计算机专业英语第4版-Computer Applications

ComputerApplications6.1ElectronicCommerce6.2MobileCommerce6.3ArtificialIntelligence6.4NeuralNetworksandExpertSystem6.5OfficeAutomation6.6专业英语应用模块16.1ElectronicCommerceElectroniccommerce(E-commerce)isdoingbusinessthroughelectronicmedia.Itmeansusingsimple,fastandlow-costelectroniccommunicationstotransact,withoutface-to-facemeetingbetweenthetwopartiesofthetransaction.2Internetprovidescompanieswithmanymarketsinthecyber-worldandnumerouschancesforproductpromotion.Besides,relationshipswithbuyerscanalsobeenhanced.Bytheuseofmultimediacapabilities,corporateimage,productandservicebrandnamescanbeestablishedeffectivelythroughtheInternet.3ThemodelforE-commercemustincludecommunications,datamanagement,andsecurity.Ofcourse,theapplicationmustalsobepartofthemodel.SoamodelforE-commercecomprisedoffivemajorcomponents:auserinterface,anapplication,communications,datamanagement,andsecurity.OneofthekeycomponentsfordevelopinganE-commerceenvironmentwillbesoftwarethatcansupportlocalapplicationsandinteroperateinaheterogeneousnetworkingenvironment;thiswillrequiretheuseofopensystemsbasedonnationalandinternationalstandards.4AnElectronicPaymentSystem(EPS)isneededformakingpaymentstowardspurchasesofinformation,goodsandservicesprovidedthroughtheInternet.（1）SmartcardsItisasmallelectronicdeviceaboutthesizeofacreditcardthatcontainselectronicmemory,andanembeddedIntegratedCircuit(IC).（2）CreditcardsCreditcards(anddebitcardsthatsharetheirnetworks)arethepreferredmethodofpaymentamongonlineconsumers.5（3）ElectroniccashOneneedstobuyoccasionallysmallvalueitemslikesinglenewspaper.Foronlineprocurementofsuchitemscreditcardisnotpreferredduetohightransactioncostsinvolved.SystemssuchasE-cashallowthecustomertodepositcashintoabankaccountandreceiveanencodeddigitalstringforeachmonetaryunit,whichistransferredintouser’sharddisk.6InfluencethatE-commerceMayHave（1）Extensivecoverage（2）Completefunctions（3）Convenienceandflexibilityinuse（4）Lowcost7E-commercewillhavesubstantialinfluenceonsocialeconomy（1）E-commercewillchangethewaypeopleusedtotakeincommercialactivities（2）ThecoreofE-commerceispeople（3）E-commercechangesthewayenterprisesproducetheirproduction（4）E-commercedramaticallyraisesefficiencyoftrade（5）E-commercecallsforreformationofbankingservices8agency 代理机构，中介competitive 竞争的connectivity 连接consumption 消费deploy 展开，配置dramatically 突然，引人注意地enterprise 企业heterogeneous 异种的，不同的9hire 租用，租借invest 投资maturity

成熟，偿还期，到期monetary 货币的negotiation 谈判，磋商payment 付款，支付penetrate 穿透permeation 渗透10pursue 实行，实现tender 温柔的，审慎的transact 办理，处理ubiquitous 普遍存在的warehouse 仓库zerostock 零库存11[1]Withthewideuseofcomputer,thematurityandthewideadoptionofInternet,thepermeationofcreditcards,theestablishmentofsecuretransactionagreementandthesupportandpromotionbygovernments,thedevelopmentofE-commerceisbecomingprosperous,withpeoplestartingtouseelectronicmeansasthemediaofdoingbusiness.译文：随着计算机的广泛应用，互联网的日趋成熟和广泛使用，信用卡的普及，政府对安全交易协定的支持和促进，电子商务正变得繁荣起来，人们开始利用电子媒介做生意。本句的主句是“thedevelopmentofE-commerceisbecomingprosperous”，主句之前的是伴随状语；“maturity”的意思是“成熟，完备，（票据）到期”，“permeation”原意是“渗入，透过”，这里指信用卡在社会中的普及。12[2]BusinessescanmaintaintheircompetitiveadvantagebyestablishingclosecontactwiththeircustomersandconsumersatanytimethroughInternetbyprovidingthelatestinformationonproductsandservicesroundtheclock.译文：通过在互联网上全天候地提供产品及服务的最新信息，商家可以与客户和消费者随时建立紧密联系来确保他们的竞争优势。本句的“byestablishing…”是状语，“latestinformation”的意思是“最新信息”，“roundtheclock”的意思是“24小时”。13[3]Newapplicationsthattakeadvantageofnetworksandimprovedcomputerperformancewillberequired.译文：需要那些利用网络优势，提升计算机性能的新的应用。本句由“that”引导定语从句，修饰主语。14[4]Touseasmartcard,eithertopullinformationfromitoradddatatoit,youneedasmartcardreader,asmalldeviceintowhichyouinsertthesmartcard.译文：使用智能卡，无论是从中提取信息还是向卡中加入数据，都需要一台智能卡读卡机——一台将智能卡插入其中的小设备。本句的“Touseasmartcard”是目的状语，“eithertopullinformationfromitoradddatatoit”是让步状语，“asmalldeviceintowhichyouinsertthesmartcard”是非限制性定语，修饰“smartcardreader”。15[5]

SystemssuchasE-cashallowthecustomertodepositcashintoabankaccountandreceiveanencodeddigitalstringforeachmonetaryunit,whichistransferredintouser’sharddisk.译文：电子现金系统，允许顾客将现金存放在一个银行账户中，则顾客将收到一个代表一个货币单位的编码数字串，该数字串被传送到用户的硬盘中。本句的“suchasE-cash”作主语的同位语，“whichistransferredintouser’sharddisk”是非限制性定语从句。16BusinessNetworkingTechnologyElectroniccommerceisasystemthatincludesnotonlythosetransactionsthatcenteronbuyingandsellinggoodsandservicestodirectlygeneraterevenue,butalsothosetransactionsthatsupportrevenuegeneration,suchasgeneratingdemandforthosegoodsandservices,offeringsalessupportandcustomerservice,orfacilitatingcommunicationsbetweenbusinesspartners.17Electroniccommerceenablesnewformsofbusiness,aswellasnewwaysofdoingbusiness.Networkmakesitpossibletoofferallproductsandservicesforacustomerprocessonacoordinatedbasisandfromasinglesource.Businessnetworkingmakescollaborationbetweentwocompaniessosimplethattheyappeartobeoneenterprise.Informationonsalesoftheendproductisimmediatelyavailabletoallthecompaniesinthesupplychain.18Companieswillnotsimplybesellingproductsorservicesbutwillbesupportingentirecustomerprocesses.Transportbusinesseswilltakeonthelogisticsprocess,doctorswillsupportthewholetherapyprocessandinsurancecompanieswillhandletheclaimprocessinginsteadofthecustomer.196.2MobileCommerceMobilecommerce,whichisdefinedasanytransactionwithamonetaryvaluethatisconductedviaamobiletelecommunicationsnetwork.AsomewhatlooserapproachwouldbetocharacterizemobilecommerceastheemergingsetofapplicationsandservicespeoplecanaccessfromtheirInternet-enabledmobiledevices.Mobilecommerceisaneffectiveandconvenientwaytodeliverelectroniccommercetoconsumersfromanywhereandatanytime.20Therapidswitchofconsumersfromdesktopplatformstomobiledevicesisdrivingasurgeinmobilemarketingexpenditure.Comparedtoanelectroniccommercesystem,amobilecommercesystemismuchmorecomplicatedbecausecomponentsrelatedtomobilecomputinghavetobeincluded.Withouttrustandsecurity,thereisnomobilecommerceperiod.21Aswereviewdifferentaspectsofmobilesecurity,itisimportanttokeepinmindthatsecurityalwaysrequiresanoverallapproach.Asystemisonlyassecureasitsweakestcomponent,andsecuringnetworkingtransmissionisonlyonepartoftheequation.

22Theapplicationsofmobilecommercearewidespread.Thefollowinglistssomeofthemajormobilecommerceapplicationsalongwithdetailsofeach.

