虚拟语气精讲精练及答案

虚拟语气总览1.英语中的三种语气英语共有三种语气，陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气用来讲述事实，有肯定、否定、询问和感叹等形式，谓语动词有人称、时态和数的变化；祈使语气用于提出请求、建议、劝告、命令和警告等，以动词原形起句，否定式句前加Don’t；虚拟语气表示说话人所言内容不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、建议、请求、命令或猜测，有时只是说话者的主观愿望，或表达他/她的强烈情感，谓语动词用特殊形式。2.非真实条件句的虚拟语气条件从句主句过去haddonewould/should/might/could/oughttohavedone现在did（be用were）would/should/might/could/oughttodo将来1、did2、shoulddo3、weretodowould/should/might/could/oughttodo巧计主句中五个虚拟引导词：MSCOW(奶牛女士)：might,should,could,oughtto,would.与过去事实相反1).IfIhadhadmuchmoneyatthattime,Iwouldhaveboughtyouwhatyouwant.2).Ifyouhadbeenmorecareful,themistakemighthavebeenavoided.3).Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn’thavemadesuchamistake.4).Wewouldn’thavesucceededifithadnotbeenfortheirhelp.5).Ifyouhadbeenhereyesterday,youwouldhavemetthefilmstar.6).IfIhadknownmoreaboutgivingfirstaid,Icouldhavehelpedthem.7).Ifyouhadgotupearlier,youwouldhavecaughtthetrain.8).Ifwehadhadenoughrainlastyear,wecouldhavegainedagoodharvest.9).Ifyouhadworkedalittleharder,youcouldhavepassedthefinalexamination.10).Iftheyhadinvitedhertotheparty,shewouldhaveattendedit..与现在事实相反1).IfIwereyou,Iwouldgothereatonce.2).Ifmyclassmateswerehere,theywouldhelpme.3).IfIwereyou,Iwouldacceptthejob.4).Ifclassesweresmaller,childrenwouldlearnmore.5).IfIweretenyearsyounger,Iwouldstartalloveragain.6).IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldbuyalargehouse.7).IfIhadtime,Iwouldgoshoppingwithyou.8).IfIknewalltheanswerstoallyourquestions,Iwouldbeagenius.9).Ifhewereherenow,wewouldaskhimaboutit.10).IfIhadtime,IwouldstudyFrench.11).IfIknewhernumber,Icouldringher.(可惜我不知道)12).Iftherewerenogravity,weshouldnotbeabletowalk.(实际上地球引力始终存在。)13).IfIknewtheanswer,Iwouldtellyou.(实际上我确实不知道，所以肯定不能告诉你。)14).IfIhadmoneyonme,Iwouldlendyousome.15).Wewouldnotbeabletowalkiftherewerenofriction.16).Ifyouwereinmyposition,whatwouldyoudo17).Iftheytreatedmeasaslave,Ihadtoresign.18).Iftherewerenoexaminations,weshouldhaveamuchhappiertime.19).Ifwisheswerehorses,beggarsmightride.(如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子们都有了坐骑。)20).Lifemightbetoodullifithadnodifficultiesinit.(倘若生活中没了困难，就会过于平淡。).与将来事实相反1).Ifitrained/shouldrain/weretoraintomorrow,wewouldhavearest.2).Ifthesunweretorisefromthewest,Iwouldmarryyou.(注意：对将来虚拟的条件从句中，在实现的可能性方面过去式did最大，shoulddo中等，weretodo最小。如本句太阳没有可能从西方升起，所以本句用wereto最恰当。)3).IfIweretomeethertomorrow,Iwouldaskheraboutit.4).Ifgreenplantsshoulddisappearsomeday,therewouldhardlybeanylifeontheearth.5).IfIweretodothework,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.6).Ifitshould(wereto)rainthisafternoon,thefootballmatchwouldbeputoff.7).Ifyoumissedthefilmthisevening,youwouldbesorryforit.(如果今晚错过了这场电影，你会遗憾的。实际上，你不会错过。)8).IfIweretoseehertomorrow,Iwouldinviteherhome.9).Ifyoulivedthereforseveralmonths,youwouldchangeyourmindabouttheplace.10).Ifthingsweretobedonetwice,allwouldbewise.