采购管理-供应链管理现况趋势与教育

采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育2024/3/13采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育演講大綱

何謂供應鏈管理供應鏈管理與消費者汰舊換新、多樣化、客製化便捷、新鮮、安全供應鏈管理與企業行銷經濟效益、缺貨、長鞭效益供應鏈管理與物流企業整合服務供應鏈管理安全與環境供應鏈管理教育教學目標與課程采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育傳統社會國富論(TheWealthofNations)蘇格蘭經濟學家、亞當史密斯的一本經濟學專著致力於滿足市場廣大的需要提倡分工論金字塔型的分工連續性的大量生產，達到規模經濟采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育當今社會消費者企業品質是產品條件品質是競爭力差異化大量客製化汰舊換新不斷快速推出新產品國際化產品全球性的廣告與通路最低價格最有經濟效率長期保固零件長期快速供應便捷性實體廣大的佈點或資訊便捷性新鮮產品保持新鮮的產銷安全產品安全監控采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育全球環境已開發國家生產過剩外銷給開發中或未開發國家。供應鏈核心產品與周邊活動委外之結合為獲利策略。洲際內經貿增加經貿協定以提昇與保護經貿活動。資訊科技的進步增進全球性相同的消費型態。全球金融與運輸解除管制簡易貨幣流通，提昇運輸效率降低運輸成本。資料來源：BowersoxandCloss(1996)采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育物流管理物流(logistics)是透過資訊科技，對物料由最始原料一直到配送成品至最終消費者整體過程中所牽涉的原料、半成品、成品的流通與儲存，以最有效益的計畫、執行與控制，來滿足並符合消費者的需求。LogisticsManagementisthatpartoftheSupplyChainManagementthatplans,implements,andcontrolstheefficient,effectiveforwardandreverseflowandstorageofgoods,services,andrelatedinformationbetweenthepointoforiginandthepointofconsumptioninordertomeetcustomers'requirements.----USCouncilofSupplyChainManagementProfessionals(USCouncilofLogisticsManagement,美國物流學會)采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈管理SupplyChainManagementencompassestheplanningandmanagementofallactivitiesinvolvedinsourcingandprocurement,conversion,andallLogisticsManagementactivities.Importantly,italsoincludescoordinationandcollaborationwithchannelpartners,whichcanbesuppliers,intermediaries,third-partyserviceproviders,andcustomers.Inessence,SupplyChainManagementintegratessupplyanddemandmanagementwithinandacrosscompanies.----USCouncilofSupplyChainManagementProfessionals采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈管理內涵采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與新產品快速推出采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與新產品快速推出采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與新產品快速推出TraditionalphasepriceStressphaseAcceptanceofshort-noticerequirementsResolvedphaseJITprinciplesPartnershipphaseLong-termperspective,exchangeoperatingandfinancialinformation,sharerisksandjointinvestmentinfacilities----ScharyandSkjott-Larsen1995采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與新產品快速推出ClusterproductionSetupproductionunitsclosetothecustomer’sassemblyplantAfirst-tiersuppliertoanassemblerinonecountrymustbeabletosupplytheassemblerinotherpartsoftheworldInvolvedindevelopmentofnewmodelsintheearlieststageExpectedtobeatechnologyleader,developingnewtechnologiesindependently----ScharyandSkjott-Larsen1995采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與客製化FedExCaseStudyCustomerInternetFedExNetOrderManagementSystemCallCenterSupplierComponentASupplierComponentBComponentCFedExEDC/AllianceManufacturingFacilityBuildorconfigureOrdersExpressDeliveryofFinishedProductWebOrdersPhoneOrdersOrderConfirmationAdvancedShippingNoticeBuild/Configure-to-Order采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育製程延遲策略冒險策略(Speculation,anticipatory-based)由預測來決定生產種類和數量，與延滯策略相反。由生產的規模經濟，減少行銷、存貨出清，以及生產的不確定性，降低成本。延遲策略(Postponement,response-based)目的：Masscustomization,deliverrapidlyandreducecost產品製程的延遲(manufacturing)不必要製程成品，保持原料型態，維持改變彈性與避免成品過時。亦稱為拉式生產。產品物流的延遲(logistics)不必要在下游，倉儲於上游供應鍊結構，避免成品需求變動再移轉成本。