独立主格结构精讲精练

PAGE2PAGE5独立主格结构精讲精练一、概述独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absoluteconstruction），由名词/主格代词+现在分词（或过去分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成。在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。具有以下特点：（1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。（2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。（3）主要用于书面语。（4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。（5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。二、独立主格结构的构成1.名词或主格代词+名词在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的名词与前面的名词或代词之间在逻辑上有主系表关系，在句子中主要作伴随、原因等状语或作进一步说明。此结构也可写成：名词或代词＋

being

＋名词，其中being是非谓语（系）动词，往往省略，但being的逻辑主语是人称代词时，being不能省略。名词的逻辑主语为人称代词时，应用主格形式。He

fought

against

the

thief,

a

stick

(being)

his

only

weapon

(=

and

a

stick

was

his

only

weapon).

他和这个贼打斗，一根棍子是他唯一的武器。He

has

translated

the

whole

book

into

English,

an

English-Chinese

dictionary

(being)

his

tool.

(=andan

English-Chinese

dictionary

was

his

tool.)

用一本英汉字典作工具，他把整本书翻译成了英语。③It

being

Sunday

(=As

it

was

Sunday),

I

didn’t

go

to

school.（句中的being不能省略）因为是星期天，我没有上课。2.名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和动作正在进行）名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。①Weatherpermitting(=Iftimepermits)，wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.天气许可的话，我们明天去看你。(表示条件)②Springcomingon(=Whenspringcameon),thetreesturnedgreen.春天来了，树木绿油油的。(表示时间)③ItbeingSunday(=AsitwasSunday),theyhadnoclasses.由于是星期天，他们不上课。(表示原因，此时being不能省略)④Motherbeingill(=Becausemotherwasill),Ihavetostayhometolookafterher.妈妈病了,我只好在家照顾他。(表示原因)⑤Therebeingnobus(=Becausetherewasnobus),wehadtowalkhome.因为没有公共汽车，我们只好步行回家。(表示原因)注意：（1）如果该结构表示的动作先发生，则用“名词/主格代词+havingdone”的形式，含义为“……已经……”。例如：.学生做完家庭作业后，我们回家了。（2）如果该结构表示“……正在被……”,则用“名词/主格代词+beingdone”的形式,being不能省略。例如：Foodbeingcooked(=Whenfoodwasbeingcooked),Ifellasleep.当食物正在被烹饪的时候，我睡着了。3.名词/主格代词+过去分词（表示被动含义和动作的完成）名词/主格代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。①Thesignalgiven(=Afterthesignalwasgiven),thebusstarted.发出信号后，汽车开始前进。(表示时间)②Theirstrengthexhausted(=Becausetheirstrengthwasexhausted),theysankdownonebyone.他们精疲力竭，一个接一个倒下了。(表示原因)③Allthingsconsidered(=Ifallthingsareconsidered),hersuggestionisofgreatervaluethanyours.若全面考虑，她的建议比你的建议有价值。（表示条件）④Hesatsilently,eyesclosed(=andhiseyeswereclosed).他静静地坐着，双眼紧闭。（表示伴随状况或方式）注意：如果要明确时间上的先后顺序，该结构有时可以用“名词/主格代词+havingbeendone”的形式，含义为“……已经被……”。但是havingbeen可以省略，因为过去分词本身就表示动作完成。例如：Theworkhavingbeenfinished(=Aftertheworkwasfinished),helefttheworkshop.工作完成以后，他离开了车间。4.名词/主格代词+形容词/副词（表示状态或特征）形容词/副词常用来说明名词或主格代词的性质特征及所处状态。在该结构中，形容词或副词前其实省略了being.①Everything(being)ready(=Wheneverythingwasready),theystartedout.一切准备停当，他们开始出发。（表示时间）②孩子们在对雪人，手都冻红了。（表示伴随状况）③Themeeting(being)over(=Whenthemeetingwasover),thestudentsweredismissed.会议结束，学生们解散了。（表示时间）④Theboylookedatthebeautifulpicture,eyes(being)wideopen(=andhiseyeswerewideopen).（wide:adv完全地）这个孩子看着这幅美丽的图画，眼睛睁得大大的。（表示伴随状况）5.名词/主格代词+不定式（多表示将来含义，有时也表示过去含义）(1)名词/主格代词是不定式所表示的动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，此时不定式用主动形式。①Theteachertohelpus(=Iftheteachertohelpus),wewillsucceed.