(如果事情能被做两次，人人都会变得明智。).混合型1).Ifyouhadfollowedthedoctor’sadvice,youwouldbemuchbetternow.(过去→现在)2).Ifyouhadworkedhard,youwouldbeacollegestudentnow.(过去→现在)3).Ifyouhadlistenedtome,youwouldn’tbeinsuchtroublenow.(过去→现在)4).Ifyouhadgotsixmorevotesyesterday,youwouldbeourchairmannow.(过去→现在)5).IfIhadearnedmuchmoneylastsummer,Iwouldgoonavacationnextmonth.(过去→将来)6).Ifyouhesitatedthismoment,youmightsufferinfuture.(现在→将来)7).Ifthedoctorhadcomesoonerlastnight,Tomwouldbealivetoday.(过去→现在)8).IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavegonetoherbirthdayparty.(现在→过去)9).Ifithadrainedlastnight,thegroundwouldbewetnow.(过去→现在)10).Ifyouhadn’tlentmesomemoney,Icouldn’thaveboughtthenewhouseandmostlikelyIwouldn’tbestilllivinginthedangeroushousenow.(过去→过去→现在).if的省略与条件句的倒装1).WereIyou,Iwouldhaveacceptedthejob.2).Wereshehere,shewouldsupportus.3).Wereyoutogofishingwithme,youwouldhaveamuchhappiertime.4).Weremenangels,nogovernmentwouldbenecessary.(如果人人都是天使，政府就没有必要了。)5).Wereshemydaughter,Iwouldn’tallowhertostudyabroad.6).Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhavemetmygirlfriend.7).HadItime,Iwouldcome.(本句中had是实意动词，而非主动词。)8).HadIbeeninformedearlier,Icouldhavedonesomethingtopreventitfromhappening.9).Manypersonsintheworlswouldhavesucceededhadtheynotwastedtheirvaluabletime.10).Shoulditbefinetomorrow,wewouldgoouting.11).Shouldyouchangeyourmind,noonewouldblameyou.12).Wewouldgonetoyourbirthdaypartyhadyouinvitedus.13.Iwouldgoshoulditbenecessary.14).WhatwouldhavehappenedhadBobwalkedfarther,asfarastheriverbank15).Haditnotbeenforyou,Iwouldhavelostmyway.16).Wereitnotforwater,noplantcouldgrow.(注：例句8、9知识点见“二→6→B→a”。)17).Betheycommonpeopleorhigh-rankingofficials,theystandequalbeforethelaw.(Whethertheybe…)18).Betheweatherwhatitmay,Iwillleavetomorrow.(Whethertheweatherbewhatitmay,…)(注：例句13、14知识点见“八→5”。注意：在这一结构中，若条件句为否定句，not应被放在主语之后，而不能缩写成weren’t,shouldn’t或hadn’t而置于居首。如例15，16。.含蓄型：A.with：“要是有，如果有”，表示与现在事实相反的假设。1).Withyourhelp,wewouldhaveworkedouttheproblem.(要是有你的帮助，我们早就解出这道题了。实际上你没有帮助我们，我们也没有解出这道题。)2).Withalittleasssistance,Alexanderwouldhavesucceeded.3).Withbetterequipment,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.B.a.without/butfor/ifitwerenotfor(wereitnotfor)/ifithadn’tbeenfor(haditnotbeenfor)/intheabsenceof+Sb./Sth.b.butthat+句子；注意:.都表示“要不是，若非，如果没有,如果不是”,表示与现在事实相反的假设。1).Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldn’thavemadesuchrapidprogress.2).Withouttheprogrammer(程序编制人员),thecomputerwouldbeuseless.3).Withoutsunshine,nothingcouldgrowonearth.4).Withoutwaterorair,nothingcouldlive.5).Withoutcontradictionnothingcouldexist.(没有矛盾，就没有世界)6).Withouthim,wewouldhavefailed.7).Withoutthedifficulieswewouldnotknowgreatmen’stoughness.(如果没有困难，我们就不会了解伟人的坚韧性格。)8).Iwouldnevermakeitwithoutthehavitsoforderanddiligence.