众包翻译模式研究

v1IntroductionWiththedevelopmentofdigitalandnetworktechnologyandthedemocratizationofinformationflow.Especiallybythemotivationofweb.2.0.Theeraofweb.2.0ischaracterizedbythefactthattheinformationoriginallyheldbyaspecificgroupofpeoplehasbecomemorewidelycirculated.Inaddition,thestrictmonitoringofinformationflowhasbecomelessstrict,whichhaschangedtheoriginaltop-downwayofinformationtransmissionandstartedtoshowatrendofchangeinmultipledirections.ThephenomenonoftranslationinitiatedandparticipatedbyInternetusershasbecomemoreandmorecommon.Thisdomainofpatterntranslationisknownascrowdsourcing.Thecrowdsourcingtranslationmodelhasemergedquicklyandpenetratedintomanytranslationfields.Atpresent,technologydevelopsquickly,thereisnodoubtthatcrowdsourcingtranslationmodelbecomesakindofwidespreadphenomenoninthesociety.Inaddition,itplaysitspositivesocialeffectsandsocialvalues.Forthisnewmodel,Iwillpayattentiontomakeafurtherinsightintothemodel,includingitsconcept,characteristics,developmenttrend,advantagesanddisadvantages.Inaddition,Iwillcompareitwiththetraditionaltranslationmodel,thendiscussthatwhetheritcanmakedifferencestothetraditionaltranslation.Ontheotherhand,theriseofanewthingisboundtohaveanimpactonthepreviousthings,especiallyonthetraditionalinterpreters,whetheritisanopportunityorachallenge.Facingtheemergingtrend,thetraditionalinterpretersshouldmeetallchangeswithconstancyormaketimelystrategicadjustmentstodealwithit.2AnoverviewoncrowdsourcingtranslationAtpresent,therearetwomainnamesfortranslationactivitiesinvolvingmassonlineparticipation,oneiscrowdsoucingtranslationstudiedinthispaper,andtheotherisuser-generatedtranslation.TheessenceofbothisthetransferofeconomicrelationsandpowerrelationsinthetranslationindustrycausedbythepopularityoftheInternet.Intheactualapplicationprocess,therearesomesubtledifferencesbetweenthetwo.Theformerfocusesonthelarge-scaletranslationactivitiesorganizedbynetizen.WhilethelatterisusedinamoreofficialorganizationsorsponsorthroughtheInternetplatform,calledforthemajorityofInternetusersparticipateintranslationactivities.InChuaetal'sopinion(2014:7),crowdsourcingtranslationemphasizesontheInternetsocialplatformandcallsonthepublictoparticipateinthecreationofpictures,video,blog,forumandothercontent.Asfortheemergingmodeofcrowdsourcingtranslation,thispaperwillstartfromtheconceptualaspectandexploreitssocialdevelopmenttrendafterunderstandingtheinformationproductionmodebehindit.2.1ThedefinitionandcharacteristicsTheterm"crowdsourcing"wasfirstproposedbyHowe.J,(2015:4)anAmericanscholar.Crowdsourcingreferstothetasksperformedbyemployeesinthepasttoalargenumberofnon-specificsocialgroupsinafreeandvoluntarymanner.WiththerapiddevelopmentofdigitalinformationontheInternetandthehelpofweb2.0asthedevelopmentcarrier,crowdsourcingtranslationhasmushroomedandemerged,whichissignificantlydifferentfromthetraditionaltranslationmodelandmachinetranslationinthepast.Crowdsourcingtranslationreferstothetranslationmodethatcontractorsusedtoactasmiddlemenandoutsourcetaskstoprofessionaltranslators.Underthecallofofficialorganizations,theyusenetworktechnologytogatherthevastnetworkgroupswithdifferentsocialandculturalbackgroundsandparticipateintranslationactivitieswiththeirextensiveknowledge,whichmakethetraditionaloutsourcingtocrowdsourcingtransfer.Comparedwiththetraditionalprofessionaltranslationmodewithhightranslationcostthroughprofessionalinstitutionsandprofessionals,crowdsourcingtranslationismorecompetitiveinthemarket.Crowdsourcedtranslatorsaremoreconcernedwiththequalityoftheworktheyproducethanthepaymenttheyreceive,andtheybringtogetherwebenthusiastsfromdifferentsocialbackgroundsinspecifictaskareas.Theyusetheirexpertiseandwisdomtoactivelyparticipateinthetranslationprocess,breakingthedirectionaltransmissionrelationshipbetweenthecontractorandtherecipient.Asforthismodel,large-scalecollaboration.Incrowdsourcingtranslation,translatorsworkingroups,whichisfarmorethantraditionaltranslatorsworkingalonepublicworkingprocess.Non-professionalismoftranslators.Inthecrowdsouingtranslationmodel,translatorsenjoygreatchoiceandautonomy.Alltranslatorsarefreetojoinorquit,whetherintheselectionoforiginaltext,translationprogressorthequalityoftranslation.Translatorscanvoluntarilyparticipateinthecooperativetranslationoftheoriginaltext,andcanalsotranslatethefulltextoftheoriginaltext,sothereisastrongdegreeoffreedom.Translatorsasreadersarethesalientfeatures.Intranslation,atranslatorisatranslator,asourcereaderandatargetreader.Whenencounteringproblemsintranslation,translatorswillinteractwithothertranslatorssynchronously,andthentranslatorsmaybecomereviewersofothers'translations.2.2TechnologyplatformanddevelopmenttrendofcrowdsourcingtranslationCrowdsourcingtranslationcannotsurviveintheInternetenvironmentwithoutthesupportoftechnologyplatform.Thedevelopmentoftechnologyprovidesguaranteeforlarge-scalecollaborationofcrowdsourcingnetwork.Amongmanyplatforms,GoogleandWikiarethetwoleaders.BothprofessionalandvolunteertranslatorscanfindresourcesandmarketsonGoogletranslationplatform.Googleissimplyaplatformthatprovidesmorethan40languagesfortranslationtomeettranslationneeds.Inthetranslationprocess,variouscrowdsourcingtranslatorscanchoosethelanguagecategory,andtheplatformdoesnotmakemandatoryselectionsettingsonwhethertoaskfortranslationremunerationafterthetranslation.Withthisplatform,translatorshavemorediscretion.Cross-LingualWikiEngine,althoughstillatranslationplatformintesting,platformdevelopersaretryingtobreakthroughthelimitationsandmakecrowdsourcedtranslationworkinanopenandorderlyenvironment.Firstofall,thedesignercancelsthesettingofthemainlanguageandchangesthepreviousmodeofone-waytranslationfromEnglishtootherlanguages.Moreover,theplatformallowstranslatorstoretaintheirownlanguagefeaturesaccordingtotheirownlanguageandculturalcharacteristicsandtheirownculturalorientation.Inthisway,thetranslationrestrictionscausedbylanguagedifferenceswillbegreatlyreduced.Ifthereisanaccidentinthetranslationprocess,thetranslatorcansavehistranslationprogressfirst.Theplatformalsokeepstranslationrecordsonfile.Duringthisperiodoftimewhenthetranslatorisunabletotranslate,otherscanreadthefinishedpart,whichwillgreatlyimprovetheefficiencyoftranslation.Thankstothesupportofthetechnologyplatform,theoncetop-downinformationtransmissionstructurehaschanged.Astheoriginalinformationrecipients,thenetworkpublic,whileenjoyingtheinformation,hasalsobecometheinformationproducer.Wecandirectlydecidewhatinformationisproducedandinwhatformitisconsumed.Inthefuture,therewillbemoreandmorecrowdsourcingtranslationsingroups,whichwillmakeasignificantcontributiontothespreadofthelanguageandculture.2.3ApplicationsofcrowdsourcingtranslationmodelThedevelopmentofcrowdsourcingtranslationhasmadeitdevelopinvariousfields,amongwhichthesubtitlegroupoffilmandtelevisionindustry,thegovernmentandothernon-profitorganizationsandthepublishingindustryareprominent.Itcanbesaidthatcrowdsourcinghaspenetratedintoallwalksoflifeandhasasignificantimpactonus.2.3.1ThefilmandtelevisionTheremarkabledevelopmentofcrowdsourcingtranslationinfilmandtelevisionbelongstotheriseanddevelopmentofsubtitlegroups.InJapan,EuropeandAmerica,thedevelopmentofsubtitlegroupisthemostprosperous.Japaneseanimationoriginatedinthe1980s,butsubtitlegroupsreallygotgoinginthe1990s.Atfirst,theroleofsubtitlegroupwastoprovidehigh-qualityJapaneseresourcesforforeignfanswholovedJapaneseentertainmentculturebutdidnotknowJapanese,becauseatthattime,JapaneseentertainmentculturecouldhardlybeseeninothercountriesexceptJapan.AssomefanswhoknowJapanese,theycannotonlyenjoytheresourcesthemselves,butalsohopetosharetheseculturalresourceswithmorefans.Underthisopportunity,thecrowdsourcingsubtitlegrouphasdevelopedrapidly,andtheyhaveaverygoodunderstandingofthefilmcontent.Whentranslatingfilmandtelevisionresources,asthefilmcontentismostlylife-likescenes,theywilltrytheirbesttomakethetranslationcontentlife-likeandmakeitaseasyaspossibletounderstand.IfthereisalanguagewithJapanesenativemeaning,thetranslatorwillalsomarkitwithspecialcolorfont,sothattheviewercanclearlyunderstandthemeaning.Inaddition,duetotheslowreleaseofsomeofficialresources,andfansareparticularlylookingforwardtothedevelopmentofthestory,atthistime,fansspontaneouslyorganizedtokeepupwiththedevelopmentofthestory.InChina,notonlyJapanesefilmsandTVdramasarepopular,butalsoBritish,AmericanandKoreanculturalandfilmresourcesoccupyafavorablepositioninthemarket.Ontheonehand,becauseofthecountry'saudit,wewon'tbeabletocomeintocontactwiththeofficialmovieresources,inthiscase,PhoenixEntertainmentWebsiteResourcesarisesatthehistoricmoment,thedomesticresourcesupdateintheirowncountryafterafewhours,wecanwatchthesubtitleswiththeresources,Asamoviefan,thedevelopmentoftheplothasbecomeourmajorconcern.Becauseoftheexistenceofthesubtitlegroup,wecanlearnaboutthecorrespondingplotassoonaspossibleandsatisfyourcuriosityasviewers.Ontheotherhand,sinceSouthKoreamakesdowithrespectandinferiorityespecially,asforeigners,wearelackofunderstandingofthesethings,subtitlegroupcomesinhandyatthistime.Inaddition,somedomesticofficialshaveboughtresourcestodubmandarin.Duetothedifferencesbetweenculturesandthedifferenttoneofvoice,video,whichhasbeendubbing,seemsalittlestrangetous.Similarly,takeChina'sTVexportsasanexample.WhennirvanainfirewasbroadcastinThailandafewyearsago,duetothedifferenceinlanguageandculture,itcouldnotbefullyexpressed.Asaresult,whenChinesepeoplewatchvideo,theyalwaysfeelthatitlackssometraditionalcharm.Therefore,inthiscase,theexistenceofsubtitlegroupisverynecessaryandcausesourattention.2.3.2GovernmentalorganizationsCrowdsourcingtranslationisnotonlyusedbynon-governmentalorganizationssuchassubtitlegroups,butalsoplaysanimportantroleingovernmentalorganizations.TaketheEUasanexample,theinternalterminologydatabaseIATEofEUorganizationsiswherethedataofallEUorganizationsarestored.