现代大学英语（第三版）精读3 课件 B3U10

ContentsUnit10Lead-inWarm-up

questionsWhatarehumanneedsinlife?Aretheseneedsexclusively?Can

you

name

the

needs

you

have

forthefouryearsofcollege?Whatbasicneedsdoyouthinkhumansaresupposedtohaveforsurvival?Doyoubelievehumanactionsaredrivenbyhumanneeds?Referring

to

your

own

experience,

explain

what

consequences

it

can

result

in

if

human

needs

are

not

satisfied.Whatispower?Doyouthinkpowerisgoodorbad?Isitabasicneedofpeopletogainpower?Doyouwanttobepowerful?Whatattitudeshouldweadopttowardpower?Why?Text1.Abouttheauthor2.Background

3.Structure4.GotothetextTheNeedsThatDriveUsAllWilliamGlasserText1.

AbouttheauthorWilliamGlasser(1925—2013)wasaninfluentialAmericanpsychiatrist,bestknownasthedeveloperofRealityTherapy,amethodofpsychotherapyhecreatedin1965basedontheprinciplesofChoiceTheory,whichisnowtaughtallovertheworld.HeinitiallystudiedChemicalEngineering,

butwentintopsychiatrywhenherealizedpsychologywashisrealinterest.HemaintainedaprivatepracticeinWestLosAngelesfrom1957to1986,andcontinuedhisinvolvementincommunitypsychiatryforanadditionaltwentyyears.TextDuringhisprivatepractice,Dr.Glasser’scareerexpandedtolecturingandwriting:culminatinginthepublicationofovertwentybooks.Notably,hissecondbook,RealityTherapy(1965),wasabestseller,anddrewnationalattention.ThenSchoolswithoutFailure(1969),hisfirstbookoneducation,beganaseriesofadditionalpublicationsandlongterminvolvementwiththeGlasserQualitySchoolMovement.HiscontinuingstudyoftheunderlyingreasonsforthesuccessofrealitytherapyledtohisbookChoiceTheory(1998).Text2.Background

Inthistext,theauthorattemptstodefinetheword“human.”Heisconcernedwithhumanpsychologyratherthanethics.Accordingtohim,humanbeingsaredrivenbyfivebasicneeds,someofwhicharesharedbyotheranimals,butothersareuniquelyhuman.Thearticleisobviouslyaddressedtoyoungstudentsanditspurposeistoincreasetheirself-awarenessoftheirhumannesssoastobetterdealwiththeirproblems.Theproblemofhumanneedshasfascinatedmanyscientists,andovertheyears,scholarshavecomeupwithmanyinterestingtheories.AbrahamMaslow(1908–1970),awell-knownAmericanpsychologist,putallbasichumanneedsinapyramid-shapedchartwithphysiologicalneedsatthebottomandsafetyneeds,socialneeds,esteemneedsinascendingorderandfinallyself-actualizationatthetop.Accordingtohimpeopletrytosatisfythelower-orderneedsbeforetheymoveontothenextlevelhigherup.The

Needs

That

Drive

Us

AllWilliam

Glasser1

Alllivingcreaturesaredrivenbythebasicneedtostayaliveandreproducesothatthespecieswillcontinue.Ascreatureshaveevolvedfromsimpletocomplex,theyhavedevelopedadditionalbasicneeds...Humansnotonlyneed(1)tosurviveandreproduce,butalso(2)tobelongandlove,(3)togainpower,(4)tobefreeand(5)tohavefun.Allfiveneedsarebuiltintoourgeneticstructureasinstructionsforhowwemustattempttoliveourlives.Allareimportantandmustbereasonablysatisfiedifwearetofulfillourbiologicaldestiny.Iitalicizetheneedforpowerbecause,unliketheotherfourneedsthataresharedtosomeextentbymanyhigheranimals,thewaywecontinuallystruggleforpowerineveryaspectofourlivesseemsuniquelyhuman.Text2

Wearealsobornwithnochoicebuttofeelpainwhenaneedisfrustrated,andpleasurewhenitissatisfied.Thequickerandmoreseverethefrustration,themorepainwefeel;thequickeranddeeperthesatisfaction,themorepleasureweexperience.3