(假如没有按部就班和勤奋的习惯，我就不会成功。)9).Withoutchallenges,ObamawouldneverhavebeenPresidentoftheUnitedStates.10).Withoutsteel,therewouldbenomodernindustry.(没有钢，就没有现代工业。)11).Butfortherain,weshouldhavehadapleasantjourney.12).Butforyourtimelyrescue,theboywouldhavedrowned.13).Butforfriction,peoplecouldneitherwalk,norevenstandup.(注：以上例句1-13without,butfor都可互换，并可替换为intheabsenceof;若是对现在或将来的虚拟，可用Ifitwerenotfor替换；若是对过去的虚拟则可用Ifithadnotbeenfor来替换。)14).Butthathesawit,hecouldnothavebelievedit.15).ThelittlegirlwouldhavefallenintotheriverbutthatthePLAmancaughther.16).Butthatyoudidn’tletmetakethatcupofteaIwouldhavebeenposionedtodeath.17).Shewouldhavecometoseeyouthatdaybutthatshewasill.(=Butforherillness)18).Butthatitsnowedheavily,theycouldhavearrivedthereearlier.(=Butfortheheavysnow,…)19).Shewouldhaveboughtthebookbutthatshehadnomoneythen.20).Ifitweren’tformyjob,Iwouldcomewithyou.21).Ifitwerenotforhiswife’smoneyhewouldneverbeamayor.22).Ifithadn’tbeenforthedoctor’scare,Ishouldnotbespeakingtoyounow.23).Ifithadnotbeenforyou,Icouldnothaveworkedouttheproblem.C.or,orelse,otherwise；1).Ididn’tcatchthebus,otherwiseIwouldn’thavemissedthefilm.2).Igotuptoolate,otherwiseIwouldn’thavebeenlateforthemeeting.3).Shewasn’tfeelingverywell.Otherwiseshewouldn’thaveleftthemeetingsoearly.4).Iwasillthatday.OtherwiseIwouldhavetakenpartintheparade(游行).5).Iambusynow.Otherwise,Iwouldhelpyou.6).Hecan’thavewrittentome,otherwiseIwouldhavegothisletterbynow.7).Hetoldmeofyourarrival,orIwouldhaveknownnothingaboutit.8).Thesoldierfledaway,orhewouldhavebeenkilled.9).Ididn’tknowthathewasaliar,orelseIwouldn’thavebelievedhim.D.通过上下文推断，没有引导词，真正的含蓄。1).Borninbettertimes,hewouldhavebeenascholar(学者).2).Iwoulddosoinyourposition.3).Givenmoretime,wewoulddoitbetter.4).Unlessyouhaddoneitearlier,youwouldhavefailed..suppose(that),supposing(that);provided(that);assuming(that);onconditionthat;giventhat1).Suppose/supposingthattherewerenogravity,objectswouldnotfalltogroundwhendropped.=Iftherewerenogravity,objectswouldnotfalltogroundwhendropped.2).Supposingyoucouldn’twrite,whatwouldyoudo3).Childrenwerepermittedintothehallforthefilmprovided(that)theydidnotmakeanytrouble.4).Theguardsallowthetouriststogointothewoodsonconditionthatthey(should)donoharmtotheanimals.(onconditionthat=onlyif,它所引导从句的谓语动词的语气可陈述，可虚拟，但均表示一个真实条件。)5).Giventhathedoesn’tagreetodoit,weshalldoitalone.(giventhat表示一个真实条件，其从句谓语动词用陈述语气。)3.宾语从句的虚拟语气.wishwishthat…haddone→表示对过去已发事情的虚拟wishthat…did/were→表示对现在正发事情的虚拟wishthat…wereto/should/could/might/woulddo→表示对将来要发事情的虚拟 1).IwishIwereabird.2).Theuglygirlwishesshewerebetterlooking. 3).SometimesIwishIwerelivinginadifferenttimeandadifferentplace. 4).HowIwisheveryfamilyhadalargehousewithabeautifulgarden! 5).IhaveneverbeentoNewYork,buthowIwishIhad. 6).IwishIcouldflytothemooninaspaceshiponeday. 7).Howwewishwecouldhavearesttomorrow! 