采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育製程延遲策略IncludesproductredesignandprocessredesignProductredesignStandardizeacrossallmarketsProcessredesignIncludesre-sequencingthesub-processesDye,cutandsew,vscut,sewanddye采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育製程延遲策略ThreedesignprinciplesDesignsoitconsistsofindependentmodulesthatcanbeassembledintodifferentformsoftheproducteasilyandinexpensivelyManufacturingprocessesconsistofcanbemovedorrearrangedeasilyfordifferentdistribution-networkdesignSupplynetworkshouldsupplythebasicproducttothefacilitiesinacosteffectivebeflexibleandresponsivetotakeanddelivercustomers’orders采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育HP個案LaserJetprinterForEuropeandNorthAmericamarketsDifferentiateproductwithbuilt-indedicatedpowersupplyof110and220voltsassoonasproductionbeganinJapanStandardizepowersupplyforentireproductfamilyHighermaterialcost,butlowertotalcostsofmanufacturing,stockinganddeliveryby5%采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育HP個案DeskJetprinterBuiltinSingaporeanddistributedinStuttgart,GermanyforEuropemarketCountry-specificexternalpowersupplythatplugsinwhensettinguptheprinterDifferentiationwasperformedinStuttgartHighermanufacturingforfactoriestocustomizetheprinters,butlowertotalcostsofmanufacturing,shippingandinventorydroppedby5%采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與便捷性電子商務與宅配大榮個案采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與新鮮台灣地區冷凍冷藏產業每年約有300億元的冷凍冷藏產業規模低溫物流保持新鮮食品及冷凍食品品質從生產到消費過程均處於低溫狀態「低溫控制技術」加工製造，低溫監控下儲存，運輸配送和銷售仰賴合乎放置低溫食品低溫標準冷凍冷藏設備運送過程保持適當溫度，確保食品安全及品質采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與新鮮采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與新鮮食品分類保存溫度相關產品簡分鮮食品18oC三明治、便當、飯糰、涼麵鮮食冷藏食品0~+7oC生鮮蔬菜、果汁、乳飲料。日常食品(豆腐)、加工肉品(香腸)、鮮花等冷藏冰溫食品-2~+2oC畜肉品(牛豬羊肉)、禽肉品(雞鴨肉)、水產品(魚貝)、刨冰等冷凍食品冰品-18oC以下冷凍疏果、冷凍肉類、冷凍調理食品(水餃、包子)、冰淇淋等冷凍超低溫食品-30oC以下生魚片采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與新鮮類型商品類別溫度應用案例儲存物品冷藏型物流中心冷藏品0~+7oC綜合食品業低溫流通業肉食品加工牛乳、果汁、日常食品(豆腐、乳製品)、加工肉品(香腸、火腿)、保存生鮮蔬果、沙拉、甜點…等冷凍型物流中心冷凍品及冰品-18oC以下綜合食品業低溫流通業肉食品加工冰品、冷凍調理食品(水餃、包子、比薩、調理飯(麵))、熱狗、關東煮…等鮮食型物流中心鮮食品恆溫18oC綜合食品業CVS便利店便當、涼麵、飯團…等采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與安全PfizerInc.MakerofprescriptiondrugsasLipitorandZoloftStrategiesItshipseverypackage,caseandpalletofitsViagrawithRFIDtagstocounterfeititsproductSinceJan2006.Procurementpurchasesrawmaterials,drugsubstances,andthehiringoffreighttransportation.Distribution/logisticscoordinatesthemovementofproductsbetweenglobalsitesSupplychainplanningworkscloselywiththesales/marketingLong-rangeplanningusesmathematicaloptimizationtechnologytocreatethebestO-DroutesOrderentrysystemsinterfacewithafulfillmentmanagementsystemtomonitorflowandinventorywith50globalmanufacturingsites/DCswithareplenishmentmodel采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與行銷KoreanHyundaiStatusHyundaistartedofferinga10-yearwarrantyonitscarsinUSGoalDistributionnetworksetuptogetthepartsdeliveredquicklytokeepcustomersandasefficientlytokeepthedealershappy.StrategiesThededicatedcarrierarepricedonaper-shipmentdeliveredcostandovernightdeliveriestodealerships.InformationvisibilityImportsfromKoreausinga3PLtotrackallinboundshipmentsMilestoneischeckedandupdated,shipmentstotheports,vesselsailandarrivaldates,intoandreleasebycustoms,originanddestinationrailhead,deliverytoDCandputaway.Hyundaihasbeenabletoreduceinventorybytwoweeks采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與缺貨