Simplesurvivalneedslikehunger,thirst,andsexualdesirearerelativelyclear-cut,andwequicklylearnwhatparticulardiscomfortisattachedtothedenialofthesebasicneeds.Whenweattempttosatisfythenon-essentialpsychologicalneeds,suchasbelonging,fun,freedom,andespeciallypower,werunintomoredifficulty.Theneedforpowerisparticularlydifficulttosatisfybecauseinmanyculturesthemoresoftheculturecondemnthosewhoopenlystriveforit.Evenpoliticianstrytoappearhumble,emphasizinghowmuchtheywishtoserveandhowlittletheywanttotelluswhattodo.Text4

Butregardlessofculturalprejudices,poweritselfisneithergoodnorbad.Infact,ifitwerenotfortheneedforpower,ourwholeeconomywouldcrumblebecausealmostallthatisboughtandsold,exceptforbarenecessities,isforthesakeofpower.5

Whensomeoneuseshispowertohelpdowntroddenpeoplesatisfyanyoftheirneeds,especiallytogetsomepower,thisuseofpowerishumane.ButhistoryrecordsfewexamplesofpeoplelikeMartinLutherKing,Jr.,whousedwhatpowerhehadforthebenefitofthepowerless.Instead,historyisfulloftyrantswhousedtheirpowertohurtpeople,andthereasonthatsomanyofusseepowerasbadisthatsomanypeoplehavebeenitsvictims.Buteventyrantstendtotalkaboutpowerasifitisbad.Theypreachthevirtuesofhumilitybecausethemorepeopletheycanpersuadetobehumble,themoreeasilytheycanbothpreserveandaddtothepowerthattheyhave.Text6

Whileitiseasytounderstandthatpeoplewhostriveforpowermaybecomedominantandhaveabetterchancetosurvive,mostofushavedifficultyacceptingthatthisneediswritteninourgenes.AsIhavementioned,culturallywehavebeentaughtbythoseinpowertobehumble.Thattheirteachingshavebeenlargelyacceptedwhenwhattheyadvocateissoobviouslyself-servingisatributetohoweffectivetheyhavebeeningettingtheirmessageacross.Butalso,becausewewantpowersobadly,weoftensupportthosewhoarestrongerinthehopethattheywillsharealittleofwhattheyhavewithus.Andiftheyarewise,theydo.Successfulpoliticiansaremastersofthisapproachandthesameexpertiseisnotunknowninbusiness,highereducationandevenreligion.Text7

Ifyoulookaroundinanysociety,youcannotfailtoseetheall-pervasiveeffectofthisneed.Familiesbandtogetherforpower,butiftheysucceedinbecomingverypowerful,theytendinalmostallcasestofightamongthemselvesforthelion’sshareofwhattheyhave.Ratherthangooverwhatseemssoobvious,justaskyourselfonequestion:Whodoyouknowissocompletelysatisfiedwithhislifethathecangoaweekwithoutcomplainingthatsomeonehasgotteninthewayofwhathewantedtodo?Mostofuscannotgetthroughadaywithoutcomplaint;tobesatisfiedwithhowothershavetreatedusforaweekwouldseemlikeaneternity.Text8

Weareintenselycompetitive.Ifwethinkthatwehaveanychanceatalltomovebeyondbaresurvival,wearealmostallambitious.Weworryaboutwinning,ourhonor,ourpride,ourintegrity,ourdesiretobeheard,ourneedtoberight,whorecognizesus,whetherweareachievingenough,whetherwearerichenough,goodlooking,well-dressed,influential—thelistisendless.Weareeasilyjealous,and“stupid”peoplecallusarrogantwhenallweareiscompetent.Weworryaboutstatus,positionandwhetherwehaveclout.Weareconstantlytryingtoavoidthosewhowouldcoerceus,manipulateusoruseus.Thatwehaveoftenbeenwrongedandseekrevengeismuchonthemindsofmanyofus.Amongus,eventhehumblecompeteforwhocanbethehumblestofall.Text9