8).IwishIcouldstandonabusystreetcorner,hatinhand,andbegpeopletothrowmealltheirwastedhours.(我希望自己站在熙熙攘攘的大街上，手里拿着帽子，乞求人们把废弃的时光扔给我。) 9).IwishIhadnevermethim. 10).Iwishyouhadn’tspentsomuchmoney..wouldrather(that)…本结构从句是一般过去时时，表示一个对现在或将来的愿望；是过去完成时时，表示对过去已发事件的一种妄想，表明说话者宁愿某人做或没有做某事，实际上却恰恰相反。具有相同用法的结构还有wouldsooner,wouldassoon,wouldjustassoon，它们可替换wouldrather。1).Iwouldratheryouwerehomenow.2).I’dsooneryoupaintedthewallgreennexttime.3).Iwouldratheryouhadbeentherewithme.(实际上不是你，是别人)4).I’dratheryouhadmorehealththanwealth.5).I’dratheryouhadn’tdonethat.(实际上已做)6).IwouldratherthatIhadstayedathomeyesterday.(实际上并没有)7).IwouldjustassoonthatJohnhadn’tspokenrudelytome.8).I’dratheryouhadtoldmethetruth.9).I’drathereverytinghadn’thappenedbetweenus.试比较：1)、wouldrather后接动词原形，表示对现在或将来某种行为的一种主观愿望或选择，为陈述语气。1).Iwouldratherstayathomethangotothecinema.2).Thebravesoldierswouldtatherdiethansurrendertotheenemy.3).I’drathernotgotothecinematonight.2)、wouldrather后接不定式完成时表示对已发生事件的后悔。4).I’drathernothavetoldherthenews.Sheissuchagossip.5).Thefilmwasterrible.I’drathernothavegonetothecinemalastnight.6).---Didyoublamehimforhismistakes---Yes,butI’drathernothavedoneit..表示愿望、建议、请求、命令等含义的动词3.3.1.这类动词的宾语从句的谓语形式为should+动词原形，should可以省略，但引导词that通常不省略。常用的这类动词有：advise忠告，建议ask要求command命令decide决定demand要求desire希望，可望determine决定insist坚持order命令prefer宁愿promise允诺propose提议recommend推荐，劝告request要求require要求suggest建议3.3.2.巧记宾从用虚拟语气的动词方法一、一坚二命三建四要一坚持→insist 二命令→order,command三建议→suggest,advise,recommend 四要求→require,request,demand,desire方法二、DISCO（迪斯科）D→demand I→insist S→suggest C→command O→order方法三、Idropcaps.I→insist D→demand/desire R→require/request/recommend O→order P→propose C→command A→advise P→prefer S→suggest3.3.3.例句 1).Thedriverdemandedthatallthepassengersshowtheirticketstohim. 2).Theofficerorderedthathistroopsmoveontothefront. 3).Thecommandercommandedthatweattackatonce. 4).Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.5).Ipreferthatyounoteatthatmuch. 6).IproposethatMr.Libethechairman. 7).Irecommendedthatyoushouldreduceyourexpenditure. 8).Heasksthathebegivenanopportunitytotrythismethod. 9).IaskedthatIbeallowedtoseeher.10).Heinsistedthatadoctorbesentforatonce.11).Ourteacherinsistedthatwenotplaycomputergamesatschool.12).Whodoyousuggestbesenttoworkthere13).Wesuggestthathegivelessmoneytohischild.14).Mr.WangsuggestedthatItakeenoughsleepbeforethefinalexamination.15).Hedeterminedthatshesetoffatonce.16).Sheadvisedthatwekeepthedoorlocked.17).Theyrequirethatvisitorsnotsmokeintheworkshop.18).Mr.Wangrequiredthatallthestudentsbepolitetoothers.注：以上各例句宾语从句中谓语动词前统统省略了should。3.3.4、suggest与insist之例外 suggest作“建议”解时用虚拟语气，作“表明”解时用陈述语气；insist作“坚持”解时用虚拟语气，作“坚持认为，坚持说”解时用陈述语气。 1).Thesmileonmymother’sfacesuggestedthatshewasdelightedwithmyexaminationresult.(非虚拟)2).Hisyawnssuggestedthathewassleepy.（非虚拟）3).Allthesefactssuggestthatheisinnocent.