ProcterandGambleStatusOut-of-stockratearound10%.GoalAddressingproductavailability,shelfquality,andon-timedelivery.toreduceinventoryby50%,trimout-of-stocksby50%andachieve20%savingsinlogisticscosts.StrategiesConsumer-drivensupplynetworkofsuppliers,manufacturersandretailersthatfacilitatesreal-timeinformation.Replenishingproductsassoonasthey’repurchasedreceivedbypoint-of-saledataCollaboratescloselywithretailpartnersonin-storepromotionsandevents.20%ofproductcategories(withmorethan10%out-of-stocks)weredroppedtobelow5%ofproducts.Saves$25million/yearbyeliminatingunnecessarytranscriptionworkandout-of-stocks采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與長鞭效應長鞭效應(bullwhiporwhiplash)產品需求預測，來自於零售商對顧客需求的預測，進而向製造商下訂單，而製造商向供應商下訂單也是依照零售商的預測。如果最底層的顧客需求發生變動，則層層牽動，影響會愈來愈加大

采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與長鞭效應CausesRemedialstrategiesForecastdemandupdating依預測採購1.Accesstomarketdemandinformation(useofpointofsale(POS)data)2.Informationsharingacrosssupplychainlinks(useofEDI)3.Vendormanagedinventory(VMI)4.LeadtimereductionandJITsupplyOrderbatching經濟規模訂貨與運輸1.Reductionofprocessingcosts(ComputerAssistedOrdering(CAO))2.Newwaysofachievingeconomiesofscaleintransportation/distribution(3rd-party)采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與長鞭效應Pricefluctuation促銷折扣1.Reducefrequencyandmagnitudeofspecialtradedealsandconsumerpromotions(EverydayLowPrice-EDLP)2.ContinuousReplenishmentPrograms(CRP)Rationingandshortagegaming訂貨按銷售比例分配1.Betterproductallocationpoliciesinshortsupplyperiods(allocationbasedonpastsales)2.Penaltiesonordercancellations采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育VendorManagedInventoryVendorManagedInventory(VMI)CoordinatedmanagementoffinishedgoodsinventoriesGoodsinventoriesoutboundfrommanufacturer,distributororresellertoaretailerorothermerchandiserReplenishingfinishedgoodsonareorderpointbasis,Productsongrocerystoreshelves:Frito-Lay&othersnackfood,candyorbeveragevendorsVMIvendorsmissionGeneratepurchaseordersonas-neededbasisReplenishingsuppliesbasedonanestablishedinventoryplanEnsuringhighin-stockperformancewithminimalinventory采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育VendorManagedInventory采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育VMI-CaseStudyVendorImporter&marketerofhygieneproductsCustomerCapitanoftheretailchains:ThewholesalerMainoperationalproblemsinthechainVendorLongleadtimeinsourcingfrominternationalproducersHighvariabilityofordervolumeWholesalerHighstocksPeriodicallypoorserviceforthevendor’sproducts采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育VMI-CaseStudyReasonsandresultsPartlyresultfromdemanddistortion

SupplychainisnotsynchronizedtoconsumerdemandWholesalerfeelsbufferneedstokeepservicelevelBenefitsofimplementingVMIClosercooperation&increaseddeliveryfrequencyReducedstockcoveratthewholesalerTotalstockcoverdownfrom10to6daysServicelevelremainstable采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育全球運籌風險管理SourceEnvironment、Supply、Demand、Process、Control經營策略Source:Juttner,Uta(2005),‘Supplychainriskmanagement,’I.J.ofLogisticsManagement,16(1):120-141.

采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育全球運籌風險管理–實際運作Source:Juttner,Uta(2005),‘Supplychainriskmanagement,’I.J.ofLogisticsManagement,16(1):120-141.

采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育全球運籌風險管理–規劃Source:Juttner,Uta(2005),‘Supplychainriskmanagement,’I.J.ofLogisticsManagement,16(1):120-141.

采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育GlobalLogisticsSecurityEachtradetransactioncaninvolveupto25differentparties.Atypicalcross-bordertransactionmightinvolvefiling35documents,communicatingwith25partiesandcomplyingwithmorethan600lawsand500tradeagreements(Cassidy,2003).采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育SecurityInitiativesSource:SheuandLee(2006),‘Avoluntarylogisticssecurityprogram,’SupplyChainManagement,11(4):363-374.