Youcandecideforyourselfwhetherpowerisusedmoreforgoodthanforevil,butsimplyasageneticneedithasnomorality.Ourneedspushustostriveforfulfillment;whetherinourattempttosatisfythemwedorightorwrongisuptoeachofustodecide.Iamspendingsomuchtimeexplainingthisneedbecauseitisbyfar,especiallyforyoungpeople,themostimportantdrive.Ifstudentsdonotfeelthattheyhaveanypowerintheiracademicclasses,theywillnotworkinschool.Thesamecouldalsobesaidforteachers.Thereisnogreaterworkincentivethantobeabletoseethatyourefforthasapowerpayoff.Text10

Freedom,anotherbasicneed,isofteninconflictwithpower.Themorepoweryouhave,evenifyouuseitformybenefit,thelessfreedomIhave.Itseemsthattherehastobeacounterforcetopower;unbridledpowerwouldbedestructivetothesurvivalofthespecies.Therefore,almosteverythingsaidaboutpowercouldalsoberewordedintothevocabularyof

freedom.Forexample,wemaybeinherentlycompetitive,butwewanttobefreetolosewithoutlosingtoomuch.Andasmuchasachildmayloveherparents,shealsowantsthefreedomtobranchoutonherown.Soyoucanseethatfreedomcanbeinconflictnotonlywithpowerbutalsowithbelonging.Forexample,ifyouwantmearoundtoomuch,Iclaimyoustifleme,butifyouaren’tconstantlygivingmeattention,Imayclaimyoudon’tloveme.Text11

Mostpeople,aftersomethought,havenodifficultyacceptingthatlove,powerandfreedomareasbasicastheneedtosurvive.Theymight,however,questionmyclaimthatfunisabasicneed.Theywonder,dowereallyneedtohavefun,andwhatisit,anyway?It’shardtodefine,butweallknowthatfunisassociatedwithlaughter,playandentertainment.It’sthepartofthejobthatyoudon’thavetodo,butdoingitmaybethebestpartofthejob.Itisneverserious,butitisoftenimportant:AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.Itcanbefrivolous,butitdoesn’thavetobe.Itcanbeplanned,butismuchmorelikelytobespontaneous.Itcanbalancealotofmisery,anditislikeacatalystthatmakesanythingwedobetterandworthdoingagainandagain.Text12

Notonlyhumanshavefun.Myobservationisthatallanimalswhocanmakechoicesastowhattodotofulfilltheirneedsseemattimestohavefun.Thehighertheanimal,themorefun.Loweranimals,whosebehaviorisessentiallybuilt-inandwhodonothavemuchabilitytolearn,arenotinvolvedwithfun.Ifyouwantafunpet,youwouldnotchooseaturtle.13

Myguessisthatwewillsurviveindirectproportiontohowmuchwecanlearn.So,drivenbytheneedforfun,wealwayshaveapowerfulgeneticincentivetokeeptryingtolearnasmuchaswecan.Withouttherelationshipbetweenfunandlearningwewouldnotlearnnearlyasmuch.Irealizethatwealsolearnforpower,loveandfreedom,buttosatisfytheseoftenrequireslong-termdedication.Itistheimmediatefunoflearningthatkeepsusgoingdaybyday,especiallywhenweareyoungandhavesomuchtolearn.Text14

Boredomistheoppositeoffun.Italwaysoccurswhenwehavetospendtimewithoutlearning:Amonotonoustaskisalwaysboringunlesswecanfindawaytolearnwhiledoingsomethingrepetitive,ormakethethingwearedoingcompetitiveorsocial,asTomSawyerdidwhenhewaspaintingthefence.Anytimewecanintroducepower,freedomorbelongingintoasituation,wefinditmoreinteresting.Andaswedo,wealsofindourselveslearningalongtheway.(1,538words)Text推动人类前进的需求威廉·格拉瑟1