(EuropeanCommission,2012:38-41)Thedataclassificationofeachdepartmentissubordinatetoitsowndepartment.Ifyouwanttomodifythedata,onlytheresponsiblepersonofthisdepartmentisqualified.Ifpeopleinotherdepartmentsfinderrorsinthesedata,theycanonlytelltherelevantpersoninchargethroughemail,andthenthepersoninchargewilllookupthewrongdataformodification.Underthiscondition,itwillcausethewasteoftimeandefficient.Withtheemergenceofcrowdsourcingtranslation,amorecooperativeplatformemerges,whichcanovercomethedifficultiesofdatasharingamongdifferentdepartmentsandtrulymaketheEUasawhole.UsersofIATEcantheneasilysharedataandmakesuggestions.ThisallowstheEuropeanUnion'sexpertstoworktogetheronaday-to-daybasis,sharingdataandadvisingeachother.However,thepersoninchargeisnotfreetomodifyaccordingtotheirownopinions.Theyalsohaveinternaldisciplineandpublicrulesthattheymustabideby.Allfinalchangestothedatawillbefinalizedbytheofficialorganization.Crowdsourcingtranslationnotonlygivesuserstheopportunitytoimproveandmodifythedatabase,butalsoincreasestheirparticipationandencouragesthemtosharetheirknowledge,thusencouragingotheruserstoparticipateandinspiringeachotherinavirtuouscycle.Whethertheybelongtothesamedepartmentornot,theycanspeakfreely,whichgreatlyenhancesthecross-sectoralnatureofIATEandweakensthespecificownershipofadepartment.2.3.3ThepublishingindustryWiththecontinuousdevelopmentofthecrowdsourcingmodel,thebookpublishingfieldhasalsosuccessfullyintroducedthismodel.ThefirstcrowdsourcingtranslationbookinChinaiscalledOutofControl:theNewBiologyofMachines,SocietyandtheEconomy（DaiMengying,2014）.Atfirst,theworkwaswrittenbyatranslator.However,duetothehugetask,ittookthetranslatoreightmonthstocompleteaquarterofthetranslation.Afterfurtherdiscussion,crowdsourcingbecametheirfinalchoice.Ninetranslatorswereselectedtoworktogether.Finally,thebooktranslationwascompletedwithinoneandahalfmonths.Workinghoursaregreatlyreduced.Later,domesticpublishersusedcrowdsourcingtopublishmanybooks,includingthebiographyofStevejobs.OnOctober24,2011,Stevejobs,theauthorizedbiographyofApplefounderandlegendarywasreleasedworldwide.TheChineseversionofthebiographyhassoldmorethan68millioncopiesinChinainlessthanaweek,creatingamiracleofbooksales.ThesuccessoftheChineseversionofthisbiographycannotbeseparatedfromtheapplicationofcrowdsourcingmodeinbookpublishing.Itispreciselybecauseofcrowdsourcingtranslationthatthetimeofbookpublicationisgreatlyshortened,whichcaterstothebusinessopportunityofSteve'death,andseizesthebesttimeofbookrelease,thuscreatingamiracle.However,thetranslationprocessofthebiographywasalsoaseriesofdifficulties.Sinceitisatranslatedwork,thetimetomarketshouldbeconsistentwiththatoftheoriginalversion,whichincreasesthedifficultyoftranslation.China'sZhongxinpublishinghousegotthetranslationrights,entrustingtothedomesticnetworkofDongxiandYeeyan.whichareabletousecrowdsourcingtranslationmodel.Thetranslationprocessismainlydividedintofivestages.Firstly,theglobalrecruitmentoftranslatorswasreleasedontheInternet.RelyingontheinformationmediumoftheInternet,morethan400translatorswererecruitedwithinaweek.Secondly,thesetranslatorsarescreenedandreviewed.Duetotimeconstraintsandurgenttasks,thequalityoftranslatorsishighlyrequired.Theselectioncriteriaaretranslator'stranslationexperienceandability,knowledgeofAppleanditsproducts,andtimeallocation.Thirdly,afterseveralroundsoftestsontheselectedtranslators,thepublisherselectedsomeofthemwhicharesimilartothestyleofthebiography,andfinallyselectedfourtranslatorstocompletethesacredtask.Surprisingly,thesefourtranslatorsarenotprofessionaltranslators,includingjournalists,universityteachersandsoon.Fourthly,themostimportantanddifficultstepistocompleteahigh-qualitytranslationwithinaspecifiedtime.ThelocalpublishinghouseisfinallyscheduledtoreleasetheoriginalonOctober21,2011,butthetranslatorsdidnotstartcrowdsourcinguntilearlySeptember.It'sveryadmirabletothinkaboutthattheyspendmorethanamonthandeachpersonwasresponsiblefortranslatingabout100,000words.Finally,theseniorpeopleofpublishinghousetranslatethefinishedproducts.Atthesametime,thepublicationwasbroughtforward,sothetimeforreviewwaslimited.Finally,thankstotheeffortsofthepublishersandtranslators,thecrowdsourcingtranslationofthebiographywascompletedwithinthespecifieddate.Inthewholeprocessoftranslation,DongxinetandYeeyannet,asorganizations,recruitalargenumberoftranslatorsonthenetwork.Translatorsperformtheirrespectivedutiesbyvirtueoftheirownculturaladvantages,andfinallycompletetheoveralltaskexcellently.Initiallyseenasanimpossibletask,itwasfinallysuccessfullypublishedthroughcrowdsourcingtranslation,provingthepowerfulmagicoftheInternetandtheexplosivepowerofthemasses.Theessenceofcrowdsourcingtranslationisthattheonlinemassesgathertogetherandcollaboratewithdifferentculturalbackgrounds.3ReflectiononcrowdsourcingtranslationmodelAsweallknow,nothingisperfect,andneitheriscrowdsourcingtranslation,whichisaboutseeingtheobviousadvantagesofitsownexistencewhilealsonotingitsowndisadvantages.Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthetwowillbediscussedfromtheaspectsofcost,quality,speedandthediversityoftranslators'identities.3.1AdvantagesAsthesocializedproductionofthenetworksociety,crowdsourcingtranslationoutsourcingitsworktonon-specificandnon-professionalmassnetworksinafreeandvoluntaryway.Lowcost,highefficiency,morefreedomandautonomyandsoonareallitsownadvantages.3.1.1LowcostMostoftheparticipantsincrowdsourcingtranslationarefreeandvoluntary,andhighqualityistheirultimategoal.Theydon'tcarehowmuchmoneytheycangetfromit.Researchshowsthatasimplecrowdsourcingtranslationprojectcancostanywherefrom$2,000to$4,000.Foramorecomplexproject,a$20,000solutioncanbefound.However,thisdoesnotmeanthatthequalityofcrowdsourcingtranslationisworsethanotherformsoftranslation.3.1.2HighefficiencyGenerallyspeaking,inonething,rewardandefficiencyareusuallypositivelycorrelated,andthehighertherewardaprofessiongets,themoremotivatedthestaffwillbetoproduce.However,incrowdsourcing,thesituationisquitedifferent.Wehaveknownthatthematerialrewardstheyreceivearenothigh,andsometranslatorsevenchargenothingfortheremuneration.However,theirworkingenthusiasmisveryhigh.Forthem,whatmotivatesthemtotranslatecarefullyisinterest.Asyoucanimagine,thegreaterthemotivation,thehighertheefficiency.Fromtheperspectiveofsubtitlegroup,sincetheyareveryeagertoknowthedevelopmenttrendofthestory,theywillactivelytranslatethelanguage,sothattheefficiencywillbeenhanced.Crowdsourcingis,sotospeak,acheapandeffectiveformoftranslation.3.1.3MorefreedomandautonomyintranslationIntheinformationage,Internetinformationisnolongerinaclosedstate,butcanbesharedwitheachother.Fromtheperspectiveofproducers,translatorsgainmoreautonomyincrowdsourcingtranslation