CommerceCommerceistheexchangeorbuyingandsellingofcommoditiesonalargescaleinvolvingtransportationfromplacetoplace.Itisboostedbytheconvenienceandubiquityconveyedbymobilecommercetechnology.23EducationManyschoolsandcollegesarefacingproblemsduetoashortageofcomputerlabspace,separationofclassroomsandlabs,andthedifficultyofremodelingoldclassroomsforwirednetworks.Tosolvetheseproblems,wirelessLANsareoftenusedtohookPCsormobilehandhelddevicestotheInternetandothersystems.Asaresult,studentsareabletoaccessmanyoftherequiredresourceswithoutneedingtovisitthelabs.24EntertainmentMobilecommercemakesitpossibletodownloadgames/images/music/videofilesatanytimeandanywhere,anditalsomakesonlinegamesmucheasiertoaccess.HealthCareThecostofhealthcareishighandmobilecommercecanhelptoreduceit.Byusingthetechnologyofmobilecommerce,physiciansandnursescanremotelyaccessandupdatepatientrecordsimmediately,afunctionthathasoftenincurredaconsiderabledelayinthepast.25InventoryTrackingandDispatchingJust-in-timedeliveryiscriticalforthesuccessoftoday’sbusinesses.Mobilecommerceallowsabusinesstokeeptrackofitsmobileinventoryandmaketimedefinitedeliveries,thusimprovingcustomerservice,reducinginventory,andenhancingacompany’scompetitiveedge.26TrafficUsingthetechnologyofmobilecommercecaneasilyimprovetrafficinmanyways.Forexample,mobilehandhelddeviceshavealreadyownedthecapabilitiesofaGPS(GlobalPositioningSystem),e.g.,determiningthedriver’sposition,givingdirections,andadvisingonthecurrentstatusoftrafficinthearea;atrafficcontrolcentercouldmonitorandcontrolthetrafficaccordingtothesignalssentfrommobiledevicesinvehicles.TravelandTicketingTravelexpensescanbecostlyforabusiness.Mobilecommercecouldhelpreduceoperationalcostsbyprovidingmobiletravelmanagementservicestobusinesstravelers.27adequate 足够的，恰当的administrative 管理的，行政的analyst 分析家，化验员boost 增加，促进，提高cellular 蜂窝状，多孔的comfortable 舒适的，放松的commodity 商品，日用品considerable 相当大的，应考虑的crucial 决定性的，关键性的28description 描述，形容dispute 辩论，争论expenditure 经费，费用，支出handheld 手持，手握merchandise 商品，货物，经商metropolitan 大城市的，大都市的middleware 中间件monetary 货币的，金钱的29purchase 购买，采购seamlessly 无空隙地，无停顿地telecommunication 电信threat 威胁，恐吓transparently 显然地，易察觉地trust

信任，相信ubiquity 到处存在，普遍存在vulnerability 脆弱性，致命的30[1]Recently,theemergenceofwirelessandmobilenetworkshasmadepossibletheadmissionofelectroniccommercetoanewapplicationandresearchsubject:Mobilecommerce,whichisdefinedasanytransactionwithamonetaryvaluethatisconductedviaamobiletelecommunicationsnetwork.译文：最近，无线网络和移动网络的出现使得电子商务进入了新的应用及科研主题：移动商务。移动商务可以定义为：通过移动的无线电通信网络进行的涉及货币价值的任何交易。本句的“wirelessandmobilenetworks”作主语的定语，“whichisdefinedas…”作非限定性定语从句。31[2]Realizingtheadvantagestobegainedfrommobilecommerce,manymajorcompanieshavebeguntooffermobilecommerceoptionsfortheircustomers.译文：很多大公司已经意识到移动商务带来的好处，开始为客户提供移动商务选择。本句的分词结构“Realizingtheadvantages…”作状语。32[3]Comparedtoanelectroniccommercesystem,amobilecommercesystemismuchmorecomplicatedbecausecomponentsrelatedtomobilecomputinghavetobeincluded.译文：与电子商务系统相比，移动商务系统要复杂得多，因为它必须包含与移动计算相关的成分。本句的“Comparedtoanelectroniccommercesystem”是条件状语，由“because”引导的是原因状语从句。33[4]Tosolvetheseproblems,wirelessLANsareoftenusedtohookPCsormobilehandhelddevicestotheInternetandothersystems.译文：为了解决这些问题，通常用无线局域网将计算机或移动手持设备连接到互联网或其他系统。本句的“Tosolvetheseproblems”作目的状语。34[5]Mobilecommerceallowsabusinesstokeeptrackofitsmobileinventoryandmaketimedefinitedeliveries,thusimprovingcustomerservice,reducinginventory,andenhancingacompany’scompetitiveedge.译文：移动商务让企业可以跟踪其移动库存并适时地投递，这样可以改善客户服务、减少库存并增强公司的竞争力。本句的“tokeeptrackof…”作宾语补足语，“thusimprovingcustomer…”是目的状语。