpieces”.Buttheattemptstorootouttheopiumvicewereseldommade,eventhoughsomepeopleinBritainhadalreadybeenlucidlyawareofthelethaleffectofthedrug.InorganizedwaywasthelargequantitiesofopiumdumpedontheChinesemarketwhereitassumedadeceptivenameFuShouGao(福寿膏),withFu（福）indicatinggoodfortunesandhappiness,whileShou(寿)thelonglife.ThepopularuseofopiumwasnotmerelyturningChinesemalecitizensintoslothfulsmokersbutcausedahugelossofnationalwealth.ThewretchedpicturewasdescribedbyLinZexuinadiplomaticlettertoQueenVictoria.WefindthatyourcountryissixtyorseventythousandlifromChina.ThepurposeofyourshipsincomingtoChinaistorealizealargeprofit.SincethisprofitisrealizedinChinaandisinfacttakenawayfromtheChinesepeople,howcanforeignersreturninjuryforthebenefittheyhavereceivedbysendingthispoisontoharmtheirbenefactors?Theymaynotintendtoharmothersonpurpose,butthefactremainsthattheyaresoobsessedwithmaterialgainthattheyhavenoconcernwhateverfortheharmtheycancausetoothers.Havetheynoconscience?Theyoungqueenwasthenmiredinacourtintrigue

andherministersdidn’tbotherthemselvestoforwardhertheletterfromthegovernor-GeneralofChina.Whileblamingthevicesofopiumsmuggling,Linalsointendedtoavoidtheconflictsbyreferringtoitasaninadvertent“error”andthebilateralrelationscouldbepatchedupbytimelycorrection.Lin’scourtesywasridiculedasravingssincefewinthecountryhadtheknowledgeofConfuciantolerance.BothColeridgeandLinweregreatdreamers,theformerbeingapipedreamerwhovaluedmostthepotentimaginationinliterarycreation,andthelatterahumanisticdreamerwhohadbelievedthatthewholeworldhadbeengovernedbymoralprinciplesanderroneouslyassumedthathecouldconvincethequeenandhisministerswithConfuciantolerance.Linwasnotcompletelyignorantofthewesternpowerwhichhadrecentlythreatenedtouseviolencetocompelhisemperortolegitimizedrugsmuggling,forhementionedShakespeare,agreatBritishhumanisticdreamer,inamemorialpresentedtoDaoguangEmperor.《巴麦尊致大清皇帝钦命宰相书》TheBritishgovernmentwasevidentlynotagreatbelieverofShakespeareanhumanism.Instead,itwasthefollowerofutilitarianBenthamism.Forexample,HenryJohnTemple,amemberofthecabinetwhohaddominatedforyearsBritishforeignpolicies,warnedintheletter“TotheMinisteroftheEmperorofChina”thatalthoughherMajestymeanttocrackdownonthedrugsmuggling,shewouldnotallowhersubjectstobehumiliatedinChina.TheChinesehumanisticdreamerthendecidedtostemthetideofopiumsmugglingandshatterintopiecesthepipedream,sincefewhealthyyoungmencouldbeconscriptedtodefendthecountryandthetreasurywasalmostbare.InMarch1839,hearrestedmorethan1700opiumdealersandconfiscatedover7000opiumpipesand2.6millionpoundsofopium.Theutilitarianqueensenthernavalfleetof16warshipsinresponse.Inhistrance,Coleridgesawanalbatrosspiercingthroughthethickcurtainofthefog,asif“ithadbeenaChristiansoul”.Thebirdwasseenasasymbolofnatureandomensofgoodluck.Similarly,Lin,asaConfuciandreamerwhovaluedthetripleharmonyofheaven,earth,andmen,wasadevoutworshipperofnature.Whentheopiumwasemptiedintotheseawithlimeandsalt,hewroteandchantedanelegytoapologizepubliclytotheseaforthepollution.令水族先期暂徙，以避其毒TheQingDynastyofChinalosttheFirstOpiumwar.ItwasamomentofawakeningforthoseChinesesomnambulistsandwouldhavebeenamomentofdefeatfortheChinesehumanistdreamer,ifhehadbeenawaketothebrutalworldwhichraninaccordancewithlawofthejungle.Hewasmadeascapegoat