为了物种能够延续，所有生物都有生存和繁衍后代的基本需求。但随着物种由简单到复杂的进化，这些基本需求就会不断增加......人类现在不仅需要(1)维持生命和生育后代，而且还要(2)有归属感和爱，(3)获得权力，(4)获得自由，(5)得到乐趣。这五种需求都是我们基因结构中固有的指令，决定我们应该如何生活。它们都很重要，都必须合理地予以满足，不然我们就没有在生物学意义上实现我们应有的权利。在这里，我特别用斜体来强调权力需求，是因为在某种程度上，很多高级动物也都有其他四种需要，但权力需求不同，我们在生活中的各个方面都不停争夺权力，看上去只有人类才会如此。Text2

我们生来如此，别无选择:如果某种需要没有得到满足，我们会感到痛苦；如果得到满足，我们就感到快乐。挫折越快越严重，我们越痛苦；满足越快越多，我们就越高兴。

3

那些诸如饥饿、口渴和性欲等简单的生存需求，相对比较清楚明白。要是这些要求没有得到满足，我们很快就能知道会有什么特别不舒服的感觉。但是，当我们试图满足那些诸如归属感、乐趣、自由，尤其是权力等并非生存必需的心理需求时，我们会遇到较多的困难。要满足权力需求特别困难，因为在很多文化中，都有谴责公开捞权之人的传统。甚至政客们也都竭力装出谦卑的样子，强调他们是多么希望为大家效劳，又多么不愿对我们指手画脚。Text4

然而，不管有什么文化偏见，权力本身其实无所谓好坏。实际上，要是没有对权力的需求，我们整个经济就会崩溃。因为几乎所有买卖的产品，除了那些生活必需品，都是为了权力。5

当有人用他的权力来帮助受欺压的人满足他们的需求，尤其是权力需求时，这种权力的使用是人道的。但是历史上很少有人像马丁·路德·金那样，能用他拥有的权力去为无权无势的人谋福利。恰恰相反，历史上充斥着利用权力伤害人民的暴君。我们很多人之所以把权力视为罪恶，就是因为那么多人都深受其害。但是，即使是暴君，也往往会把权力说成是一种坏东西。他们常常宣扬谦卑的优秀品德，因为他们越是能够说服更多的人谦卑，就越容易保住并扩大手中的权力。

Text6

那些努力争权的人有可能占有优势地位，从而拥有更多的生存机会。明白这一点并不难，但我们很多人难以接受这种需要是由人类基因决定的说法。我前面已经提到，从文化上来说我们已经被掌权者调教得十分谦卑。他们所提倡的东西明明是为了他们的私利，但居然为人们广泛接受，这本身就说明他们是多么有效地灌输这套理念。但同时，由于我们很想得到权力，因此就常常支持那些强者，希望他们能把他们的权力分一点给我们。而如果他们聪明的话，也真会这么做。成功的政治家们是使用这种手段的高手。这种才能在企业界、高等教育界，甚至宗教界也都并不少见。

Text7

如果你环顾周围，你就会发现，不管在哪个社会，这种需求造成的影响无处不在。家族会联手争夺权力，但他们一旦成功获得了权力，几乎无一例外地会为夺取最大份额的权力而内斗起来。这里不再多举这类浅显的例子了，你只要问问自己：你知道有谁对生活是万分满意，能够一个星期不抱怨有人妨害他做他想做的事情吗？我们大多数人一天都不行。一个星期都对别人如何待我们完全满意，那简直像是一辈子了。Text8

我们都非常喜欢攀比、竞争。假如我们觉得自己的生活还可以比简单生存再前进一步，那可以说，我们几乎人人都很有野心。我们为胜利操心，为荣誉、自尊、正直操心，担心我们的话是否有人听，我们的需求是否正确，谁肯定我们，我们是否有足够的成就，我们是否够富有、够漂亮、够气派、够有影响力——这类担心不胜枚举。我们也很容易嫉妒。“傻瓜们”总说我们狂妄，但其实我们只不过是称职而已。我们总担心我们的身份、地位，担心我们是否有势力。我们总是极力试图避开那些想要强迫、操纵或利用我们的人。我们很多人都经常认为自己受了不公正的待遇并想着要报复。在我们当中，即使是谦卑的人也在和他人比赛，看谁最为谦卑。Text9

