计算机英语课件-Unit1WhatIsAComputer

ComputerEnglishCourseware-Unit1whatisacomputer目录BasicConceptsandClassificationofComputersComputerhardwarecompositionandfunctionsComputerSoftwareSystemsandOperatingSystems目录FundamentalsofComputerNetworksandInternetApplicationsDatastorage,transmission,andprocessingtechnologyIntroductiontocuttingedgetechnologiessuchasartisticintelligenceandtheInternetofThings01BasicConceptsandClassificationofComputersDefinitionAcomputerisanelectronicdevicethatstores,retrieves,andprocessesdata,andcanbeprogrammedtocarryoutsequencesofarithmeticorlogicaloperationsautomaticallyDevelopmentHistoryComputershaveevolvedrapidlysincetheirinceptioninthe1940sEarlycomputerswerelarge,expensive,anddifficulttoprogramHowever,advantagesintechnologyhaveledtothedevelopmentofsmall,fast,andmoreaffordablecomputersthatareeasytouseandprogramDefinitionandDevelopmentHistoryofComputersComputerscanbeclassifiedbasedonvariouscriteriasuchassize,power,andpurposeSomecommontypesofcomputersincludepersonalcomputers(PCs),laptops,tables,smartphones,servers,andsupercomputersClassificationComputersarecharacterizedbytheirabilitytostoreandprocesslargeamountsofdataquicklyandaccuratelyTheycanalsobeprogrammedtoperformawiderangeoftasks,fromsimplecalculationstocomplexsimulationsandanalysesCharacteristicsComputerClassificationandCharacteristicsScientificResearchComputersareusedextensivelyinscientificresearchfortaskssuchasdataanalysis,modeling,andsimulationEducationComputersareusedineducationtoenhanceteachingandlearningthroughtheuseofinteractivesoftware,onlineresources,anddistancelearningplatformsEntertainmentComputersareapopularformofentertainment,withawiderangeofgames,movies,music,andotherformsofdigitalmediaavailableBusinessandIndustryComputersplayacriticalroleinbusinessandindustry,enablingeffectivedatamanagement,communication,andautomationofvariousprocessesExamplesinthefieldofcomputerapplications02ComputerhardwarecompositionandfunctionsKeyboardAdeviceusedtoinputtext,numbers,andcommandsintoacomputerbypressingkeysMouseApointingdevicethatdetectstwodimensionalmotionrelatedtoitssupportingsurfaceandtranslatesthismotionintothemotionofapointonadisplayscreenScannerAdevicethatopticallyscansimages,printedtext,handwriting,oranobjectandconvertsittoadigitalimageInputdevice

OutputdeviceMonitorAdisplaydevicethatvisuallypresentsinformationanddataingraphicalformPrintAdevicethatproductsapermanenthumanreadablepresentationofgraphicsortextonpaperSpeakerAdevicethatconvertselectricalsignalsintosoundwaves,allowingaudiooutputfromacomputerThe"brain"ofthecomputer,responsibleforexecutingprograminstructionsMicroprocessorTemporarystorageareawithintheCPUthatholdsdataandinstructionswhiletheprocessorisactivelyworkingonthemMemoryMeasuresthespeedoftheCPU,determininghowfastitcanprocessdataandexecuteinstructionsClockspeedCentralProcessingUnit123Anon-volatilestoragedevicethatstoresandretriesdigitalinformationusingmagneticstoragetechnologyHarddiskdriveAnewtypeofnon-volatilestoragedevicethatusesintegratedcircuitassembliesasmemorytostoredatapersistentlySolidstatedriveAdevicethatuseslaserstoreaddatafromorwritedatatoopticaldiscssuchasCDs,DVDs,andBluraydiscsOpticaldiscdriveStorage03ComputerSoftwareSystemsandOperatingSystemsDefinitionSystemsoftwareisatypeofcomputerprogramdesignedtorunacomputer'shardwareandapplicationprogramsItactsasaninterfacebetweenthehardwareandtheuserapplications,makingthecomputermoreusableandeffectiveExamplesOperatingsystems,devicedrivers,servers,utilities,andmoreFunctionsSystemsoftwareperformsvarioustaskssuchasmanagingcomputerresources,controllingaccesstohardware,providingauserinterface,andexecutingapplicationsoftwareSystemsoftware要点三DefinitionApplicationsoftwareisaprogramorgroupofprogramsdesignedforenduserstoperformspecifictasksItisdistinctfromsystemsoftware,whichismainlyinvolvedinrunningthecomputer要点一要点二ExamplesWordprocessors,spreadsheets,webbrowsers,mediaplayers,andmoreFunctionsApplicationsoftwareisusedtocomplywithspecifictaskssuchascreatingdocuments,analyzingdata,browsingtheinternet,playinggames,andmore要点三ApplicationsoftwareFunctions:Anoperatingsystem(OS)isatypeofsystemsoftwarethatmanagescomputerhardwareandsoftwareresourcesandprovidescommonservicesforcomputerprogramsItactsasahostforapplicationprogramsthatrunontopofitOperatingsystemfunctionsandtypes03+MobileoperatingsystemsDesignedforsmartphonesandtabletsExamplesincludeAndroidandiOS01TypesThereareseveraltypesofoperatingsystems,eachdesignedforaspecificpurposeSomecommontypesinclude02+DesktopoperatingsystemsDesignedforpersonalcomputersandworkstationsExamplesincludeWindows,macOS,andLinuxOperatingsystemfunctionsandtypes+ServeroperatingsystemsDesignedforserversthathostwebsites,applications,andothernetworkservicesExamplesincludeWindowsServerandLinuxdistributionssuchasUbuntuServer+EmbeddedoperatingsystemsDesignedforspecificdevicessuchasrouters,smartTVs,andindustrialcontrolsystemsThesesystemsaretypicallylightweightandoptimizedforthedevice'shardwareOperatingsystemfunctionsandtypes04FundamentalsofComputerNetworksandInternetApplicationsDefinitionAcomputernetworkisagroupofinterconnectedcomputersthatcanexchangedataandshareresourcesClassificationComputernetworkscanbeclassifiedintodifferenttypesbasedontheirsize,scope,andpurpose,suchasLocalAreaNetworks(LANs),WideAreaNetworks(WANs),andtheInternetDefinitionandclassificationofcomputernetworksDevelopmentHistoryTheInternetoriginatedfromtheARPANETprojectinthe1960sandhasevolvedthroughvariousstages,includingthedevelopmentofTCP/IPprotocols,theemergenceoftheWorldWideWebinthe1990s,andtherapidgrowthofmobileinternetandsocialmediainrecentyearsCurrentSituationToday,theInternethasbecomeanessentialpartofpeople'sdailylives,withbillsofusersworldwideaccessingawiderangeofinformation,services,andapplicationsthroughvariousdevicesTheInternetcontinuestoevolvewithnewtechnologiesandtrends,suchastheInternetofThings(IoT),artificialintelligence(AI),and5GnetworksTheDevelopmentHistoryandCurrentSituationoftheInternetNetworksecurityissuesandchallengesSecurityIssues:ComputernetworksandtheInternetarevulnerabletovarioussecuritythreatsandattachments,suchasviruses,words,Trojanhorses,spyware,adware,andphishingattachmentsThesethreatscancausedamagetocomputersystems,steelpersonalinformation,anddisruptnetworkservicesChallenges:ProtectingcomputernetworksandtheInternetfromsecuritythreatsisacomplextaskthatrequiresamultifacetedapproachSomeofthechallengesincludekeepingupwithrapidlyevolvingthreats,ensuringsecureremoteaccessforemployeesandcustomers,managinguserprivilegesandaccesscontrols,andcompilingwithvariableregulationsandstandardsfordataprotectionandprivacy05Datastorage,transmission,andprocessingtechnologyThisincludesharddiskdrives(HDDs)andfloppydisks,whichusemagictostoredataonaspinningplateMagneticstorageThisincludessolidstatedrives(SSDs)andUSBflashdrives,whichstoredataonflashmemorychipsSolidstatestorageThisincludesCDs,DVDs,andBluraydiscs,whichuselaserstoreadandwritedataonaspinningdiscOpticalstorageDatastoragetechnologyWiredtransmission01ThisincludestechnologiessuchasEthernetandUSB,whichusecablestotransmitdataWirelesstransmission02ThisincludestechnologiessuchasWiFi,Bluetooth,andcellularnetworks,whichtransmitdatawirelesslythroughtheairOpticaltransmission03Thisincludestechnologiessuchasfiberopticcables,whichuselighttotransmitdataatveryhighspeedsDatatransmissiontechnologyDataprocessingtechnologyCentralprocessingunit(CPU):Thisisthe"brain"ofthecomputer,responsibleforexecutinginstructionsandperformingcalculationsGraphicsprocessingunit(GPU):ThisspecializationinrenderinggraphicsandperformingparallelprocessingtasksMemory:ThisincludesRAM(randomaccessmemory)andROM(readonlymemory),whichtemporarilystoredataandinstructionsfortheCPUtoaccessquicklyOperatingsystem(OS):Thisisthesoftwarethatmanagesthecomputer'shardwareandsoftwareresources,providingaplatformforotherapplicationstorunon06IntroductiontocuttingedgetechnologiessuchasartisticintelligenceandtheInternetofThingsDefinitionandDevelopmentHistoryofArtisticIntelligenceDefinition:ArtisticIntelligence(AI)referstothesimulationofhumanintelligenceprocessesbymachines,specificallycomputersystemsTheseprocessesincludelearning,reasoning,problemsolving,