（非虚拟）4).Jane’spalefacesuggestedthatshewasill,andhisparentssuggestedthatshehaveamedicalexamination.(前实后虚)5).Heinsistedthathehaddoneright.（非虚拟）6).Heinsistedthathewasnotinvolvedinthecase.（非虚拟）7).Heinsistedthathehadnotbeenlatethatmorning.（非虚拟） 8).Heinsistedthatwhathesaidwastrueandweinsistedthathegoandhavealook.(前实后虚) 9).Theagedmaninsistedthathewasn’tillandshouldn’tbesenttothehospital.4.主语从句的虚拟语气基本结构：Itbe/seem+(表示愿望、建议、命令、要求、意志、惊讶、不满、遗憾等意义的)形容词/过去分词/名词+that+主语+（should）+动词原形.在本结构中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句，从句中谓语动词的形式为shoulddo,should可以省略。.Itis+adj.+that+…(should)do…常用的此类形容词有：advisable明智的amazing令人吃惊的disappointing令人失望的embarrassing令人尴尬的essential重要的important重要的incredible令人难以置信的natural自然的necessary必需的,不可缺少的strange奇怪的surprising令人惊讶的vital至关重要的urgent紧急的astonishing令人惊讶的imperative势在必行的 1).Itisnaturalthatheobjecttoaplanlikethat. 2).Itisnecessarythatwetellhimthetruthatonce. 3).Itisnotnecessarythateveryonebeascientist. 4).Itisessentialthateverychildbegiventhesameeducationalopportunities. 5).Itisurgentthatadoctorshouldbesentforimmediately.6).Itisadvisablethateveryonehaveamap.7).Itisvitalthattheheadmasterreceivethisletterthisevening.8).Itisimportantthatyoushouldthankthosewhosupportedyouthroughthedisappointments.(重要的是,你应该感谢那些在你失意时给予你支持的人。)9).Itisreallystrangethatthegirlbemarriedsoearly.(真奇怪，那小姑娘竟然这么早就出嫁了！) 10).Itisamazingthatheshouldhavelearntsomuchinsuchashorttime. 11).Itisstrangethathehaveleftwithoutsayinggood-bye. 12).Itissurprisingthatheshouldbesofoolishastobelieveherlie13).Itwasastonishingthatshehavekeptthesecretfromhimallthroughtheirlifetime.14).Itseemsincrediblethathehavefinishedtheworksosoon.(他竟然这么快就完成了工作，这似乎令人难以置信。)注意： a.在Itisamazing/surprising/astonishing/strange/incrediable/apity/ashamethat...结构中，that虚拟从句表示说话人的惊讶、懊悔、失望等强烈的情感，含有“竟然,居然”的意思，表明所发生的事情非常出人意料。如上面例句9-14。再如：15).It’sapitythatheshouldmissthelecture.（真遗憾，他竟然错过了这次演讲。）16).It’sapitythatheshouldturndownmyoffer.(真遗憾，他竟然拒绝了我的提议。)17).Itisashamethatsheshouldbehavelikethat.(她竟然表现的那么差劲，真丢人。) b.本结构还可形变为Itis+of+上述形容词相对应的名词形式+that…(should)do…。如： 18).Itisofutmostimportancethatyoubehereontime..Itis+过去分词+that…(should)do…常见的此类过去分词有：suggestedordereddesiredproposeddecidedrecommendedrequestedrequireddemanded1).Itissuggestedthatmoretreesshouldbeplantedtopreventsandatorms.2).Itisrequiredthatthestudentswearschooluniformsatschool.3).Itisdecidedthatnosmokingbeallowedinthelibrary.4).Itisdemandedthatoneofthestudentsshouldstaytolookafterthethings.5).Itisproposedthatthismatterbeconsideredatthenextmeeting.6).Itisrecommendedthattheworkshouldn’tbestarteduntilallthepreparationshavebeenmade.5.表语从句的虚拟语气基本结构：(表示提议、建议、命令、要求的)名词+be+that+主语+(should)+动词原形.常见的此类名词有：advicedecisiondemandideaorderplanrecommendationproposalrequestsuggestionpitydesirewishrequirement1).Mysuggestionisthatweshouldtryourbesttohelptherefugeesoftheearthquakes.2).Thecommander’sorderwasthatsoliderssetoutatonce.3).Ourideaisthatthematchbeputoff.4).Ourdecisionisthattheschoolremainclosed.5).Thedoctor’sadvicewasthatyougiveupsmoking.6).Hispropoalisthatthematterbediscussedatthenextmeeting.7).Ourwishisthatheshoulddowhathepleases.8).Mydesireisthatallthemembersofthefamilygatheronceayear.6.同位语从句的虚拟语气基本结构：(表示提议、建议、命令、要求的)名词+that+主语+(should)+动词原形.常见的此类名词有：advicedecisiondemandideaorderplanrecommendationproposalrequestsuggestionpitydesirewishrequirement1).Thepeopleexpressedtheirdesirethatthewarcometoanendassoonaspossible.2).Whatdoyouthinkofmysuggestionthatwesendafewworkerstohelptheothegroups3).Iagreedtotheideathatadoctorbesentfor.4).Mr.Wang’sadvicethatweshouldgooverourplanoncemoreisreasonable.5).Iamallfortheproposalthataspecialgroupbesetuptolookintothematter.6).Itismydesirethatallthemembersofthefamilygatheronceayear.7.定语从句的虚拟语气基本结构：a.Itis(high,about)time+that+主语+动词过去式.b.Itis(high,about)time+that+主语+shoulddo.(注意:should不能省略,that可以省略。)本结构表示“目前该做却还没有做的事”，该事早就该做了，时间已经有些晚了。1).Itishightimethatwewereoff.2).Itistimethatsomeonetaughtyoutobehaveyourself.3).It’sabouttimethatweshouldputanendtothiscontroversy(争论，正义).4).Itishightimethatweshouldprepareforthefinal.5).Itabouttimeweshouldconsiderwhattodonext.6).It’stimewesettowork.(set为过去式)7).It’stimewestarted/setoff/setout/left.8).It’stimewefoundsomewheretoeat.注：句型It’stimetodosth./It’stimeforsb.todosth./It’stimeforsth.表示“该做某事了，是做某事的时候了”，没有“目前该做却还没有做的事”的含义。8.其它类虚拟语气.asif/though属于时态型虚拟语气，其动词结构与wish之后的虚拟语气相同。过去haddone现在did（be用were）将来wereto/should/could/might/woulddo 1).ShespeaksEnglishveryfluentlyasthoughshewereborninEngland.(实际上不是) 2).Themantalkedtoomuchasthoughheweredrunk.(实际上说话人认为他并未喝醉) 3).HetalkedasifhehadtakenpartintheLongMarch. 4).Heoperatedthemachineasifhewereaskilledworker. 5).Irememberthewholethingasifithadhappenedyesterday. 6).Itwouldbeanexcellentruletoliveeachdayasifweshoulddietomorrow. 注：以上例句1-6asif/though引导的是方式状语从句；但如果主句的动词是系动词be,feel,look,seem,sound,appear等时，asif/though引导的便是表语从句了。如下列例句7-11。7).MaryfeltasthoughMr.Wangwereherfather. 8).Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifitwerebroken. 9).Heappearedasifhehadknownnothingaboutit.(他看上去对此一无所知。) 10).Ifeelasifwehadknowneachotherforages. 注意：asif/though之后即可接虚拟语气，又可接陈述语气，试比较： 11).Itlooksasif/thoughitmightrain.(好像天要下雨。虚拟语气，与将来事实相反，实际上不会。)12).Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.(陈述语气，实际上确实会下雨。).evenif/though引导的让步状语从句 属于时态型虚拟语气，说的不一定是事实，往往表示一种虚拟的让步，其时态结构与if引导的虚拟条件句一样。过去haddone现在did（be用were）将来1、did；2、shoulddo；3、weretodo 1).EvenifIwererich,Iwouldwork. 2).Iwon’tlendyouanymoneyevenifIhadmoney. 3).EventhoughIhadbeenwithyouthen,Icouldnothavehelpedyou. 4).Wewouldn’tloseheartevenifweshouldfailonehundredtimes. 5).Evenifhehadbeenthere,Ishouldhavesaidthesamething. 6).Eventhoughyouhadenoughmoney,youcouldnotbuythelosttime. 