andexiledtodesolateIliregioninXinjiang.ThosewhosupportedthecapitulationinthecourtlikenedhimtoZhaoQiao,alegendarycarpenterwhowasdrownbyaDragonKingfortakingforpersonalusethelampofferedasasacrifice.TheybelievedthattheexilehadpronouncedtheendofLin’spoliticalcareerandtherewasnowayforLintostageacomeback.Theoddswerethathewoulddieinbitingwindinthatuninhabitableregion.ButthedreamerwasstubbornandstillclungfirmlytohishumanistandConfuciandreams,treatingthecalumnywithdisdain.OnthebumpyroadtoXinjiang,hewasremindedofZiChan,asagaciousprimeministeroftheStateofZhenginTheSpringandAutumnPeriodwhohadbeenalsomaliciouslyslandered.HequotedZiChaninhispoemsaying“wereittobenefitmycountry,Iwouldlaydownmylife.Whatthenistheriskforme?”In1987,therewasaninternationalconferenceconvenedtochoosefromthedaysofayearthethemedayagainstdrugabuseandillicittrafficking.Linwasagaindiscussedoutofhismotherland,thistimenotasalaughingstockbutasamuch-esteemedfigurebothforhisheroicdeedsandhisloftydreamofcleansingpeopleoftheviceofopium.26JunewasultimatelychosenandwrittenintotheUNdraftandfinalresolution,foronthatdayin1839hewonthewaragainstoneoftheunmitigatedevilsinhumansociety.gearv.

geared,gear·ing,gears

v.tr.1.a.Toequipwithgears.b.Toconnectbygears.c.Toputintogear.2.Toadjustoradaptsoastomakesuitable:gearedthespeechtoaconservativeaudience.3.Toprovidewithgear;equip.r.1.Tocomeintoorbeingear.2.Toshiftatransmission:geareddowntotakethecurve.3.Tobecomeadjustedsoastofitorblend.Back

tran·si·ent

(trăn′zē-ənt,-zhənt,-shənt)adj.1.Passingwithtime;transitory:"thetransientbeautyofyouth"

(LydiaM.Child).2.Remaininginaplaceonlyabrieftime:transientlaborers.3.PhysicsDecayingwithtime,especiallyasasimpleexponentialfunctionoftime.Back

pipedream-afantasticbutvainhope(fromfantasiesinducedbytheopiumpipe);"Ihavethispipedreamaboutbeingemperoroftheuniverse"Back

burgeoning(ˈbɜːdʒənɪŋ)adjrapidlydevelopingorgrowing;flourishingBack

reclinev.

re·clined,re·clin·ing,re·clines

r.1.Toleanbackorliedownonone'sback.2.Tobeadjustablesothattheoccupantmayreclineratherthansitup:aseatthatreclines.Backlounge

(lounj)v.

lounged,loung·ing,loung·es

r.1.Tomoveoractinalazy,relaxedway;loll:loungingonthesofa;loungedaroundinpajamas.2.Topasstimeidly:loungedinVenicetillJune.v.tr.Topass(time)inalazy,relaxed,oridleway:loungedthedayaway.backColeridge,SamuelTaylorColeridge,SamuelTaylor,1772–1834,Englishpoetandmanofletters,b.OtterySt.Mary,Devonshire;oneofthemostbrilliant,versatile,andinfluentialfiguresintheEnglishromanticmovement.Back

be•get(bɪˈgɛt)

v.t.be•got,be•got•ten

be•got,be•get•ting.