你可以自己决定权力是用来做好事还是做坏事。但是作为一种天生的需要，权力本身与道德无关。这种需要驱使我们努力满足它们;至于在努力满足它们的过程中我们所做的是对还是错，这由我们每个人自己来决定。我之所以花这么多时间来解释这个需要，是因为它是目前为止最重要的动力，对年轻人尤其如此。如果学生们感觉不到自己在课堂上享有任何权力，他们在学校就不会学习。对于教师，也是如此。要想让人有工作积极性，最好的办法就是让他们能够得到权力上的回报。Text10

人的另一个基本需要是自由，它常常和权力相矛盾。你的权力越大，我的自由就越小，即使你使用权力是为我好。看来必须要有一种与权力相反的力量；毫无约束的权力对于物种的生存是极其不利的。因此，我们谈论权力所用的一切词汇都可以加以改动，用来谈论自由。比如，我们的遗传基因决定我们喜欢竞争，但我们希望有失败的自由，只要不是失败得太惨。再比如，一个孩子可能很爱她的父母，但是她也希望有独立自主的自由。所以，你们会发现，自由不仅可能与权力矛盾，它还可以和归属感产生矛盾。举例来说，假如你总是要我在你身边，我会说你使我透不过气来；但如果你不是经常关注我，我可能会说你不爱我。

Text11

多数人在稍作思考以后都会同意：爱、权力、自由和生存需要一样，是基本需求。但是我说追求乐趣也是一种基本需求，他们可能会对此表示怀疑。他们会问，我们真的需要乐趣吗?再说乐趣究竟是什么?它的确很难下定义。但我们都知道，它和笑、玩、娱乐相关。它是工作中你可以不做，但如果做了却会是你工作中最好的那一部分。它从不严肃，却常常十分重要：只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。它可能会轻浮、无聊，但也不一定如此。它可能是事先计划好的，但更多情况下可能是自发的。它能抵消掉很多痛苦的东西，而且像一种催化剂，让我们所做的任何事情都做得更好，值得一做再做。

Text12

不仅是人类会取乐。据我观察，所有能选择如何满足自己需要的动物似乎有时候都会取乐。越是高级的动物，越是这样。低级动物的行为基本上是一种本能，它们没有多少学习的能力，所以与乐趣无关。假如你想要养一个会逗乐的宠物，你不会选乌龟。13

我的猜想是，我们生存的机会和我们的学习能力成正比。因此，在对乐趣的需要的推动下，我们总有一种强大的遗传刺激，促使我们不断努力学习尽可能多的东西。如果没有乐趣与学习之间的这种关系，我们不会学这么多。我认识到我们学习也是为了权力、爱、自由，但是要满足这些需求，常常需要长期的投入。学习中的乐趣能立即获得，正是这种乐趣使我们能够每天工作下去，尤其在我们年轻，并且有那么多东西需要学习的时候。Text14

厌烦是乐趣的反面。它总发生在我们需要花费时间却学不到东西的时候：一个单调的任务总是乏味的，除非我们在重复做某事的过程中能够找到学习某些东西的途径，或者使我们所做的事情具有竞争性或群体性，就像汤姆·索亚在刷篱笆时所做的那样。任何时候，任何处境中，只要我们能够注入权力、自由或归属感等因素，我们就会发现它变得更加有趣了。并且在做这些事情的过程中，我们也会发现自己又学到了东西。Text

As

creatureshaveevolvedfromsimpletocomplex...AccordingtoDarwin’stheoryofevolution,plantsandanimalsdevelopgraduallyfromsimpletocomplicatedformsbynaturalselection.Thisistheprocessbywhichonlyplantsandanimalsthatarenaturallysuitableforlifeintheirenvironmentwillcontinuetolive,whileallotherswilldie.InthistheoryDarwinsuggestedthathumansdevelopedfromatypeofape.TextAnalysis