7).Itisbettertoinvitehimeventhoughheshouldrufuse. 注意：Evenif/though也可引导陈述语气的句子，表达一种真实的让步。试比较： 7).Evenifitrainstomorrow,Iwillgosightingwithyou.(情况真实，确实照办) 8).EvenifIbecomeamillionaire,Ishallalwaysbeasocialist.（陈述语气）.ifonly(=HowIwish)引导的虚拟语气 属于时态型虚拟语气，表示一种强烈的愿望、遗憾或不满，意为“要是……就好了”，“但愿”。 1).IfonlyIhadmoremoney!Icouldbuysomenewclothes. 2).IfonlyIhadnotcheatedintheexamination! 3).Ifonlywehaddoneasweweretold!Thiswouldneverhavehappened. 4).IfonlyIweretenyearsyounger! 5).Ifonlyyouhadtoldmeinadvance! 6).IfonlyIhadnotmarriedbeforeImetyou! 7).Ifonlyyouhadarrivedalittleearlier! 注意:ifonly与onlyif的区别：onlyif中only只起到加强、突出的作用，if的词义并为改变，意为“只有在……条件下”，表示条件的唯一性。如： 8).OnlyifyouhelpmecanIsucceed. 9).Iwillgohomeonlyifyougowithme. 10).---WillyoucometoBirthdayPartytomorrow---OnlyifyoupromisenottoinviteTom..lest,forfearthat引导的目的状语从句基本结构：lest(forfearthat)+主语+should+动词原形隶属should型虚拟语气，其后动词用should+动词原形，should可换为might,would,也可以省略，意味“以免……,为了……不……”。 1).Shetookataxitothestationlestsheshouldmissthetrain.(=Shetookataxitothestationsothat(或inorderthat)sheshouldnotmissthetrain.=Shetookataxitothestationincasesheshouldmissthetrain.) 2).Heremindedhertwiceofitlestsheshouldforget. 3).Shealwaysstudieshardlestshelagbehind. 4).Neverletchildrenplaywithfirelesttheymightsetfiretothehouses. 5).IquietlyenteredtheroomlestIshouldwakeupmybaby. 6).Hismotherpunishedhimlestheshouldmakethesamemistakeagain.7).Heburnedalltheimportantdocumentslesttheyshouldfallintotheenemy’shands. 8).Weighwellyourwordslesttheybeswords. 9).Wemustnotpromisewhatweshouldnot,lestwebecalledontoperformwhatwecannot. 注：以上例句1-9中lest都可被forfearthat替换。.whether…or…引导的让步状语从句意为“不管/不论是……还是……”，结构为：whether+主语+be+表语一+or+表语二，…1).Whetherheberichorpoor,Iwillmarryhim.(可省略whether,此时要到装：Beherichorpoor,...)2).Whetheritbeneworold,itismybike.(=Beitneworold,itismybike.)3).Behefriendorfoe,thelawregardshimascriminal.(=Whetherhebefriendorfoe,…)4).Whetherthefiguresbeaccurateornot,mtheyhavetoberechecked.5).Betheycommonpeopleorhigh-rankingofficials(高官)theystandequalbeforethelaw.6).Everymorninghegoesjoggingalongthelake,whetheritbefineorrainy.7).ShecantranslateallthesebooksintoChinese,betheyEnglish,FrenchorLatin.8).Whetherthiscriticismbewiseorfoolish,importantorinsignificant,itisatleastnatured.(不管这批评是明智的还是愚蠢的，重要的还是无关紧要的，至少它是善意的。).表示祝愿、礼貌的虚拟语气8.6.1.LongliveChairmanMao!(live不加-s)Godblessyou!(bless不加-es)8.6.2.Maysb.dosth!&Wishsb.sth!1).Mayyousucceed!→Wishyousuccess!2).Mayyouhaveagoodtrip.→Wishyouagoodtrip.3).Mayyouhaveahappybirthday.→Wishyouagoodbirthday.4).Mayyouhaveahappylife.→Wishyouahappylife.5).MaythespiritofLeiFengliveonforever!(愿雷锋精神永存！)8.6.3.有时出于礼貌，使语气婉转，也可避免强加于人而使用虚拟语气，用来表示请求对方做某事。1).Iwaswonderingifyoucouldlendmeahand.2).Iwouldbegratefulifyoucouldlendmesomemoney.3).Iwouldreallyappreciateifyoutookamessageforher.4).Iwouldbemosthonoredifyoutaughtmehowtostartthemachine.5).Itwouldbeniceifyouhelpedmeabitwiththehousework..