1.(esp.ofamaleparent)togenerate(offspring).2.toproduceasaneffect:abeliefthatpowerbegetspower.backrootoutvb(tr,adverb)toremoveoreliminatecompletely:wemustrootoutinefficiency.Back

lu·cid

(lo͞o′sĭd)adj.1.Clearlyexpressed;easilyunderstood:alucidanalysisoftheproblem.2.Thinkingorexpressingoneselfclearly,especiallybetweenperiodsofconfusion;clearheaded:Thefeverishpatientwaslucidnowandthen.3.Brightlylit;luminous:"AlucidyellowmoonwasrisingwhenLukewheeledhistrucktothecurbandgotout"

(WillieMorris).4.Clear;transparent:alucidstream.Back

le•thal(ˈliθəl)

adj.1.oforcausingdeath;deadly;fatal:alethalweapon;alethaldose.

2.madetocausedeath:alethalinjection.

3.causinggreatharm;disastrous:Thedisclosureswerelethaltohiscandidacy.BackAdj.slothful-disinclinedtoworkorexertion;"slothfulemployeesBack原文：查该国距内地六七万里，而夷船争来贸易者，为获利之厚故耳。以中国之利外夷，是夷人所获之厚利，皆从华民分去。岂有反以毒物害华民之理。即夷人未必有心为害，而贪利之极，不顾害人，试问天良安在？Backin·trigue

n.1.a.Asecretorunderhandscheme;aplot.b.Thepracticeoforinvolvementinsuchschemes:seizedthethronebyintrigue.backinadvertent(ˌɪnədˈvɜːtənt)adj1.failingtoactcarefullyorconsiderately;inattentive2.resultingfromheedlessaction;unintentionalbackraving(ˈreɪvɪŋ)adj1.a.delirious;frenziedb.(asadverb):ravingmad.2.informal(intensifier):aravingbeauty.n(usuallyplural)frenzied,irrational,orwildlyextravaganttalkorutterancesbacksubjectn.

1.Onewhoisundertheruleofanotherorothers,especiallyonewhoowesallegiancetoagovernmentorruler.back…,sincefewhealthyyoungmencouldbeconscriptedtodefendthecountryandthetreasurywasalmostbare林则徐曾上书道光皇帝，在奏章中提到：“中原几无可御敌之兵,且无可充饷之银”。Back

somnambulism(sɒmˈnæmbjʊˌlɪzəm)n(Psychology)aconditionthatischaracterizedbywalkingwhileasleeporinahypnotictrance.backscape·goat

(skāp′gōt′)n.Onethatismadetobeartheblameofothers.Hersupportersseeherasascapegoatforapolicythatfailed.Back