有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。（表示条件和将来含义）②Heinvitedustoseeafilm,hehimselftobuythetickets(=andhehimselfboughtthetickets).他请我们看了一场电影，他自己买的票。（表示补充说明和过去含义）(2)如果名词/主格代词与不定式构成被动关系,此时不定式用被动形式(tobedone)。Themeetingtobeheldtomorrow(=Becausethemeetingistobeheldtomorrow)，wemustcatchthefirstbus.因为会议明天要被召开，所以我们必须赶上第一班汽车。（表示原因）6.名词/主格代词+介词短语（表示状态或特征）介词短语常用来说明名词或主格代词的特征或所处的状态。Theoldmansatinthechair,bookinhandandpipeinmouth(=andabookwasinhishandandapipewasinhismouth).老人坐在椅子上，手里拿着书，嘴里叼着烟斗。（表示伴随状况）Theoldfarmercameback,alargebasketonhisshoulder(=andalargebasketwasonhisshoulder).老农回来，一个大筐扛在肩上。（表示伴随状况）注意：在该结构中，介词前后的名词前都可以加上限定词，也可以都不加。不加限定词时，介词前后的名词一般用单数形式。例如：Heenteredtheclassroom,hatonhead.3.Ayoungmotherwastakingawalkintheschoolyard,followedherlittleson.4.Hisbikewrong,hehastowalktoschool.5.Tomrushedintomyroom,withhisclothescoveringwithsnow.6.Theywereangrywiththeirmoneytobestolen.III.单项填空1..A.began B.beginning C.havingbegun D.beingbeginning2.Such______thecase,Ihavenootherchoices. A.being B.is C.was D.tobe3.Darkness______in,theyoungpeoplestrolledonthestreets. A.set B.setting C.hasset D.wasset4.Withallfactors______,wethinkthisprogrammaybebetterthanalltheothersinachievingthegoal.A.beingconsidered B.considering C.considered D.areconsidered5.Anewtechnique______,theproductionincreasedby20percent.A.tohavebeenworkedout B.havingworkedoutC.workingout D.havingbeenworkedout6.A.pointed B.pointing C.arepointed D.arepointing7.A.notbeingfinished B.nothavingfinishedC.hadnotbeenfinished D.wasnotfinished8.Therearevariouskindsofmetals,each______itsownproperties(特性).A.has B.had C.tohave D.having9.Theoldmanstoodunderabigtree,______. A.apipeinmouth B.withapipeinmouthC.pipeinmouth D.pipeinhismouth10.Theproduction______steadily,thefactoryneedsanever-increasingsupplyofrawmaterial(原料).A.hasgoneup B.isgoingup C.havinggoneup D.beinggoneup11.________,thereisnoschool.A.ItisSunday B.ItwasSunday C.ItwillbeSunday D.ItbeingSunday12.________,allthestudentsranoutoftheclassroom.A.Classwasover B.Classisover C.Classover D.Whenclassover13.________,everythinghaschanged.A.Timegoeson B.Timegoingon C.Astimegoingon D.Withtimewenton14.Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishands________underhishead.A.crossing B.crossed C.wascrossing D.werecrossed15.Thestorm________theirhouse,theyhadtoliveinacave.A.destroyed B.destroying C.havingdestroyed D.beingdestroyed16.Heenteredtheroom,________.A.hisnosewasredwithcold B.andhisnoseredwithcoldC.hisnoseredwithcold D.hisnosebeenredwithcold17.Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdone________nextmonth.A.tocomeout B.comingout C.willcomeout D.havingcomeout18.Allthings________,IthinkweoughttogivethejobtoMike.A.considering B.considered C.beconsidered D.toconsider19.Icouldn'tdomyhomeworkwithallthatnoise______.(2005/北京/34)A.goingon

B.goeson

C.wenton

D.togoon

20.Isentyou100dollarstoday,therest_____inayear.(2005/湖南/34)A.follows

B.followed

C.tofollow

D.beingfollowed

21._____andnowaytoreduceherpainandsufferingfromtheterribledisease,thepatientsoughtherdoctor'shelptoendherlife.(2005/江西/29)A.Havinggivenuphopeofcure