采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育MemorandumofUnderstandingCustomsSecurityProfileWithin60daysReviews&makescertificationdecisionsWithin60daysOncecertified,companybecomesaC-TPATParticipant.ForC-TPATvalidation30daynoticeisgivenNecessarydocumentmustbesubmittedWithin30daysPartnershipValidationTeamCustomsCustomsCustomsCertificationValidationWithin3yearsofcertification~10days14采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育TheImpactsTheC-TPATcertificationresemblestheISO9000certificationprogram.Bothprogramsareagenericsecurityorqualityassurancesysteminsteadofasecurityorqualityperformancestandard.C-TPATrequiresthattheUScompaniesdevelopamoredetailedunderstandingofforeignsupplierstomonitortheirshipments.Thepracticeofsourcingfromforeignsuppliers,whileeconomicallysound,nowchallengescompaniestocollaboratewithsupplierstoimprovesecurity.采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈管理與環境Sheu,J.B.,Chou,Y.H.andHu,C.C.(2005)台灣筆記型電腦采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈管理與環境汽車產業伍中流，民國91年目前處理廠家數已足夠廢車拆解後，經由破碎廠處理再進入煉鋼廠，有助於降低整體營運成本采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育供應鏈與環境由消費者、產業到都市、社會采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育第三方專業物流公司 “Arelationshipbetweenashipperandthirdpartywhich,hasmorecustomizedofferings,encompassesabroadernumberofservicefunctionsandischaracterizedbyalonger-term,moremutuallybeneficialrelationship.”--AfrickandCalkins,1994--P.MurphyandR.Point,2000采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育專業物流業服務內容采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育專業物流業發展趨勢standardizationhomogenizationtailoringadaptationmulti-domesticGlobalStrategyGlobal/Glolocal併購或聯盟投資聯盟、合作、建立全球網路強調規模經濟強調產品客製化采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育LogisticsResponsibilities(2008)Activity%oftime%managedgloballyForecasting7.353.5Procurement1061.4Manufacturinglogistics7.841.9Customerservice8.837.2Transportation20.154.7Warehousing13.732.6Global8.867.6Inventorymanagement9.847.6Generalmanagement13.749.4LaLondeandGinter(2008),Careerpatternsinlogistics采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育FactorswillinfluenceSCdevelopmentWeighted1st,2ndand3rdchoiceswith3,2,and1pointsLaLondeandGinter(2008),CareerpatternsinlogisticsFactorsWeightedaverageGlobalsupplychains1.45Energyavailabilityandcost1.29Supplychainintegration/informationleverage0.84Roleinfirm’sfinancialperformance0.81Informationtechnology0.73Managingtransportationcosts0.71采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育Curriculumfor90daycourseFactorsWeightedaverageStrategicmanagementandplanning/forecasting1.15Globallogistics1.07Financialmanagement/accounting1.02Leanlogistics0.95Supplychainmanagement0.74ITapplications/integration0.63Weighted1st,2ndand3rdchoiceswith3,2,and1pointsLaLondeandGinter(2008),Careerpatternsinlogistics采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育USLogisticsProgramRanking1MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(Sloan)Cambridge,MA

2MichiganStateUniversity(Broad)EastLansing,MI3ArizonaStateUniversity(Carey)Tempe,AZ4CarnegieMellonUniversity(Tepper)Pittsburgh,PA5PennsylvaniaStateUniversity--UniversityPark(Smeal)UniversityPark,PA6UniversityofPennsylvania(Wharton)Philadelphia,PA7OhioStateUniversity(Fisher)Columbus,OH8PurdueUniversity--WestLafayette(Krannert)WestLafayette,IN9StanfordUniversityStanford,CA10UniversityofTennessee--KnoxvilleKnoxville,TN采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育LearningGoalsMichiganStateUniversityTobuildtheirfunctional,entrepreneurial,analytical,learning,andpersuasivecapabilitiestomaximizetheirflexibilityandimpactinadynamicallychangingglobalcompetitiveenvironment.

ArizonaStateUniversityTheintegrationofchains,e-businessandglobalizationpermeateeachcourse.Thisprogramtrainsmanagerswhoarestrategicthinkers,excellentanalysts,effectivecommunicators/teamleaders,computercompetent,andwhoarefocusedoncostsavings,increasingrevenue,andincreasingshareholdervalue.采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育LearningGoalsPennsylvaniaStateUniversityToaccommodateorganizationalandsupplychaingoalsforprofitability,assetutilization,customerservice,andsystemsflexibility.Focuson:Evaluatingkeyenablersofsupplychainnetworkintegration,synchronization,andcollaborationtoachieveprocessinnovationandeffectiveness.Leveraginge-basedprocessesandtechnologiesforimprovingsupplychainperformance.Evaluat