ca·pit·u·la·tion

(kə-pĭch′ə-lā′shən)n.1.Theactofsurrenderingorgivingup:Lackoffoodandammunitionforcedthecapitulationoftherebels.2.Adocumentcontainingthetermsofsurrender.backGongsunQiao(Chinese:公孫僑;died522BC),betterknownbyhiscourtesynameZichan(Chinese:子產),wasastatesmanoftheStateofZhengduringtheSpringandAutumnperiodofancientChina.HisancestralsurnamewasJi(姬),andclannameGuo(國).back林则徐放逐时的心情可以在林的《赴戍登程口示家人》二首中读出。其一：出门一笑莫心哀，浩荡襟怀到处开，世事难从无过立，达官非自有生来，风涛回首空三岛，尘壤回头数九垓，休信儿童轻薄语，嗤他赵老送灯台。其二：力微任重久神疲，再竭衰庸总不支，苟利国家生死以，岂因祸福避趋之？谪居正是君恩厚，养拙刚于戍卒宜。戏与山妻谈故事，试吟断送老头皮。backunmitigated(ʌnˈmɪtɪˌɡeɪtɪd)adj1.notdiminishedinintensity,severity,etc2.(prenominal)(intensifier):anunmitigateddisastebackI.Readthefollowingstatementsanddecidewhethertheyaretrue(T)orfalse(F).Daydreamingisasignofbrainimpairment,usuallyleadingtothefailureofbraintoachieveabehavioralnorm.Inthe19thcentury,opiumpipeswereusedonlyintheopiumdensofChinatown.SamuelTaylorColeridgehadanaudiencewithKublaiKhanwhenheroamedtoChina.TheBritishgovernmentunderthereignofQueenVictoriahadtriedhardtothoroughlyeliminatetheopium.InChina,OpiumassumedanothernameFuShouGao,makingthepeoplebelievethatitwaseffectivemedicine.FFFTInadiplomaticlettertothequeen,LinZexuwastryingtoavoidfurtherconflictsbyaskingpolitelyforinterventiononthepartofBritishgovernmenttostoptheopiumsmuggling.LinZexuhadnoknowledgeofBritainwhenhewrotethatdiplomaticletter,andinthissense,hewasaromanticdreamer.QueenVictoriawagedthewartocrackdownonthedrugsmugglinginhercountry.BothColeridgeandLinZexushowedtheirrespecttothenature.LinZexuwasnolongerahumanisticdreameratthemomentwhenQingforcesweredefeatedbyBritisharmy.FFFTTII.Givebriefanswerstothefollowingquestions.WhatisLinZexubestknownfor?WhywasopiumdrugallowedbytheBritishgovernmenttobedumpedonChinesemarket,butnotallowedtobeusedonBritishsoil?WhydidtheUNGeneralAssemblypassaresolutiontodecideon26thJuneofeachyearasthe“InternationalDayagainstAbuseandIllicitTrafficking”?I.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.提及中国，美国小说的读者总联想到鸦片窟，许多人以为后来毒害众多美国青年的鸦片是从中国走私而来。ReadersofAmericanfictionassociateChinawith“opiumdens”,andmanyprobablyimaginethatthedrugsthatlaterravagedsomanyyoungAmericanswereinsidiouslyintroducedfromthere.今天的美国人一听说中英之间有两次鸦片战争，便以为那是英国人为取缔鸦片贸易而展开的正义战争。HearingthatBritainandChinafoughttwoopiumwarsinthemid-nineteenthCentury,anAmericantodaymightsupposethattherewererighteousBritisheffortstostampouttheopiumtrade.而实际情况是，鸦片是强加给中国之毒品，作俑者是英国商人，他们完全不顾中国人的强烈反对。Infact,OpiumwaspressedonChina,overvigorousChineseobjections,byBritishmerchants;中国人禁止鸦片的进口与食用，英国人发动对华战争，部分原因是要迫使中国答应他们继续销售鸦片。theChinesetriedtoprohibitbothitsimportationanditsuse.BritainwenttowaragainstChinainparttocompeltheChinesetoacceptthecontinuedsaleofopium.鸦片战争同时也是一种旨在迫使中国开放对外贸易接受剥削，并在中国享有商业上和其他方面特权的借口。TheOpiumWarswerealsopretextstoforceChinaopentoforeigntradeandexploitation,andtowrestspecialcommercialandotherprivilegesfromChina.第一次鸦片战争中，英国夺取了香港，获得了所指定的五个通商口岸，并为西方人赢得了更多的特权。BritaintookHongKonginthefirstOpiumWar,securedthedesignationoffive“treatyports”,andwonrightsofextraterritorialityforitscitizensinChina.

