计算机专业英语第4版-Data Processing Technology

DataProcessingTechnology4.1DatabasePrinciple4.2DataWarehouseandDataMining4.3BigData4.4CloudComputingTechnology4.5专业英语应用模块1Adatabaseisacollectionofrelateddata.Bydata,wemeanknownfactsthatcanberecordedandthathaveimplicitmeaning.Adatabasehasthefollowingimplicitproperties:Adatabaseisalogicallycoherentofdatawithsomeinherentmeaning.Arandomassortmentofdatacannotbereferredtoasadatabase.Adatabaseisdesigned,built,andpopulatedwithdataforaspecificpurpose.Ithasanintendedgroupofusersandsomepreconceivedapplicationsinwhichtheseusersareinterested.Adatabaserepresentssomeaspectoftherealworld,sometimescalledthemini-world.Changestothemini-worldarereflectedinthedatabase.24.1DatabasePrincipleInotherwords,adatabasehassomesourcefromwhichdataarederived,somedegreeofinteractionwitheventsintherealworld,andanaudiencethatisactivelyinterestedinthecontentsofthedatabase.Thesemulti-userdatabasesaremanagedbyapieceofsoftwarecalledaDataBaseManagementSystem(DBMS).Itisthiswhichdifferentiatesadatabasefromanordinarycomputerfile.Betweenthephysicaldatabasesitself(i.e.thedataasactuallystored)andtheusersofthesystemistheDBMS.OnegeneralfunctionoftheDBMSistheshieldingofdatabaseusersfrommachinecode.3Adatabasemanagementsystemisacollectionofprogramsthatenablesuserstocreateandmaintainadatabase.4LogicalStructuresofDBMS（1）Liststructures（2）Treestructures（3）Networkstructures（4）RelationalstructuresArelationalstructureismadeupofmanytables.Thedataarestoredintheformof“relations”inthesetables.Forexample,relationtablescouldbeestablishedtolinkacollegecoursewiththeinstructorofthecourse,andwiththelocationoftheclass.5InformationSystemTheobjectiveofinformationsystemsistoprovideinformationtoalllevelsofmanagementatthemostrelevanttime,atanacceptablelevelofaccuracy,andataneconomicalcost.Individualbusinessesrequireinformationaccordingtothenatureoftheiroperations.Informationsystemsareoftencomputerizedbecauseoftheneedtorespondquicklyandflexiblytoqueries.TheformidabletaskoftheMISdesigneristodeveloptheinformationflowneededtosupportdecision-making.6appropriate 适当的assortment 分类，各种各样audience 观众coherent 一致的，连贯的database 数据库differentiate 区别，区分elevate 举起，提拔extraction 抽出，取出formidable 艰难的，令人敬畏的implicit 暗示的，固有的interaction 交互作用7invoice

发票preconceive 事先认为prevailing 优势的，主要的purchase 购买reflect 反映resemble 类似于，像restrict 限制，限定schema

模式shielding

屏蔽，防护层surgeon 外科医生transaction 事务，交易8[1]

Adatabaseisdesigned,built,andpopulatedwithdataforaspecificpurpose.译文：数据库是用于某种特定目的而设计、构造和提供数据的。本句的谓语动词有三个，即“designed,built,andpopulated”，用被动语态表示客观性，“foraspecificpurpose”是宾语补足语。9[2]Eachlogicalrecordoccurrencemay,inturn,requiredatafrommorethanonephysicalrecordheldintheactualdatabase.译文：每个逻辑记录值可能依次需要多个保存在实际数据库物理记录中的数据。本句的“inturn”是插入语，“frommorethan…”是宾语补足语，进一步说明宾语“data”。10[3]Asageneralguide,thedetailcontainedinreportscontaininginformationvariesaccordingtothepositionoftherecipientinthehierarchicalmanagementstructure.译文：作为一般性的指导，信息报告的细节随接受者在管理阶层中的位置而变化。本句中，过去分词短语“containedinreports”作定语，修饰“detail”；现在分词短语“containinginformation”同样作定语，修饰“reports”；“accordingto…”作伴随状语。11[4]Theyrequireinformationrelatingtoeventsastheyoccursothatappropriateactioncanbetakentocontrolthem.译文：他们需要与正在发生的事件相关的信息以便采取适当的措施控制它们。本句中，分词短语“relatingtoevents”作定语，修饰“information”；“astheyoccur”为伴随状语；“sothat…”为目的状语从句。