B.Withnohopeforcure

C.Therebeinghopeforcure D.Inthehopeofcure

22.____productionupby60％，thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear．（NMET2000）A.As B.For C.With D.Through23.Theweather____sobad，wehadtoputthegameoff．A.was B.is C.were D.being24.Theboyseatedhimselfinthecornerwithhisback____tohisfather．A.turning B.toturn C.tobeturned D.turned25.There________noclassesyesterday，wepaidavisittotheGreatWall．A.was B.being C.were D.hadbeen26.Theproblem________,themeetingcametotheend．A.settled B.wassettled C.beingsettled D.setting27.Shewastoonervoustospeakwithsomanyeyesonher．A.fixing B.fixed C.tobefixed D.werefixed28.________,thegirlsracedontothesecondrunners．A.Stickinhand B.WithastickinhandC.Sticksinhand D.Sticksinhands29.Theboylayontheground，hiseyes_________andhishands__________．A.beingclosed；trembling B.closed；tremblingC.closed；trembled D.closing；trembled30.____________,Ihadtoaskfortwodays’leave.A.Motherbeingill B.motherill C.AsmotherwasillD.A,BandC31.____________,wehavetoworklateintothenight.A.Theexamnear B.Theexambeingnear C.Astheexamisnear D.A,BandC32.Theboyfellasleep,___________.A.caponhead B.withacaponheadC.acapwasonhead D.alltheabove33.Fathercamehome,_________.A.adogfollowinghim B.adogfollowedhimC.beingfollowedbyadog D.alltheabove34.________tomorrow,wemustgotoBeijingearlier.A.Themeetingtohold B.ThemeetingtobeheldC.Themeetingbeingheld D.Themeetinghavingheld35.Thelastguest________,ourpartywasstarted.A.toarrive B.arrived C.beingarrived D.tohavearrivedIV.用独立结构完成下列句子1.Janeranintotheclassroom,___________________________________(手里拿着一个新文具盒).2.______________________(午饭时间到了),thestudentsallwenttothedining-hall.3.Alittlegirlwasmakingpaperflowers,____________________________________________________________________(她的妈妈面带微笑坐在她旁边).4.HerecomesthebusfromYiwu,__________________________________________________(永康来的班车十分钟后到).5._________________________________________(由向导带路),wesetoffonfootintothedarknight.6._______________________________________(有那么多书要读),Ican’tkilltimebyplayingcards.7.AtthegatestoodaPLAman,_______________________________________(手里握着枪).8.____________________________________________________(做完家庭作业),hewenttobed.9.10.

Keys:II.1.Being前加It2.Having前加He或Hishomeworkfinished3.followedherlittleson改为herlittlesonfollowingher4.Hisbikewrong改为Somethingbeingwrongwithhisbike或Therebeingsomethingwrongwithhisbike5.covering改为covered6.tobestolen改为stolenIII.1.withanewpencil-boxinherhand2.Itbeingtimeforlunch3.hermothersittingbesideherwithasmileonherface4.that/thebusfromYongkangtocomeintenminutes5.(With)Theguideleadingtheway6.Withsomanybookstoread7.guninhand(withaguninhishand)8.The/Hishomeworkdone/finished(Withhis/thehomeworkdone/finished)9.Herwalletstolen10.(With)AllthelightsonIV.1-5CABCD 6-10AADCC 11-15DCBBC 16-20CABAC21-25BCDDB 26-30ABABD 31-35DAABA练习二1.Thethiefstoodbeforethepoliceman，__________admittingwhathehaddone．A.withhisdroopinghead B.droopinghisheadC.raisinghishead D.withhisheaddown2.__________，hecan'tgooutforawalkasusual．A.Withsomuchworktodo B.WithsomuchworkdoingC.Withsomuchworkdone D.Withoutsomuchworktodo3.It'squitestrangethatthemansleepswithhismouth__________andhiseyes__________．A.closed；open B.closed；openedC.closing；open D.closing；opening4.Allthings__________，theplantripwillhavetobecalledoff．A.beconsidered B.consideredC.considering D.havingconsidering5.__________,wehavetogetdowntobusinessrightaway．A.Astherewasnotimeleft B.ThereisnotimeleftC.Therebeingnotimeleft D.Theretobenotimeleft6.__________yesterday，wewentoutforawalk．A.Asafineday B.ItwasafinedayC.Itbeingafineday D.Foritwasafineday7.Theoldmanstoodthere，__________．A.withbackagainstthewall B.withhisbackagainstthewallC.withbackagainstwall D.hisbackagainstwall8.Allflights_______becauseofthesnow-storm，manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain．A.werecanceled B.havingbeencanceledC.hadbeencanceled D.havebeencanceled

9.______nobus,wehadtowalkhome.A.Therewas B.Therebeing C.Becausetherebeing D.Thereis10.____,I'llgotherewithyoutomorrowafternoon.A.Timepermits B.IftimepermittingC.Timepermitting D.Time'spermitting11._____,weallwenthomehappily.A.Goodbyewassaid B.GoodbyehadbeensaidC.Goodbyesaid D.Whengoodbyesaid12._____,weallwentswimminginhighspirits.A.Itbeingfineweather B.ItfineweatherC.Itwasfineweather D.Itbeingafineweather13.____,thebusstartedatonce.A.Thesignalwasgiven B.ThesignalgivingC.Thesignalgiven D.Whenthesignalgiven14.Shestoodthere,_____fromhercheeks.A.tears'rollingdown B.tearsrolleddownC.withtearsrolleddown D.tearsrollingdown15.____,theleavesareturninggreen.A.Whenspringcomingon B.SpringcomingonC.Springcameon D.Springbeingcomeon16._____,Ihadtobuyanewone.A.Mydictionarylosing B.MydictionaryhavingbeenlostC.Mydictionaryhadbeenlost D.Becausemydictionarylost17.Iusedtosleepwiththewindow_____.A.opened B.open C.opening D.toopen18.____,thehunterwentintotheforest.A.Agunonshoulder B.AgunwasonhisshoulderC.Gunonshoulder D.Agunbeingonshoulder19.____productionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.A.As B.For C.With D.Through20.Withalotofwork____,Ihavetosituptonight.A.do B.doing C.done D.todo21.Hestoodtheresilently,hislips_____.A.trembling B.trembledC.weretremblingD.weretrembling22._____,hersuggestionisofgreatervaluethanyours.A.Allthingsconsidering B.AllthingsconsideredC.Allthingswereconsidered D.Withallthingswereconsidered23.______,wewillsurelysucceed.A.Theteacherhelpingus B.TheteachertohelpusC.Theteacherwillhelpus D.Withtheteacherhelping1-5DAABC6-10CBBBC11-15CACDB16-20BBCCD21-23ABB练习三：高考试题精选1.Withalotofdifficultproblems______,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.(

上海02春季)

A.settled

B.settling C.tosettle D.beingsettled

2._______theproductionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.(NMET2000)

A.As

B.For

C.With

D.Through

3.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands_______behindhisback.(MET91,22)A.beingtied B.havingtied C.tobetied D.tied4.Themeeting_______over,wealllefttheroomanddrovehome.(上海87)

A.is

B.tobe C.being

D.wouldbe5._________,theywillgoandvisitthezoo.(上海86)

A.Weatherpermitting

B.WeatherpermittedC.Weatherbeingpermitted

D.Weatherhavingpermitted6.__________twoexamstoworryabout,Ihavetoworkreallyhardthisweekend.(2004北京卷，33)

A.With

B.Besides

C.

Asfor

D.Becauseof7.Icouldn’tdomyhomeworkwithallthatnoise_________.(2005年北京卷34)

A.goingon

B.goeson

C.wenton

D.togoon8.

Isendyou100dollars,therest___________inayear。（2005湖南卷34）

A.follow B.followed。 C.tofollow D.beingfollowed9.__________andnowaytoreduceherpainandsufferingfromtheterribledisease,thepatientsoughtherdoctor'shelptoendherlife.(2005/江西/29)A.Havinggivenuphopeofcure

B.Withnohopeforcure

C.Therebeinghopeforcure D.Inthehopeofcure10.Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessons__________fortheday.A.finishing B.finished C.hadfinished D.werefinished11.Thecountryhasalreadysentupthreeunmannedspacecraft,themostrecent________attheendoflastMarch.A.hasbeenlaunched B.havingbeenlaunchedC.beinglaunched D.tobelaunchedKey:1.C2.C3.D4.C5.A6.A7.A8.C9.B10.B11.B练习四：复习巩固1.

Shewentout,___________.A.agunonshoulder

B.withgunonshoulderC.gunonhisshoulder

D.gunonshoulder2.________,wewenthomeinahurry.A.Themeetingwasover

B.AsthemeetingbeingoverC.Beingover

D.Themeetingover3.Thesquarelooksfarmorebeautiful________A.withallthelightsturningon B.

allthelightsturningonC.turningonallthelights

D.withallthelightsturnedon4._________,Ihadtodoherworkinstead.A.Beingill

B.Herbeingill

C.Shebeingill

D.Shewasill5._________,we’llhaveafurtherdiscussion.A.Iftimepermitting

B.Timepermits

C.Permittingtime

D.Timepermitting6._________,shewenttobedwithgreatsatisfaction.A.Afteralldone

B.Alldone

C.Allhadbeendone

D.Doingall7.Hesatlisteningtotheteacher,__________.A.

openedhismouth

B.andopeninghismouthC.withhismouthopen

D.withmouthopen8.__________,hewouldmostprobablybelate.A.Withoutanybodytocallhim B.AnybodytocallhimC.Nobodycalledhim

D.Withhimtocall9.__________,theymadefortheclassroominahurry.