II.Fillintheblankswiththewordsorexpressionsprovided,andchangetheformifnecessary.“local”or“native” 200 alternative banned coldweapon collectiveshame cravefor Frenchgunpowderarms MingDynasty Opiumwar poppyplantation nationalhumiliationOpiumWars

Opiumwasabundantwithrich1.____________inBritain’sIndianinthefirsthalfof19thcentury.Itwas2._________inGreatBritain,allowingitsuseonlyinverysmallamountsinredwineandinlaudanum,adrugusedtoreducepainandanxietyatthattime.Sincetheycouldnotsellthedrugbackhome,Britishopiummerchantswas3.___________anewmarket.TherewerenobettermarketsthanChina,whichwasjustopeninguptoforeigntrade.WhendiplomaticeffortstointroduceopiumtotheChinesemarketfailed,theBritishparliamentdecidedonan4._________:war.TpoppyplantationsbannedcravingforalternativeAlthoughsomeQingsoldiershadfirearms,mostofthemwerearmedwithknives,spears,bowsandmanyother5._____________,whiletheBritishmilitarywereequippedwithmucheffective6._____________.ThecannonsofQingforceswereknownastuqiangtupao(土枪土炮),literaryreferringtothe7.___________guns.GunpowderandfirearmswereinventedinChina,buttheyhadseldomusedinthewars.coldweaponscoldweapons“local”or“native”ThegunsusedbytheQingforcesintheopiumwarweremodelledontheWesterngunsintroducedtoChinain8._____________.Thegunswerecalledfolangji,atermoriginallyreferringtotheFrenchpeopleandthings,whilethecannonswereknownasRed-yiCannon(HongYiPao)andthe“birdmusket(NiaoChong).TheQingweaponswereabout9.____________yearsbehindtheBritishweapons,distantlyinferiorintechnologyandmanufacture.Incontrast,theBritishboastedthemostadvancedweaponsintheworld.MingDynasty200Thereweretwowars,onefrom1839to1842andanotherfrom1856to1860.Theyaretogetherknownasthe10.___________.TheBritish,whowerejoinedby11.___________andsupportedbyAmericansandRussians,hadbeenatwarwithChina.TodayWesternWorldchoosestoforgetthewars,perhapsoutofasenseof12.___________.ButinChina,theOpiumWarsarestillsymbolicof13.___________atthehandsoftheWesternpowers.OpiumwarsFrenchCollectiveshameNationalhumiliationIII.RetellthestoryabouttheLinZexu.IV.Introducetoyourclassmatesthefollowingfamouspeopleinhistory.YanFuZuoZongtangZanTianyouShengBaozhengV.CriticalthinkingTherehasbeenavoiceinWesternWorldwhichimputethewartoChina’sXenophobiawhichleduptoChina’sclose-borderpolicy.DoyouagreethatthemoralblameliedwithChina?IfyouwereLinZexu,whowascommissionedtobantheorganizedsmugglingsilentlyapprovedbyBritishgovernmentin1839,what’syourreplytotheunwarrantedcharge?WriteadiplomaticlettertotheQueenVictoria.ReadingThefollowingtwostoriesaretakenfromOnaChineseScreenbyWilliamSomersetMaugham,afamousEnglishdramatistandnovelist.In1921,Mr.MaughamtraveledthroughChina.Hisimpressionsofplacesandpersonswasrecordedinthebook.Thestoriesrevealtotheirreadersthatwhenthenationalpathwasbesetwithdifficulties,thepeople’sliveswerefraughtwithtroublesandhardships.Choosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.1.Whydoesthecooliefitthelandscape?A.Becausehisclothesagreewithhissocialposition.B.Becauseyouoftencomeacrosssuchacooliebearinghisloadonsucharoad.C.Becausehisblueclothesfitthebluesky,thericefieldsandgreenhills.D.Theauthorlikesblue,remindinghimoftheboundlesssky.2.Thedescriptionthat"Theyaregood-naturedfacesandfrank,youwouldhavesaid,ifithadnotbeendrilledintoyouthattheorientalisinscrutable"showsthat____.A.theyaresimplygoodnaturedinappearanceB.awesternershouldalwayskeepadistanceawayfromthemC.theOrientalsaresly,andonemustbecautiousintheirassociationwiththemD."I"wasrepeatedlytaughtthattheyareincomprehensible3.Fromthedescriptioninthe3rdparagraph,weknowthattheyare_____.A.verythinanddeformedB.sufferingfromheartattacksC.verysatisfiedwiththeirworkD.patientsyouoftenfoundintheout-patients'roomQuestionsforcriticalthinking:Whosangthesongoftheriver?Whyisitcalledthesongoftheriver?Howdoesitresembletheriver’sflow?Whatisthemeaningofthesong?UNIT2ChineseScholarsandNationalcharacterLearningObjectivesWhatisnationalCharacter?BiographyofGuHongminandLinYutang123Whatispsychologicalface?Inthelastanalysis,ournationalfuturedependsuponournationalcharacter,thatis,whetheritisspirituallyormateriallyminded. --RogerBabsonWatchyourthoughts;theybecomewords.Watchyourwords;theybecomeactions.Watchyouractions;theybecomecharacter.Watchyourcharacter;itbecomesdestiny.--ZhuangZi积思成言，积言成行，积行成习，积习成性，积性成命WarmingupWhatisthemeaningofnationalcharacter?WhoisLinYutang?WhoisGuHongming?WhendidLinYutangpublishhisfirstbook?WhatlanguagesdidGuHongmingspeak?