12[5]Generallyspeaking,muchoftheinformationneededbymanagerswhooccupydifferentlevelsandwhohavedifferentresponsibilitiesisobtainedfromacollectionofexistinginformationsystems(orsubsystems).译文：通常，不同级别、不同职能的管理者所需的信息大多来自现有信息系统（或子系统）集。本句的“neededbymanagers”作定语，修饰“information”；“who…andwho…”为两个并列的定语从句，均修饰“managers”。13IntroductiontoTypicalDatabasesMicrosoftSQLServeristhefirstscalablehigh-performancedatabasemanagementsystemdesignedtomeetthedemandingrequirementsofdistributedclient/servercomputing.Aspartofeverydatabaseserver,OracleprovidestheOracleEnterpriseManager(EM),adatabasemanagementtoolframeworkwithagraphicalinterfaceusedtomanagedatabaseusers,instances,andfeaturesthatcanprovideadditionalinformationabouttheOracleenvironment.14TheWebprovidesaccesstoavarietyofdatathatcanbemultimedia-rich.Readilyavailableinformationretrievaltechniquessuchasinvertedindices,whichallowefficientkeyword-basedaccesstotext,largelyenabledaccesstotheexponentiallygrowingWeb.Today’sDBMStechnologyfacesyetanotherchallengeasresearchersattempttomakesenseoftheimmenseamountofheterogeneous,fast-evolvingdataavailableontheWeb.Thelargenumberofcooperatingdatabasesgreatlycomplicatesautonomyandheterogeneityissuesandrequiresacarefulscalableapproach.154.2DataWarehouseandDataMiningManycompanieshaveallowedtheirdatatobestoredinmanyseparatesystemsthatareunabletoprovideaconsolidatedviewofinformationusablecompany-wide.Onewaytoaddressthisproblemistobuildadatawarehouse.Adatawarehouseisadatabasethatconsolidatesdataextractedfromvariousproductionandoperationalsystemsintoonelargedatabasethatcanbeusedformanagementreportingandanalysis.16Adatawarehouseisbecomingmoreofanecessitythananaccessoryforaprogressive,competitive,andfocusedorganization.Itprovidestherightfoundationforbuildingdecisionsupportandexecutiveinformationsystemtoolsthatareoftenbuilttomeasureandprovideafootforhowwellanorganizationisprogressingtowarditsgoals.17Theinfrastructurethatsupportsthedatawarehouseapplicationreliesonthesametechnologiesthatmostotherapplicationsaredependentupon.Thedifferenceisinthevarietyandspecializationattheproductlevelthatcangreatlyimprovethequalityofthedatawarehouseinfrastructure.Datawarehousesoftencontaincapabilitiestoremodelthedata.Arelationaldatabaseallowsviewsofdataintotwodimensions.Amultidimensionalviewofdataletsuserslookatdatainmorethantwodimensions.18Dataminingisaboutanalyzingdataandfindinghiddenpatternsusingautomaticorsemiautomaticmeans.Dataminingprovidesalotofbusinessvalueforenterprises.¨Increasingcompetition¨Customersegmentation¨Churnanalysis¨Cross-selling¨Salesforecast¨Frauddetection¨Riskmanagement19Dataminingappliesalgorithms,suchasdecisiontrees,clustering,association,timeseries,andsoon,toadatasetandanalyzesitscontents.Thisanalysisproducespatterns,whichcanbeexploredforvaluableinformation.20churn 搅拌，制造fraud 欺骗，冒牌货granular 颗粒状的insurance 保险，预防措施interaction 互动，交互multidimensional多维的21out-of-date 过时的，落伍的periodically 周期性地，定期地pertinent 相关的，关于……的prediction 预报，预言segmentation 分割，分段，切分voluminous 大的，容量大的22[1]Advancesincomputerandnetworkingtechnologyhaveledtotheintroductionofverypowerfulhardwareandsoftwareplatformsthatcancollect,manage,anddistributelargeamountsofpertinentdata.译文：计算机和网络技术的进步导致出现了功能非常强大的，能收集、管理和分发大量有关数据的硬件和软件平台。