含有责备语气的虚拟语气：情态动词+havedoneneedhavedone →本有必要做却未作 needn’thavedone →本不必做却做should/oughttohavedone →本该做却未做shouldn’thavedone →本不该做却做couldhavedone →本能做却未做couldn'thavedone →本不能做却做但应注意：musthavedone则表示对过去的推测。1).Icouldhaveprovidedyouwiththefunds.Whydidn’tyouaskme2).Theweatherturnedouttobefineyesterday.Ineedn'thavetakenthetroubletocarrymyumbrellawithme.(06年江西)3).Mr.Whiteshouldhavearrivedat8：30forthemeeting,buthedidn’tshowup.(04年全国一高考)4).—I’lltellMaryabouthernewjobtomorrow.—Youshouldhavetoldherlastweek.(04年福建高考)5).Haditnotbeenforthetrafficjam,Ishouldhavecoveredfiftymiles.6).Sheoughttohavehadmoreconsiderationforyou.(他本应更多地为你着想。)7).Idon’tthinkyououghttohavedonethat.(我认为你本不该做那种事。)8).Theyoughtn’ttohaveletyououtofhospitalsosoon.(他们本来不应该让你这么快出院。)9).Youneedn’thavecomeoveryourself.Youcouldhavegivenmearinginstead.(你本不必亲自过来，你本可以给我打个电话就行了。)10).Youneedn'thavetoldhimthenews;heknewitalready.11).Youshouldn'thavecriticizedhimsternlytohisface.(你不应该当面这么严厉地批评他。).关注but在虚拟语气中，but分句所起的作用相当于if从句的反义句，点出现在或过去的某一事实，故用陈述语气。(butIwish除外)1).IwouldhaveinvitedhertothepartybutIdidn’tknowherwell.(but…=ifIhadknownherwell)2).IwouldhavehadarestbutIhadsomuchworktodo.(but…=ifIhadn’thadsomuchworktodo)3).Shewouldhavecometoseeyoubutshewasillthatday.(but…=ifshehadn’tbeenillthatday)4).IshouldhavegonetothepartybutIwasnotinvited.(but…=ifIhadbeeninvited)5).IhavenoChinese-Englishdictionary,butIwishIhadone.6).Ihaveneverbeentothemoon,butIwishIhad.9.虚拟语气顿悟.通览虚拟语气，大致可以将其分为“时态型”和“should+动原型”两类，表析如下：虚拟语气时态类引导的非真实条件句见上述二之后的宾语从句见上述三---1rather/sooner/assoon/justassoon之后的宾语从句见上述三---2if/rough引导的方式状语从句见上述八---1if/though引导的让步状语从句见上述八---2only引导的感叹句见上述八---3Should加动词原形类1.“一坚二命三建四要”之后的宾语从句(should可省略)见上述三---32.主语从句(should可省略)见上述四3.表语从句(should可省略)见上述五4.同位语从句(should可省略)见上述六5.定语从句(should不可省略,shoulddo可改为did)见上述七(forfearthat)引导的目的状语从句见上述八---4it/he(may)be…or…见上述八---5.确定时间，选择动词形式在时态型虚拟语气中，确定是对过去、现在还是将来的虚拟，是确定动词形式的关键，因为虚拟动词的“式”是由动作所发生的“时”决定的。动作发生的“时”虚拟动词的“式”从句主句过去haddonewould/should/might/could/oughttohavedone现在did（be用were）would/should/might/could/oughttodo将来1、did2、shoulddo3、weretodowould/should/might/could/oughttodo请看如下例题：例1.A.Ifhe_______,he_______thatfood.B.Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.a.waswarned;wouldnottakeb.hadbeenwarned;wouldnothavetakenc.wouldbewarned;hadnottakend.wouldhavebeenwarned;hadnottaken从B的应答分析，A所说的事情发生在过去，表明的当时没有人警告他，结果他吃了那种事物。实话反说就成了虚拟语气，主句和从句都是对过去的虚拟，从句用haddone,主句用wouldhavedone,所以b是正确答案。例2.Ifthesun_______riseinthewest,myloveforyouwouldbeunchanged.a.shouldb.werec.weretod.shall题干在说“要想让我对你的爱不改变，除非有一天太阳打西边出来”，主句和从句都是对将来的虚拟，虚拟条件句“太阳打西边出”根本就不可能实现，所以用weretodo，选择c。例3.______________解读题干可知，“他”现在不知道答案是因为之前没有认真听讲，一个是对现在的虚拟，一个是对过去的虚拟，是混合型虚拟语气。虚拟语气知识点巩固、助记性精练()1.Jeandoesn’twanttoworkrightaway,becauseshethinksthatifshe_______ajobsheprobablywouldn’tbeabletoseeherfriendsveryoften.A.hastoget B.were