文献翻译-钢结构的发展

外文翻译外文原稿ThesteelstructuredevelopmentSteelstructureinnationaleconomyconstructionapplicationscopeverybroad,maysayspreadseachprofession,steelstructurearchitecturalengineeringisinourcountryconstructionprofessionavigorousdevelopmentitembothisancientandthebrand-newprofession,isthegreenenvironmentalprotectionproduct,isimpelsthetraditionalarchitectureindustrytothehigh-techdevelopmentimportantplatoonguide.Nowwemustdiscussarethebuildingironstructureinthehousingindustrycenterapplicationandthedevelopmentaswellasthelightsteelhousingprospectsfordevelopment,butfirstweshouldunderstandthebuildingironstructuredevelopmentseveraltimesandthesteelstructureotherseveralmainbranches.First、Aftertheliberationthesteelstructuredevelopmentfourhistoricalperiods1、20centuries50、60atthebeginningofagestheabundanttimerestoresthetimeinthenationaleconomy,constructs156itemsbySovietUnionnewlybuiltandintheextensionproject,hastheverybigpartofsteelstructuresworkshopmainlyisnearbythesingle-layerfactory.Simultaneouslyhasestablishedlargequantitiesofdesigninstitutes,hasestablishedonebatchofsteelstructuresfactoriesandinstallsthecompany,alsotrainsonegroupofsteelstructurestechnologiestalentedperson.Incivilconstructionaspect,alsocompletesonebatchofsteelstructureshouses,completed57metersspanstwoarticulationsfrom1954toarch52metersspansroundcylinderassociationFangWangkeTianjinstadiumwhichthestructuretheBeijingstadium,in1956completed,whichtocompleteto1959GreatHallofthePeoplepartialsteelstructuresandsoon.The50'sintermediatestages,starttostudythepre-stressedsteelstructure.2、In20centuries60'slaterperiodand70'sebbtidetime.Inthistime,becausethesteelproductiontotalquantityarefew,thecountryproposedsavesthesteelproductsinthearchitectureindustrythepolicy.Inadditioncarriesout,understoodappearsthedeviation,certainpeoplethoughtsavesthesteelproductsonnottousethesteelproducts.Thesteelstructureprojecthasbeenshort,thedesign,themanufacture,installsthetroopalsograduallytowither,butorcompletesseveralsignificantthelarge-scaleconstructionandthebridge.Inthistime,butalsostudieddevelopsthelightsteelroomwhichwascomposedbytheroundsteelandthesmallanglesteeltocover,touseinthesmallspanworkshop.3、After20centuries80'sandthe90'sdevelopmenttimes1979,alongwiththereformandopenpolicypolicyimplementation,straightenedouttaketheeconomicdevelopmentasthecentralwork,thesteelstructureapplicationgraduallygrew.4、After1996,ourcountrybuildingironstructuredevelopmentspring.Surpasses100milliontonsafterthesteeloutput,ourcountrygovernmentpromptlyproposedinthearchitectureindustryadvocatedusesthesteelstructure,hastakensomemeasuresintheorganization,andhasadjustedthepolicy,hasappearedaseriesofpositivedevelopmentpolicy,alsohasestablishedsomecorrespondingstandards,theregulationsandcomputationsoftware.Second、Underonbuildingironstructureseveralmainbranchessummaryasfollows:1、Thewiretablestructureplatesteelframeobtainsthewidespreadapplicationin6070ages,inrecentyearsbutalreadyhastenedslow,graduallyhadinthisprojectdomainbythelightsteelstructureisreplacedthetendency.Andinthe80'sinitialperiod,hasformulated"thewiretablestructuraldesignandtheconstructionregulations"JGJ7-91,hasestablishedthewiretablestructurestandardization,theserializedindustrializationproductionThecompleteblueprint,hasformedthematuretechnology,promotesitsrapiddevelopment,thedevelopmentquick,itsscalebig,forinternationalisrare.Thewiretablestructureissuitableforthetowerstructure,(forexampleDaliantelevisiontower)smalldecorationtower,castskeleton(forexampleJiuhauaimageofBuddha,height99.9meters)andsoon2、Highlevelbuildingironstructure(1)、Afterreformandopenpolicy,theourcountryhigh-riseconstructionobtainsthefastdevelopment.The80'sinitialperiod,inthistimedomesticstructuralengineerthroughtheparticipationdozensofhighlevelbuildingironstructuresdesign,theinstallment,themanufacture,havealreadyobtainedthecertainexperience.Throughandtheoverseasenterprise'scooperation,theintroduction,hasabsorbedtheoverseastechnology,andcarriesonaseriesofsignificantscientificresearchitemaccordingtoourcountrynationalconditiontheresearch,thedomestichighlevelbuildingironstructuretechnologyalreadydevelopedtoahigherlevel.(2)、Steelstructuresuperiorityandsynthesiseconomicefficiencyregardlessofisthestructureperformance,theusefunctionorintheeconomicefficiency,thesteelstructureallhasthecertainsuperiority.①、Steelproductsanti-pull,resistanttocompression,theshearingstrengthontheotherhandhigher,thesteelstructurecomponentstructurecrosssectionissmall,isself-possessedlightly.Intheordinarycircumstances,thehighlevelreinforcedconcretebuildingdeadweightabout1.5-2.0ton/m2,thehighlevelbuildingironstructureisself-possessedmostlybelow1ton/m2,evensomeofficebuildingsonlyhave0.5-0.6ton/m2.②、Thesteelstructurehasabetterductility,theearthquakeresistanceperformancegood,especiallyinthehighintensityseismicregion,usesthesteelstructureadvantageously,thereinforcedconcretestructureductilityguaranteeliesinthestructurethestressnottootobehigh,butthesteelstructureductilityliesincausesthepartialcomponentstoentertheplasticity.③、Structureholdsthearea(oriscalledstructureplanedensity)tobesmall,infactincreasedtheuseablearea.Thehighlevelbuildingironstructurestructureholdstheareaonlyisthesimilarreinforcedconcretefloorspace28%.Usesthesteelstructuretobeallowedtoincreasetheuseablearea4%-8%.Thisisinfactincreasesthebuildingtheusevalue,theincreaseeconomicefficiency.④、Constructionsspeedsarequick.Usesthesteelstructuretobepossibletoprovideabiggerspacefortheconstructionandthemorespaciousconstructionworksurface.Thesteelstructureprojectpillargenerallytakes3-4isexecutestheconstructionsection,inascenehoisting.Moreoverthepillarhoisting,thesteelframeinstallment,thereinforcedconcretecoretubeconstructs,thecombinationceilingconstructionandsoon,mayimplementtheseparategradecrossingwork.Sometimesinstallsthecolumn,framewhileupside,lowerpartmaycarryontheinteriordecoration,therepairproject.Therefore,inaspectundertheandsoonguaranteetechnology,supply,managementcondition,mayputintotheuseaheadoftime⑤、Steelstructurequalityiseasytoguarantee.Thesteelstructurecomponentgenerallyallmakes,theprocessing,theprecisioninthefactoryishigh.⑥、Steelstructureconstructioniseasyintheuseprocesstotransform,likethereinforcement,meetshigh,expandsthefloorandsooninternaldivision,thechangequiteiseasy,tobenimble.Somedevelopedcountriesbelievedthat,thesteelstructureconstructionistheenvironmentalprotectionconstruction,maythereuse,reducethemineralresourcemining.