.Fortextcontentandtranslationprocess,translatorscanchoosebythemselves.Theycanworkingroupsofseveralorcompletealltasksbythemselves.Inaddition,fromtheperspectiveofconsumers,anyofuscancommentonthetranslatedcontent,andifthereisanymajorprobleminthetranslatedwork,wecanalsomaketimelyfeedbackandadjustment.Crowdsourcingtranslationisnolongeraone-wayinteractionbetweentaskdeliveryandreception,butatwo-wayandmulti-directionalflowofinformation.Crowdsourcingtranslationblursthefinelinebetweenexpertauthorityandprofessionaltranslators.3.1.4DiversityofrolesIncrowdsourcingtranslation,apersonhasatleasttwoidentities.Asaproducerwithdifferentculturalbackgrounds,theycancooperatewitheachotherinthefieldstheyaregoodatandjointlyproduceculturalproductsneededbythepublic.Atthesametime,intheprocess,theyalsoenjoytheproductscreatedbythemselvesasconsumers.Ofcourse,inadditiontothesetwoidentities,theyalsohaveotheridentitiesandfunctions.3.2DisadvantagesBecauseofthelowcostofcrowdsourcingtranslation,somecompaniesaretakingadvantageofthisprofessionalloopholebyluringtranslatorstoworkforfreeunderthebannerofpublicwelfare.Itisquestionableforustothinkabouttheauthenticityofpublicbenefit.Thecompanygetsalotofprofit,becausetranslatorsoftenworkforthecompanyforfree.Therefore,translatorsarenotsomuchactiveinprovidingqualityservicesforvirtualcommunitiesastheyarecheaporfreelaborfortheexpansionofmultinationalcompaniesdrivenbythehiddenmarketingmechanism.Inthisway,translators'mentalworkbecomestheproductofcapitalexploitation.Althoughtranslatorsdon'tcarehowmuchmaterialbenefitscrowdsourcingcanbringtothem,itreflectstheimbalanceofcapitalincomedistributiontosomeextent.Crowdsourcingtranslationmode,becausetheentrythresholdofthetranslatorislowinalldirectionsfromthevirtualnetworkworld,theeducationtheyhaveacceptedisdifferent,whichleadstodiverseculturalbackgroundandvalues.Therefore,thetranslationproductsthattheyworktogetherwillbealittlecomplexandelusive.Whenreaderswatchthem,theywillhaveakindofconfusionaboutthecontent.InthecurrentInternetage,anyonewhohasaccesstotheInternetcandotranslationasamemberofcrowdsourcingtranslation.Therefore,thequalityofcrowdsourcingtranslationhasarousedpublicconcern.Duetothelackofprofessionalandauthoritativemarketaccessrestrictions,anyworkofanyonecanenterthemarket,whichundoubtedlydecreasesthequalityofthetranslationmarket.Takethebadwebsitesaroundusasanexample.Thereisalackofqualitycontrol,andsomeculturalproductsdeviatingfromthesocialistvaluescanbeseeneverywhere.Theseproductsdestroyourworldviewandvalueswithaninvisibleforce.Ifteenagersareexposedtosuchculturalproductstoomuch,theirvalueswillalsobedistorted.Violence,crimeandpornographywillbecomethemainstreamoftheirspiritualpursuit.Inaddition,lowqualitycrowdsourcingtranslationproducts,areawasteofresources.Itconsumestimeandnetworkresources,butproducesproductsthatarehardtoread.Duetothehighefficiencyofcrowdsourcingtranslation,thespreadspeedoffinishedproductsisfasterthantheofficialrelease,whichcausesacertainimpactontheofficialfilmandtelevisionwebsite.Whentheonlineaudiencesenjoytheresourcesfromcrowdsourcingtranslation,theywillnotspendothertimeinwatchingthemagainfromofficialwebsites.Asaresult,thenumberofvisitorstothefilmandtelevisionresourcesontheofficialwebsitedecreasegreatly.Alongwiththis,thepiratedresourcesriserapidlyontheInternet