本句的“thatcancollect…”作定语，修饰“hardwareandsoftwareplatforms”。23[2]Adatawarehouseisadatabasethatconsolidatesdataextractedfromvariousproductionandoperationalsystemsintoonelargedatabasethatcanbeusedformanagementreportingandanalysis.译文：数据仓库是一种数据库，它将从不同的生产和运营系统中调出的数据组合起来放入这种大型数据库，对管理状况做出报告和进行分析。“thatconsolidates…”作定语，修饰“database”，“thatcanbeused…”作定语，修饰“onelargedatabase”。24[3]Toprovidethistypeofinformation,organizationscaneitheruseaspecializedmultidimensionaldatabaseortoolthattakesmultidimensionalviewsofdatainrelationaldatabases.译文：为了提供这种信息，组织可以用一种特殊化的多维数据库，或用可以在关系数据库中生成数据的多维视图的工具。本句的“Toprovidethistypeofinformation”是目的状语，“thattakesmultidimensional…”作定语，修饰“tool”。25[4]Unlessupdatesatthesourcesarereplicatedatthewarehouseviatwo-phasecommit,thewarehousewillneverbequiteuptodatewiththesources.译文：除非对源的更新通过两阶段提交在数据仓库中做了复制，否则数据仓库不可能总是与源同步。本句中“unlessupdatesat…”作条件状语从句。26[5]Two-phasecommitisusuallyfartooexpensivetobeanoption,sodatawarehousestypicallyhaveslightlyout-of-datedata.译文：两阶段提交通常因开销太大而不被采用，所以数据仓库常会保留稍微有点儿过时的数据。本句中的“sodatawarehouses…”作结果状语从句。27MultimediaTechnologyItisnecessaryforamultimediasystemtosupportavarietyofmediatypes.Thiscouldbeasmodestastextandgraphicsorasrichasanimation,audioandvideo.Amultimediasystemistheonewhichallowsenduserstoshare,communicateandprocessavarietyofformsofinformationinanintegratedmanner.28Manymultimediaapplicationsarebasedontheconversionofabooktoacomputerizedform.Thisconversiongivestheusersimmediateaccesstothetextandletsthemdisplaypop-upwindows,whichgivedefinitionsofcertainwords.Theintegrationofaudiosoundintoamultimediaapplicationcanprovidetheuserwithinformationnotpossiblethroughanyothermethodofcommunication.29Computationalimageprocessingcanbedefinedastheoperationofmathematicalfunctionsonnumericrepresentationsofpictorialscenes.Ingeneral,itispartofanoverallprocessofvisualperception,patternrecognitionandimageunderstanding.Theseformtheessentialcomponentsofcomputervision.Full-motionvideo,suchastheimagesportrayedinatelevision,canaddevenmoretoamultimediaapplication.304.3BigDataBigdatausuallyreferstodatainthepetabyteandExabyterange—inotherwords,billionstotrillionsofrecords,allfromdifferentsources.Bigdataareproducedinmuchlargerquantitiesandmuchmorerapidlythantraditionaldata.Thesedatamaybeunstructuredorsemi-structuredandthusnotsuitableforrelationaldatabaseproductsthatorganizedataintheformofcolumnsandrows.31Businessesareinterestedinbigdatabecausetheycontainmorepatternsandinterestinganomaliesthansmallerdatasets,withthepotentialtoprovidenewinsightintocustomerbehavior,weatherpatterns,financialmarketactivity,orotherphenomena.However,toderivebusinessvaluefromthesedata,organizationsneednewtechnologiesandtoolscapableofmanagingandanalyzingnontraditionaldataalongwiththeirtraditionalenterprisedata.32Theenormousgrowthofdatahascoincidedwiththedevelopmentofthe“cloud”,whichisreallyjustanewaliasfortheglobalInternet.Asdataproliferates,especiallywiththegrowthofmobiledataapplicationsusingAppleandAndroidsmartphonesandoperatingsystems,therequirementsfordatatransmissionandstoragealsogrow.33Thelargestcompaniesmakingthemostsophisticatedindustrialequipmentarenowabletogofrommerelydetectingequipmentfailurestopredictingthem.Thisallowstheequipmenttobereplacedbeforeaseriousproblemdevelops.ManybigdataapplicationswerecreatedtohelpWebcompaniesstrugglingwithunexpectedvolumesofdata.Onlythebiggestcompanieshadthedevelopmentcapacityandbudgetsforbigdata.34Butthecontinuingdeclineinthecostsofdatastorage,bandwidth,andcomputingmeansthatbigdataisquicklybecomingausefulandaffordabletoolformedium-sizedandevensomesmallcompanies.Bigdataanalyticsarealreadybecomingthebasisformanynew,highlyspecializedbusinessmodels.35affordable 