TheCharacterofChinesePeople

Atthedawnof19thcentury,JamesWatteffectivelyimprovedhissteamenginewhichnotonlyignitedthefireofindustryrevolutionbutpropelledthegiantvesselsofmigrants,traders,slavetrafficdealersandsoldiers.Thefirstcontactswithforeigntribesorcitizensonforeignsoilorislandsmusthavebeenaneerieexperiencefromwhichanassortmentofsentimentswelledup.Theunintelligentlanguage,outlandishcostumes,ridiculouscustoms,bizarrefolkloresand“absurd”beliefmusthavefilledtheearlyroamerswithshockedamazementandconfusingtrepidation.Thiscuriousothernesssoongaveabirthtothecrazeofdebateoverracialtraitsandnationalcharacter.JohnBullorJohnSmithandUncleSamwerecharacterizedcomicallyinvariousdocumentsandliteraryworks.Mr.Bullwasashopkeeperwithatophat.Hehadwell-developedbody,fairlydevelopedmind,andundevelopedheart.ItdawnedonOscarWildethatUncleSam,comfortablydressedandwitha“dreadfulchimney-pothat”,alwaysworeanairofcomfortintheappearance.ThesameobserverwanderedintoChinaTown“peopledbystrange,melancholy”Chinesecoolies,andfoundthatthoselaborersweredrinking“teaoutofChinacupsasdelicateasthepetals”ofroseleaves.TheChinesebillwas“madeoutonricepaper(宣纸),theaccountbeingdoneinIndianinkasfantasticallyasifanartistbeenetchinglittlebirdsonafan”.NotonlywasMr.WildewatchingtheChinesewithcuriosity.InthefollowingyearafterhepublishedhisImpressionsofAmericainwhichthe“Orientals”heencounteredonthatidleafternoonwerecalledartists,ArthurHSmith,aretiredmissionarywhohaddwelledinChinafor54years,producedhisChineseCharacteristics,acollectionofcomical,sarcasticessays.ThebookdwellsuponsomebadmannersandloathsomepracticesheidentifiedindailylifeofChinesepeopleinthelastdecadesofQingDynasty.ThefirstessayisaboutChinesepsychologicalface.AsaChinaexpertwhoknewwellChineselanguage,hemadefulluseofthemultiplemeaningsofTai(台)toemphasizehispoints.TheChinesecharacterusuallyreferstoanerectedstructureofearthorwood,asitisin月台、讲台(platform)or舞台(stage)，butitmaybeusedasarespectfuladdressinsuchphrasalnounsas台鉴、台览(yourperusalofaletter)，台教(youradvice)and谨遵台命(obeyyourinstructions).DuetoChina’sunusual“theatrical”enthusiasm,ArthurassumedthatChinesewereactorsonthestageandinthereallifeandfeltoffendediftheyhadn’t“gotoffthestagewithcredit”.Itwouldbeveryunwisetothwarttheirperformanceofbeingaself-importanthero.ThesociallifeinChinawasthereforeapurematterofcomputinganddistributingthevalueofface.IfafaceofaChinesewereproperlyvaluedandsaved,hewoulddoyouafavornexttimebypubliclydefendingyourfragileself-respect.Likeapebbledroppedintoaserenelake,thecircularrippleswouldtravelafar.Twoopposingbattlearraysweresoonformed,eachstandingreadyforfightingforChineseface.Amongthoseeloquentscholar-sophistsintheRepublicofChina(1911-1949),twoFujianese,GuHongmingandLinYutanghadarrestedmostattentionofChinesenationals.Plaitinghishairattheback,Mr.GuwasperhapsthestaunchestdefenderofChineseface.InhisessayArthurSmithinChina,thedefender,whoalsospokeGermanywithfacility,quotedfromGothetheremarktotheeffectthatphilistinestendedtoimposetheirlifestyleuponotherpeoples.ThisphilistinebeliefofcourserancountertoGu’sConfucianfaithwhosedoctrinesdissuadedpeoplefromimposinguponotherswhattheythemselvesdidnotwant.HeaddedthatJohnSmithhadbeenstrivingforbeingsuperiortootherethnicgroups,andArthurSmithwasnowofferingconcoctedevidencetoprovethatwildhypothesis.TheconcealedintentionofwritingsuchabookwastodiscreditChinesepeople.Mr.Guwasateacher,andwheneverhewasneededtofightforChineseface,heimmediatelyassumedaninstructivetone.“Hewasamanofcharacter”,saidMaugham,oneofthegreatestEnglishessayists,whenhisinvitationmetaflatrefusal.Hethendecidedtopayavisittothat“cross-grainedoldfellow”inahutofChengDu.He[Gu]wasanoldman,tall,withathingreyqueue,andbrightlargeeyesunderwhichwereheavybags.Histeethwerebrokenanddiscolored.Hewasexceedinglythin,andhishands,fineandsmall,werewitheredandclaw-like.….Hewasveryshabbilydressedinablackgown,alittlebackcap,bothmuchtheworseforwear,anddarkgreytrousersgarteredattheankle.Hewaswatching.Buttheordinary-look,decrepitoldmanwasa“polemistandafighter”,hetalkedvehementlyaboutthecanonsofConfuciusandbitterlyupbraidedtheoverseasstudentswhoreturnedto“teardowntheoldestcivilizationwithsacrilegioushand”.Heassertedtothevisitorthat“whenyoulivedincavesandclothedyourselfwithskins,wewereaculturedpeople”.AgreatdealofChinesefacewassaved!LinYutang,Gu’sjuniorcountryfolk,observedthatGuwas“acrankbutnotabore,forhewasafirst-classmindandhehad,aboveall,insightanddepththatnomaninmygenerationhad.NomaninChinawroteEnglishthewayhedid”.Likehisseniorby30yearswhoseancestralhouselayalsointheneighborhood,LinYutanginvolvedhimselfinthediscussionof“Chineseface”withtheessayWhatIsFace.Unlikehissenior,whodefendedChinesefacebynegatingArthur’squalificationforthedebateontheissue,heaffirmedthedistressingsymptomoftheChinese’stheatricalattitudeandfurtherpointedoutthatnotuntilDameFacewasdeportedfromthecountrywouldthefavorandprivilegethathadaccordedsmallminorityberevoked.Mr.Lincertainlyknewthatlosingfacewasanembarrassedorevenhumiliatedexperience,butifsavingfaceonlyprolongedaninherentevil,thenthecostoflosingfacemustbepaid.Evidently,thetwoscho