A.Withonlythreeminutestogo

B.Therewereonlythreeminutesleft

C.Asonlythreeminutestogo

D.Onlythreeminuteswereleft10.__________,weareallsureofitssuccess.A.Withhetakingchargeofthework B.Withhe’stakingchargeontheworkC.Histakingchargeofthework

D.Withhimtakingchargeofthework11.Alittleboy_________ranintotheroom.A.withtwoofhisfrontteethmissed B.twoofhisfrontteethweremissingC.withtwoofhisfrontteethmissing D.missedtwoofhisfrontteeth12._________thathecouldspeakEnglishverywell,theyallcametopractiseEnglishwithhim.A.Hebeingknown

B.Itwasknown

C.Hewasknown

D.Itbeingknown13.Hewalked__________.A.withhisheadheldhigh

B.heldhisheadhighC.hisheadholdinghigh

D.withhisheadtoholdhigh14.Shecameherethismorning,_________.A.herboyfriendtojoinhernextmonth

B.herboyfriendwouldjoinhernextmonthC.andherboyfriendjoininghernextmonth

D.withherboyfriendjoinedhernextmonth15.Theytwosmokedinsilence,__________.A.bothsittingandstanding

B.hersitting,hisstandingC.shesatbuthestood

D.shesitting,hestanding16.Thisbookiswellwritten,___________.A.withspecialattentionpaidtowrittenEnglishB.withspecialattentionpayingtowrittenEnglishC.specialattentionispaidtowrittenEnglishD.paidspecialattentiontowrittenEnglish17.___________,shewentouttogetsomethingtoeat.A.Beingnofoodleft

B.TherebeingnofoodleftC.Therewasnofoodleft

D.Nofoodwasleft18.____________,thetreesturnedgreen.A.Asspringcomingon

B.SpringcameonC.Springcomingon

D.Withspringcomeon19.____________,thesunshoneagain.A.Thedarkcloudshavingdisappeared

B.HavingdisappearedthedarkcloudsC.Thedarkcloudstodisappear

D.Withthedarkcloudsdisappeared20.____________,hehandedittotheteacher.A.Thecompositionwriting

B.HavingbeenwrittenC.Thecompositionwritten

D.Afterthecompositionwrote21.____________,themeetingwasover.A.Nobodyhadnomoretosay

B.NobodyhavinganymoretosayC.Becausehadnomoretosay

D.Havingnomoretosay22.____________timegoingon,Einstein’stheoryproved___________.A.As;correct

B.With;corrected C.With;correct

D.As;beingcorrect23.Everything___________,heisanoutstandingscientist.A.considering

B.considered

C.toconsider

D.tobeconsidered24.There___________nobus,wehadtowalkhome.A.being

B.tobe

C.was

D.been25.Theboy__________theway,wehadnodifficultyinfindingthehouse.

A.leading

B.led

C.havingbeenled

D.beingled26.Theboystoodbeforetheroastedduck,hiseyes__________onitandhismouth__________.

A.werefixed,waswatered

B.fixed,watering

C.fixed,watered

D.werefixing,waswatering27.Everything__________intoconsideration,theyoughttohaveanotherchanceA.totake

B.taken

C.tobetaken D.taking28.Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,each___________onemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.A.makes

B.made

C.istomake

D.making29.Peopleattendthemeeting,__________women.

A.allofthem

B.allofwhom

C.allofthemwere

D.whomallwere30.Icouldn’tsleepwelllastnight__________allthenoiseoutside.

A.with

B.because

C.for

D.of31.Withthehomework____________,Iwon’tgotoplayfootball.

A.finished

B.finishing

C.tofinish

D.tobefinished32.____________,shehadnomoneytobuyevenabustickets.

A.Herwalletstolen

B.HerwalletstealingC.Herwalletwasstolen

D.Withherwalletstole33.Theoldmanstoodtherewithhiseyes_____________onthepictureonthewalls.

A.fixed

B.fixing

C.staring

D.stared34.Davidissleepingonthegrasswithhisjacket_____________hisstomach.

A.covered

B.tocover