⑦、Steelstructuremaymakethegreatspan,thebigspace.Theopeingwide-likebigplaneoffice,afterthe60'sobtainsabiggerdevelopment,somecountriescallit"thebotanicalgardenoffice".Thiskindofofficerequestgreatersizecolumnnetarrangement,andthepillarcrosssectionsmallerismoreappropriate.Used12-15mthecolumnnetalreadyverytobecommon.Thesteelstructuresuitthiskindofrequest,becauseitmayformthemorespaciousnon-columnspace,isadvantageousforinternalnimblearrangement.⑧、Pipelinearrangementisconvenient.Insteelstructurestructurespace,somemanyholesandcavity,moreoverthesteelgirderwebplatealsoallowstopassthroughissmallerthanthecertaindiameterpipeline,likethiscausesthepipelinethearrangementconveniently,alsoincreasedtheconstructiononlyhigh,moreoverthepipelinereplacement,therepairforisallconvenient.(3)、Thesteelstructureconstructionconstructioncostisnotcertainlyhigh.Steelstructureconstructioncostandmanyfactorsrelated,likesteelandironproductivity,processinglevel,steelproductsvariety,specification,designtechnicallevel,computationconstructioncostmethodandsoon.Dataandmaterialgraspswhichaccordingtoatpresent,regardingthemultilayeredconstruction,includingthemultilayeredhousingconstruction,thesteelstructureconstructioncost,slightlyishigherthanthebricktomixthestructure,butisimpartialwiththereinforced-concretestructure,cannotbehigherthanlattertheconstructioncost,iflookedfromthecomprehensivebenefit,thencompletelyislowerthantraditionaltheconstruction.3、Hangstheropeandslantingpullsstructureourcountrytoapplyhangstheropestructurecomparisonearly,butaftercompletestheBeijingworkerstadiumandtheZhejiangstadium,nearlystopsgetsdown,startstothe90'stouse.IfShandongZibo54meterscrossmonolayersparallelropesstadium.4、Netshellnetshellstructurewhengreatspanandultragreatspanhastheverybigmerit,startsfromthe50'stouseinthestadiumandthepublicmeetinghall.5、Membraneandropemembranestructuremembraneandropemembranestructurebecauseitsserviceabilityquiteisbroad,thereforemassivelyusesinthesportsconstruction、displayconstruction、entertainmentconstructionandfacility、performanceconstruction、airportconstructionandeachkindofseashoreentertainmentleisureconstructionandfacility.ThebiggestmembranestructureistheShanghai80,000personofstadiumsselectsloosely.6、Sincesingle-layerworkshopportalframeconstructionreformandopenpolicy,alsothenewlybuiltonebatchofheavyindustriesworkshop,themajorpartallusesisthesteelstructureframeload-bearingsystem.TheShanghaiPaoshanironandsteelplant1、2issueofsteelstructuresconstructionsareaamountsto1.05millionsquaremeters.Theworkshopstructurebasicallyisthesingle-layerframeortheshelvingbodystrip.AnissueofprojectmainlydesignsthemanufacturebyJapan,secondphasedprojectsmainlybydomesticdesignconstruction.Itscharacteristicliesintheworkshoptobehighlybig,somecolumnheight50meters,thecraneliftingcapacityhasamountsto450tons.Theworkshopcircleprotectsthestructure,usesthelightcoloredcoatingsteelplateorthealuminumalloysectionsteelplate.Thesteelstructuresaysalsowellfromtheworldscope,fromourChinasaidalsogood,shouldbeonekindoftendency,istheconstructiondevelopmentdirection.Becausethesteelstructurehasthemeritwhichtheverymanyreinforcedconcretestructureisunabletocompare,hasbeenrecognizedasthegreenenvironmentalprotectionproduct,conformstothesustainabledevelopmentpolicy.Thesteelstructureisself-possessedlightly,theconstructioncycleshort,theearthquakeresistance,thetenaciousperformanceisgood,mayapplytothegreatspan,standstallanderect,theheavyloadproject,likethegreatspanbridge,theexhibitionhall,thesportcenterandsoon,hasdevelopedtheapplicationscope.Intherecent23