Allfiveneedsarebuiltintoourgeneticstructureasinstructionsforhowwemustattempttoliveourlives.Allthesefiveneedsareinbornaspartofournatureanddirectusaswegothroughourlives.buildin/into:make...inherente.g.Ihopeyou’llbuildsomeentertainmentintothescheduleforthetraining.TextAnalysis

Allareimportantandmustbereasonablysatisfiedifwearetofulfillourbiologicaldestiny.SeeMaslow’shierarchyofhumanneedsinTextBofthisunit.TextAnalysis

Allareimportantandmustbereasonablysatisfiedifwearetofulfillourbiologicaldestiny.AbrahamH.Maslow(1908—1970)wasawell-knownAmericanprofessionalpsychologistandphilosopher.Hedevelopedafive-levelhierarchyofhumanneeds,namelyphysiologicalneeds(food,clothing,shelter,comfort,self-preservation),safetyandsecurityneeds(securityforselfandpossessions,avoidanceofrisks,avoidanceofharm,avoidanceofpain),socialneeds(companionship,acceptance,loveandaffection,groupmembership),esteemneeds(responsibility,self-respect,recognition,senseofaccomplishment),self-realizationneeds(reachingyourpotential,independence,creativity,self-expression),andhebelievedthattheneedsoneachlevelmustbegenerallysatisfiedbeforethepersonattemptstofilltheneedsonthenextlevel.Scientistshavedifferentwaysofdescribinghumanneedsandmaycallmanyneedsbydifferentnames.TextAnalysis

Allareimportantandmustbereasonablysatisfiedifwearetofulfillourbiologicaldestiny.ourbiologicaldestiny:whatwehavetoexperienceashumans—togothroughchildhood,adolescence,adulthoodandoldage,toproduceoffspringanddieTextAnalysis

...

unliketheotherfourneedsthataresharedtosomeextentbymanyhigheranimals,thewaywecontinuallystruggleforpowerineveryaspectofourlivesseemsuniquelyhuman....

unliketheotherfourneedswhichmanyhigheranimalsalsohave,theneedforpowerseemsexclusivelyahumanneed,whichisshownasweeagerlyseekpowerineveryaspectofourlives.Hereisalistofcommoncollocationswiththenoun“power”:

abolishpower;abusepower;comeintopower;consolidatepower;decentralizepower;deprivesb.ofpower;establishpower;exercisepower;handoverpower;holdontopower;misusepower;reducepower;restorepower;returntopower;seizepowerTextAnalysis

Simplesurvivalneedslikehunger,thirst,andsexualdesirearerelativelyclear-cut,andwequicklylearnwhatparticulardiscomfortisattachedtothedenialofthesebasicneeds.Itisrelativelyeasytodefinesimplesurvivalneedsthatsatisfyhunger,thirstandsexualdesireandwecaneasilyfindwhatparticulardiscomfortwefeelwhenthesebasicneedsaredenied.TextAnalysis

Whenweattempttosatisfythenon-essentialpsychologicalneeds,suchasbelonging,fun,freedom,andespeciallypower,werunintomoredifficulty.Thehigher,orpsychological,needsarenotsoclear-cutandnotsoeasytosatisfy.runinto:begintoexperience(difficulty);togetinto(adifficultorunpleasantsituation)e.g.1.

Aftersuccessivecropfailures,FarmerJonesranintodebt.2.

Thepeacetalksranintoadeadlockwhenbothsidesrejectedanycompromise.TextAnalysis

...inmanyculturesthemoresoftheculturecondemnthosewhoopenlystriveforit....inmanyculturesopenlytryingtogainpowerisregardedasrunningcountertothecodeofconductoftheculture,andthosewhodosoarestronglydisapprovedof.striveforsth.:(fml)strugglehard;makeagreatefforte.g.1.

Theyoungmanisstrivingforrecognitionofhismusicaltalent.2.