付得起的anomalies 异常，反常，不规则avalanche 雪崩，山崩billion 十亿，大量decline 下降，衰退drug 药物，毒品epidemics 流行病，泛滥Exabyte 260字节innovative 创新的，革新的36phenomena 现象predict 预测，预报proliferate 激增，扩散skyrocket 飞涨，猛涨sophisticated 复杂的，精致的surveillance 监控，监视trillion 万亿，兆37[1]ThevolumesofdataaresolargethattraditionalDBMScannotcapture,store,andanalyzethedatainareasonabletime.译文：由于这些数据的量过于庞大，传统的数据库管理系统无法在适当的时间内获得、存储和分析它们。本句采用“so…that…”固定搭配，构成结果状语从句。38[2]LargeInternetcommercecompaniessuchasAmazonandTaobaousebigdataanalyticstopredictbuyeractivityaswellastounderstandwarehousingrequirementsandgeographicpositions.译文：一些大的互联网商务公司，例如亚马逊和淘宝，使用大数据分析来预测买家活动以及了解仓储需求和地理定位。本句中的“AmazonandTaobao”作主语的同位语，“topredictbuyer…”是目的状语。39[3]Governmentmedicalagenciesandmedicalscientistsusebigdataforearlydiscoveryandtrackingofpotentialepidemics.译文：政府医疗机构和医学科学家们使用大数据来进行早期发现和跟踪潜在的流行病。本句主语较长，主语为“Governmentmedicalagenciesandmedicalscientists”，“for…”引导的是目的状语。40SocialNetworkingSocialnetworkingisthegroupingofindividualsintospecificgroups,likesmallruralcommunitiesoraneighborhoodsubdivision.Althoughsocialnetworkingispossibleinperson,especiallyintheworkplace,universities,andhighschools,itismostpopularonline.41Socialnetworkingofteninvolvesgroupingspecificindividualsororganizationstogether.WhilethereareanumberofsocialnetworkingWebsitesthatfocusonparticularinterests,thereareothersthatdonot.Thewebsiteswithoutamainfocusareoftenreferredtoas“traditional”socialnetworkingWebsitesandusuallyhaveopenmemberships.Thismeansthatanyonecanbecomeamember,nomatterwhattheirhobbies,beliefs,orviewsare.42Asweknow,therearedangersassociatedwithsocialnetworkingincludingdatatheftandviruses,whichareontherise.Themostprevalentdangerthoughofteninvolvesonlinepredatorsorindividualswhoclaimtobesomeonethattheyarenot.434.4CloudComputingTechnologyCloudComputingThetermcloudcomputingreferstocomputinginwhichtasksareperformedbya“cloud”ofservers,typicallyviatheInternet.Thistypeofnetworkhasbeenusedforseveralyearstocreatethesupercomputer-levelpowerneededforresearchandotherpower-hungryapplications,butitwasmoretypicallyreferredtoasgToday,cloudcomputingtypicallyreferstoaccessingWeb-basedapplicationsanddatausingapersonalcomputer,mobilephone,oranyotherInternet-enableddevice.ridcomputinginthiscontext.44Cloudcomputingreliesonsharingofresourcestoachievecoherenceandeconomiesofscale,similartoautility(liketheelectricitygrid)overanetwork.Atthefoundationofcloudcomputingisthebroaderconceptofconvergedinfrastructureandsharedservices.Cloudcomputingalsofocusesonmaximizingtheeffectivenessofthesharedresources.Cloudresourcesareusuallynotonlysharedbymultipleusersbutarealsodynamicallyreallocatedperdemand.Cloudcomputingprovidersoffertheirservicesaccordingtothreefundamentalmodels:InfrastructureasaService(IaaS),PlatformasaService(PaaS)andSoftwareasaService(SaaS).45CloudServiceThegoalofcloudcomputingistoprovideeasy,scalableaccesstocomputingresourcesandITservices.Cloudservicesaretypicallymadeavailableviaaprivatecloud,communitycloud,publiccloudorhybridcloud.46Generallyspeaking,servicesprovidedbyapubliccloudareofferedovertheInternetandareownedandoperatedbyacloudprovider.Someexamplesincludeservicesaimedatthegeneralpublic,suchasonlinephotostorageservices,E-mailservices,orsocialnetworkingsites.However,servicesforenterprisescanalsobeofferedinapubliccloud.47CloudStorageCloudstorageisamodelofdatastoragewherethedigitaldataisstoredinlogicalpools,thephysicalstoragespansmultipleservers(andoftenlocations),andthephysicalenvironmentistypicallyownedandmanagedbyahostingcompany.Thesecloudstorageprovidersareresponsibleforkeepingthedataavailableandaccessible,andthephysicalenvironmentprotectedandrunning.Peopleandorganizationsbuyorleasestoragecapacityfromtheproviderstostoreuser,organization,orapplicationdata.48Cloudstorageisbasedonhighlyvirtualizedinfrastructureandislikebroadercloudcomputingintermsofaccessibleinterfaces,near-instantelasticityandscalability,multi-tenancy,andmeteredresources.Cloudstorageservicescanbeutilizedfromanoff-premisesserviceordeployedon-premises.49annum 年，岁coherence 一致性，连贯性durable 耐用的，持久的elasticity 弹性，弹力federate 组成联邦，组成同盟license 许可证，执照portal 门户，入口站点50reallocate 重新分配，再分配solely 唯一地，单独地span 跨度，范围tenancy 租赁，租用tolerant 宽容的，容忍的51[1]Theconceptofcloudcomputingisthatappsanddataareavailableanytime,fromanywhere,andonanydevice.译文：云计算的概念为：在任何时间、地点和任何设备上都可以使用的应用和数据。本句的主语是“concept”，“cloudcomputing”作它的定语，“thatappsanddata…”是表语从句。52[2]ThenamecloudcomputingwasinspiredbythecloudsymbolthatisoftenusedtorepresenttheInternetinflowchartsanddiagrams.译文：采用“云计算”这个名词的灵感来自在流程图和示意图中经常用“云”这个符号表示Internet。本句由“that”引导定语从句，修饰“thecloud”。53[3]Withcloudcomputing,multipleuserscanaccessasingleservertoretrieveandupdatetheirdatawithoutpurchasinglicensesfordifferentapplications.译文：使用云计算，多个用户能够访问单个服务器来检索和更新他们的数据，而不需要为不同应用购买多个许可证。本句中的“Withcloudcomputing”作方式状语，“toretrieveand…”是目的状语。54[4]Becausethispay-for-what-you-usemodelresemblesthewayelectricity,fuelandwaterareconsumed;itissometimesreferredtoasutilitycomputing.译文：因为这种“支付你所用的”的模式很像消费电、燃料和水的方式；它有时称为公共设施计算。本句中的“pay-for-what-you-use”可以译为“支付你所用的”，“Becausethis…”是原因状语从句。55[5]Becausetheserviceproviderhostsboththeapplicationandthedata,theenduserisfreetousetheservicefromanywhere.译文：因为服务提供者既拥有应用程序又拥有数据，所以终端用户可以自由地从任何地方使用该服务。本句由because引导原因状语从句，“theenduser”是主语。56TopTechnologiesofComputerScienceNanotechnologyinvolvesthecreationofdevicesandmaterialatthenanometerlevel,andthereforenanoelectronicsisanaturalprogressionofmicroelectronics.Justasmicroelectronicsledtothecreationofmicrochiporintegratedcircuit,insteadofmicrochip,nanoelectronicscouldconceivablyleadtothe“nanochip”.57Component-baseddevelopment(CBD)willrevolutionizethesoftwareindustry.Unlikerecenttrendssuchasobjectsandclient/server,itisnotjustanotherfavorofdistributedcomputing,butanextensiblearchitecturetosupportalllifecyclecomputingmetaphor,includingdesign,developmentanddeployment.58UbiquitousComputinggivesustoolstomanageinformationeasily.Informationisthenewcurrencyoftheglobaleconomy.Weincreasinglyrelyontheelectroniccreation,storage,andtransmittalofpersonal,financial,andotherconfidentialinformation,anddemandthehighestsecurityfor