years,thehousingsteelstructuredevelopmenthasalsobecomeindustryinhotspottopic.TheLaisteel,thehorsesteelhotrollingHsectionproductionlineintroduction,hasbroughtthebrightprospectforthehousingsteelstructuredevelopment.JapaneseandtheEuropeanandAmericancountriescivilengineering,thecivilhousing,thesteelstructureproportionhasachievedabout50%,butourcountryabove90%orreinforcedconcretestructure.Atpresent,ourcountrysteelstructuremanufacturingindustryannualoutputachieved6million~700tenthousandtons,onlyaccountfortheentiresteeloutputabout3%,butthedevelopedcountryaccountsfor10%.Accordingtothisproportioncomputation,byourcountrylastyearthesteelproductstableviewconsumptionquantityachievedmorethan200milliontonsaretheexample,thesteelstructureannualoutputshouldachieveabout20milliontons,nowdisparityalsoverybig,obviouslythesteelstructuredevelopmentspaceisextremelyhuge.Isunceasinglythinalongwiththesocialdivisionoflabor,thesteelstructuredesignalsowillcertainlytomovetowardsthespecializeddevelopmentthepath.SpecializedsteelstructuredesignMaymakeupasaresultofnotthefamiliarsteelstructureformisunabletooptimizethestructuraldesignplanthequestion.Inordertospeedupthearchitectureindustrythedevelopment,wehopethesocietyfromallwalksoflife,inparticulargeneralpropertydeveloper,designingdepartment'sconstructing.Architecttotaketheleadtousethesteelstructurethiskindofstructurepattern,thusfundamentallypromotesthestructuralsteel.Bybuildingironstructureimpetusmetallurgyandcorrelationprofessiondevelopment,thusisadvantageoustomaintainsthenationaleconomytocontinuestablytogrow.Webelieved,solongasstrengthenstheleadership,gathers.Theprincipleplan,thepositiveorganization,thegovernment,theprofession,theenterprisejointeffort,produces,study,grindsincloseintegrationwithcooperation,thesteelstructureindustry中文翻译钢结构的发展钢结构在国民经济建设的应用范围很广，可以说遍及各个行业，其中钢结构建筑工程是我国建筑行业中蓬勃发展的一项既古老又崭新的行业，是绿色环保产品，是推动传统建筑业向高新技术发展的重要排头兵。现在我们要谈的是建筑钢结构在住宅产业化中的应用与发展以及轻钢住宅的发展前景，我们应了解建筑钢结构发展的几个时期和钢结构的其它几个主要分支。一、解放后钢结构发展的四个历史时期1、20世纪50、60年代初盛时期在国民经济恢复时期，由苏联援建的156项新建和扩建项目中，有很大一部分钢结构厂房。同时成立了一大批设计院，建立了一批钢结构制造厂和安装公司，也培养出一批钢结构技术人才。在民用建筑方面，也建成一批钢结构房屋，从1954年建成的57米跨度两铰拱结构的北京体育馆、1956年建成的52米跨度的圆柱面联方网壳的天津体育馆、到1959年建成的北京人民大会堂部分钢结构等等。50年代中期，开始研究预应力钢结构。2、20世纪60年代中后期和70年代的低潮时期。在这个时期，因为钢的生产总量少，国家提出在建筑业节约钢材的政策。再加上执行中、理解上出现的偏差，某些人认为节约钢材就是不用钢材。钢结构工程少了，设计、制造、安装队伍也逐步萎缩，但还是建成几幢有意义的大型建筑和桥梁。在此时期，还研究开发了由圆钢和小角钢组成的轻钢屋盖、用于小跨度的厂房。3、20世纪80年代和90年代的发展时期1979年后，随着改革开放政策的实施，以经济建设为中心的工作步入正轨，钢结构的应用逐渐增长。4、一九九六年后，我国建筑钢结构发展的春天。在钢产量超过一亿吨后，我国政府及时提出在建筑业中提倡使用钢结构，在组织上采取了一些措施，并且调整了政策，出台了一系列的积极发展的方针，也编制了一些相应的规范、规程及计算软件。二、下面就建筑钢结构的几个主要分支简述如下：1、网架结构平板钢架在6070年代得到广泛应用，但近年来已经趋缓，在此工程领域逐渐有被轻钢结构代替之趋势。并在80年代初期，就制定了的“网架结构设计与施工规程”JGJ7-91，编制了网架结构标准化，系列化工业化生产的成套图纸，形成了成熟的技术，促进其迅速发展，发展之快、其规模之大，为国际少见。网架结构适用于塔架结构，(如大连电视塔)小型装饰塔、塑像骨架(如九华山佛像、高99.9米)等。2、高层建筑钢结构(1)、改革开放以后，我国的高层建筑得到快速发展。80年代初期，在这个时期国内结构工程师通过参与数十栋高层建筑钢结构的设计、安装、制造，已经取得了一定的经验。通过和国外企业的合作，引进、吸收了国外的技术，并根据我国国情进行一系列的重大科研项目的研究，国内高层建筑钢结构的技术已经发展到一个较高的水平。(2)、钢结构的优越性及综合经济效益无论是结构性能、使用功能还是经济效益上，钢结构都具有一定的优越性。①、钢材的抗拉、抗压、抗剪强度相对来说较高，钢结构构件结构断面小、自重轻。一般情况下，高层钢筋混凝土建筑物的自重在1.5-2.0吨／m2左右，高层建筑钢结构自重大都在1吨／m2以下，甚至有的办公楼只有0.5-0.6吨／m2。②、钢结构有较好的延性，抗震性能好，尤其在高烈度震区，使用钢结构就更为有利，钢筋混凝土结构延性的保证在于结构的应力不太高，而钢结构的延性在于使部分构件进入塑性。③、结构占有面积(或称为结构平面密度)小，实际上是增加了使用面积。高层建筑钢结构的结构占有面积只是同类钢筋混凝土建筑面积的28%。采用钢结构可以增加使用面积4%-8%。这实际上是增加建筑物的使用价值，增加经济效益。④、施工速度快。采用钢结构可为施工提供较大的空间和较宽敞的施工作业面。钢结构工程的柱子一般取3-4层为一个施工段，在现场一次