NotstrivingforsuccesswhenitisavailableisconsideredacrimeagainstthestateintheU.S.TextAnalysis

Evenpoliticianstrytoappearhumble,emphasizinghowmuchtheywishtoserveandhowlittletheywanttotelluswhattodo.Evenpoliticianstrytocoveruptheirdesireforpowerbysayingthattheyarerunningforanofficebecausetheywanttodothingsfortheircommunityandthattheyreallyhatetogovernpeople.TextAnalysis

Butregardlessofculturalprejudices,poweritselfisneithergoodnorbad.Whenwedon’ttakeintoconsiderationtheprejudicesagainstpowerincertaincultures,powerisreallynotabadthing.Poweritselfisneutral,neithergoodnorbad.regardlessof:withoutworryingaboutortakingaccountofe.g.1.

Thelawsaysthatallcitizenshavetherighttoeducationregardlessofage,sex,raceandreligiousbelief.2.

Thecoupledecidedtosendtheirsontoanelitehighschoolregardlessofwhethertheycouldaffordit.TextAnalysis

...thisuseofpowerishumane.

Note:The

words

“humane”and“human”aredifferent.humane:showinghumankindness,thoughtfulness,andsympathyforthesufferingandmisfortuneofothers(仁慈的;人道的;有人情味的)

human:showingthefeelings,esp.thoseofkindness,whichpeoplearesupposedtohave(人的;常人般的;有人性的;通人情的)e.g.1.It’shumannaturetowanttoloveandbeloved.2.

Thetoughpolicemanisreallyquitehumanatheart.

TextAnalysisTextAnalysis

MartinLutherKing,Jr.MartinLutherKing,Jr.(1929—1968)wasanAmericanBaptistministerandactivist,oneofthemostprominentleadersinthecivilrightsmovementfrom1955untilhisassassinationin1968.InfluencedbyGandhiandThoreau,hebelievedinnon-violenceandledthefamousboycottofcitybusesinMontgomery,Alabamainthe1950s,whichstartedthecivilrightsmovement.HewontheNobelPeacePrizein1964.In1968,KingwasplanninganationaloccupationofWashington,D.C.,tobecalledthePoorPeople’sCampaign,whenhewasassassinatedonApril4inMemphis,Tennessee.Hisdeathwasfollowedbynationalmourning,aswellasangerleadingtoriotsinmanyU.S.cities.

Theypreachthevirtuesofhumilitybecausethemorepeopletheycanpersuadetobehumble,themoreeasilytheycanbothpreserveandaddtothepowerthattheyhave.Theyadvocatehumilitypraisingitasanadmirablequalitybecausetheyknowthemorepeopletheymakehumble,themoreeasilytheycankeepandstrengthenthepowertheyhaveseized.addto:increasee.g.1.Thestormaddedtothedifficultyofthesailors.2.Theirgrandchildrenaddtothejoyintheiroldage.TextAnalysis

Whileitiseasytounderstandthatpeoplewhostriveforpowermaybecomedominantandhaveabetterchancetosurvive,mostofushavedifficultyacceptingthatthisneediswritteninourgenes.Thoughpeopleadmitthatthosewhostriveforpowerarelikelytogainadvantagesoverothers,mostofuscan’twillinglyaccepttheviewthatpowerisahumanneed,andthatitissomethingwehaveinheritedfromourancestors,ratherthansomethingweacquirelateron.(Inotherwords,mostpeoplerefusetoadmitthat,inonewayoranother,theyhavethedesireforpower,becausetheythinkpowerisbad.)TextAnalysis

Thattheirteachingshavebeenlargelyacceptedwhenwhattheyadvocateissoobviouslyself-servingisatributetohoweffectivetheyhavebeeningettingtheirmessageacross.Itissurprisingthatwhattheypropagateshouldbeacceptedbymany,forobviouslytheirpropagandaservestheirowninterests,helpingtomaintaintheirpower.Thisclearlyshowshoweffectivetheirpropagandamachineis.(Noticethesarcastictoneoftheauthor.)self-serving:interestedonlyingaininganadvantageforoneselfatributetosb./sth.:

sth.thatshowsthegoodeffectsorinfluenceofsb./sth.elsee.g.Ourgraduates’performanceisatributetothehigh-qualityeducationofouruniversity.TextAnalysis