,andpeopledonotgettheresourcesfromtheofficialwebsite,whichleadsthenetworkfilmandtelevisionresourcesfullofchaos.Thecrowdsourcingmarketcangetoutofhandifaccessstandardsarenotregulated.Everyemergingthingistwo-sided,andweshouldlookattheprosandconsdialectically.Asfarascrowdsourcingtranslationisconcerned,itsadvantagesfaroutweighitsdisadvantages.Thelackofprofessionalrestrictionsfromtheoutsourcingcompanytothetranslatorleadstotheuncertaintyofthecrowdsourcingmarket.Therefore,thebiggestproblemistodoagoodjobintheprofessionalcontrolofthemarket,strictlycontrolthequalityofcrowdsourcing,andexportabatchofinexpensivetranslationproductstothepublicnetwork,soastopromotethedevelopmentofcrowdsourcingtranslationtoanewlevel.Inaddition,crowdsourcingtranslationisrestrictedbyeconomic,socialandlegalrestrictions.Although,manypartsofthenetworksubtitlegroupwebsitehaveastatementthattheviewersmustdeletethepublicresourceswithin24hoursafterwatching,andnotusethemtospreadforpleasenetworkpublicsharetheresourcesmustbedeletedwithin24hoursafterwatching,withoutspreadingforcommercialpurposes.Whenthevideoproducedbythesubtitlegroupconflictswiththetraditionalofficialvideowebsite,theviewingbaseofofficialresourcesisgreatlyreduced.Sothatthelegitimatepublishingindustrysufferamajorblow.Asforthechaosintheresourcemarket,Thestateadministrationofradiobegantotakemeasurestorectifythemarket,orderingtheclosureofhundredsofsimilarnichewebsites,whichcausesgreatlossestothesubtitlegroup.4ComparisonwithtraditionaltranslationmodelsInthetraditionaltranslationmodel,asanintermediary,thecontractorobtainsthetranslationcontractqualificationfromvariouscompanies,andthenpackagesthetasktoprofessionaltranslatorstorealizethetop-downtaskandinformationtransfer.Asanemergingtranslationmode,crowdsourcingtranslationbreakstheone-wayinformationtransmission,eliminatesintermediatepackers,andleavestheworkpreviouslyassignedtofull-timestafftothenon-full-timenetworkpublic.Thecomparisonbetweenthetwowillbediscussedintermsofcost,quality,speedandsocialvalue.4.1Cost,qualityandspeedSincethemodeofcrowdsourcingtranslationisatranslationactivityspontaneouslyorganizedbytheonlinepublicandfreelyundertakenbythem,thecostofcrowdsourcingtranslationisrelativelylow.Someonlinepublicsdonotacceptanymaterialreturnbecausetheyjustloveandliketheirworks.However,thetraditionaltranslationmodeisdifferent.Inessence,itisaformofoutsourcing.Astheintermediarybetweentheenterpriseandthetranslator,aspecializedoutsourcingagencytransmitstasksinaone-wayway.Thecostoftraditionaltranslationincludestheamountofprofitthattheenterpriseneedstoachieveinreleasingthetask,thebalanceearnedbytheoutsourcingagencythattransfersthetask,andtheremunerationformentalworkobtainedbythetranslator.Withoutanylinkofthesethreeparts,thetranslationactivitycannotbecarriedon.Thecostcomparisonofthreeoveronemakescrowdsourcingpopular.Takingsubtitlegroupasanexample,outoftheirloveforculturalproducts,Internetusersengageinthisindustrybyvirtueoftheirownculturaladvantages.Theyarebothproducersandconsumers,andtheypursuehigh-qualityculturalproducts.Inthiscase,theproductqualitydoesnotneedtobeinspectedbyaspecialorganization.However,withtheboomofcrowdsourcingtranslation,sometranslationproductsoflowqualityhaveappearedontheInternet.BecauseintheInternetera,thethresholdoftranslationhasbeenlowered.Aslong