Thattheirteachingshavebeenlargelyacceptedwhenwhattheyadvocateissoobviouslyself-servingisatributetohoweffectivetheyhavebeeningettingtheirmessageacross.getsth.across/getacross(tosb.):succeedincommunicatingsth.e.g.Ourmathteacherisknowledgeable,butnotgoodatgettinghisideasacross.TextAnalysis

Successfulpoliticiansaremastersofthisapproachandthesameexpertiseisnotunknowninbusiness,highereducationandevenreligion.Successfulpoliticiansareveryskillfulinusingthistechniqueofsharingalittlepowerwiththepeopleandthisapproachisalsousedbybusinessmen,leadersinhighereducationandeveninreligion.master:apersonwhoisskilledatsth.

e.g.mastersofdisguiseunknown:a.neverhappeningorexistingTextAnalysis

Ifyoulookaroundinanysociety,youcannotfailtoseetheall-pervasiveeffectofthisneed.Youcanfindwithoutfailthatthisneedforpowerisaffectingallsectionsofanysociety.(Intherestofparagraph,thewritergoesontoshowthispervasivenessofthehumanneedforpower.)TextAnalysis

Familiesbandtogetherforpower,butiftheysucceedinbecomingverypowerful,theytendinalmostallcasestofightamongthemselvesforthelion’sshareofwhattheyhave.Familymembersareunitedwhentheyarestrivingforpower,butwhentheygainwhattheyhavestrivenfor,theyarelikelytofightamongthemselvesbecausetheyallwanttogetthelargestorbestpart.TextAnalysis

Ratherthangooverwhatseemssoobvious,justaskyourselfonequestion:Whodoyouknowissocompletelysatisfiedwithhislifethathecangoaweekwithoutcomplainingthatsomeonehasgotteninthewayofwhathewantedtodo?Nobodyfeelscontentbecausetheythinktheyhaveachievedwhattheywanttogaininlife.Peopleareconstantlycomplainingthattheyarepreventedfromachievingtheirgoals.Actuallyyoucanhardlyfindapersonwhodoesn’tmakesuchcomplaintsbeforeaweekgoesby.ratherthan:insteadofgoover:examineorchecksth.carefullygetinthewayofsb.:preventsb.fromdoingsth.TextAnalysis

Mostofuscannotgetthroughadaywithoutcomplaint;tobesatisfiedwithhowothershavetreatedusforaweekwouldseemlikeaneternity.Mostofuscanfindsomethingtocomplainaboutdaily.Anyfeelingofsatisfactionwithhowwearetreatedwon’tlastaslongasaweek.seemlikeaneternity:(infml)beaperiodthatseemstobeverylongortoneverende.g.Afterwhatseemedlikeaneternity,amancameouttotellusthattheinterviewhadbeencanceled.TextAnalysis

Weareintenselycompetitive.Ifwethinkthatwehaveanychanceatalltomovebeyondbaresurvival,wearealmostallambitious.Wealltryhardtobebetterthanothers.Allhumanswantandaredeterminedtosucceedinonewayorantheriftheybelievethattheycanmanagemorethanmerelytokeepalive(surelyhumanprogressisatributetothisambition—ourneedforpower).Note:

Inthisparagraph,thewriteranalyzeshowhumanneedforpowerismanifestedineveryaspectofourlives.Hecitesmanyhumanemotionsasmanifestationsofourneedforpower.Wedon’thavetocompletelyagreewithhim,butwecandiscusshowthisneedisdisplayedinordinarypeople’sdailylife.TextAnalysis

Amongus,eventhehumblecompeteforwhocanbethehumblestofall.Competitionisacharacteristicofhumansociety,involvingallwalksoflife.Eventhosewhohavealowopinionofthemselvesstrivetobethehumblestofall.Thesentenceconcludesthediscussionofhowhumanneedforpowerisdemonstrated.Theremarkseemstobeironical,mockingatthosepoliticianswhotrytoappearhumble.TextAnalysis

Youcandecideforyourselfwhetherpowerisusedmoreforgoodthanforevil,butsimplyasageneticneedithasnomorality.Whateveropinionyouhaveaboutpower—whetheryouthinkitisgenera