35ElectronicPaymentTheInternetpaymentmeansconductingfundtransfer,moneyreceivinganddisbursingelectronically.Internetpayment,sometimescalledelectronicpayment,isdevelopedforthedemandofE-commerceapplications.36Thedigitalcashsystemisconstructedbasedondigitalsignatureandcryptographtechniques.Thissystemmostlytakesuseofthepublic/privatekeypairsmethods.Sincethedigitalcashisonlyadigitalnumber,soitneedstobeverifiedasauthentic.37AnothermechanismforInternetpaymentise-check.ItsformeristhefinancialEDIsystemusedinValueAddedNetworks.Someelectronicchecksoftwarecanbepackedinsmartcard.Thus,clientscanbringitveryconvenientlyandcanwritechecksatanycomputersite.38Anelectronicbankisnotarealbank,itisavirtualbank,inwhich,thebankers,softwaredesigners,andhardwareproducersandISPsworktogether.Thesenewtypesofbankserversoftware,whichadoptupthemoderninformationtechnologies,canprovideconvenient,real-time,secureandreliablebankservices.Theycanalsoprovideotherrelevantservices,suchasstockquotation,taxandpolicesconsultation,exchangeandinterestratesinformation.396.3ArtificialIntelligenceDefinitionsofartificialintelligencevaryalongtwomaindimensions.Oneisconcernedwiththoughtprocessesandreasoning,theotheraddressesbehavior.Allthisgivesusfourpossiblegoalstopursueinartificialintelligence:systemsthatthinklikehumans,systemsthatthinkrationally,systemsthatactlikehumansandsystemsthatactrationally.40TheGoalsofArtificialIntelligence（1）ActinghumanlyTuringdefinedintelligentbehaviorastheabilitytoachievehuman-levelperformanceinallcognitivetasks,sufficienttofoolaninterrogator.Roughlyspeaking,thetestheproposedisthatthecomputershouldbeinterrogatedbyahumanviaateletype,andpassesthetestiftheinterrogatorcannottellifthereisacomputerorahumanattheotherend.41（2）ThinkinghumanlyIfwearegoingtosaythatagivenprogramthinkslikeahuman,wemusthavesomewayofdetermininghowhumansthink.Weneedtogetinsidetheactualworkingofhumanminds.Iftheprogram’sinput/outputandtimingbehaviormatcheshumanbehavior,thatisevidencethatsomeoftheprogram’smechanismsmayalsobeoperatinginhumans.42（3）ThinkingrationallyTherearetwomainobstaclestothisapproach.Firstly,itisnoteasytotakeinformalknowledgeandstateitintheformaltermsrequiredbylogicalnotation,particularlywhentheknowledgeislessthan100%certain.Secondly,thereisabigdifferencebetweenbeingabletosolveaproblem“inprinciple”anddoingsoinpractice.Evenproblemswithjustafewdozenfactscanexhaustthecomputationalresourcesofanycomputerunlessithassomeguidanceastowhichreasoningstepstotryfirst.43（4）ActingrationallyActingrationallymeansactingsoastoachieveone’sgoals,givenone’sbeliefs.Anagentisjustsomethingthatperceivesandacts.Inthisapproach,artificialintelligenceisviewedasthestudyandconstructionofrationalagents.44ApplicationsofArtificialIntelligence（1）Speechrecognition（2）Understandingnaturallanguage（3）Gameplaying（4）Expertsystems45RoboticsMostofartificialintelligencewilleventuallyleadtorobotics.Mostneuralnetworking,naturallanguageprocessing,imagerecognition,speechrecognition/synthesisresearchaimsateventuallyincorporatingtheirtechnologyintotheepitomeofrobotics—thecreationofafullyhumanoidrobot.46Thefieldofroboticshasbeenaroundnearlyaslongasartificialintelligence.Roboticsisanabsolutelyfascinatingfieldthatinterestsmostpeople.Asresearchfrommoreseriousroboticsprojectsfilterdownintothecommercialarenaweshouldlookforwardtosomeveryinteresting(andcheap)virtualpets.47apparently 清楚地，显然地bacterial 细菌的behavior 行为，举止conclusion 结论extrapolate 推断，外推guidance 指导，领导hazardous 危险的，冒险的interrogator 询问者introspection 内省，反省obedient 服从的，顺从的48obstacle 妨碍，障碍ontology 存在论，本体论pattern 模范，典型rationality 合理性recognition 识别synthesis 合成vacuum 真空whereas 然而，鉴于49[1]Roughlyspeaking,thetestheproposedisthatthecomputershouldbeinterrogatedbyahumanviaateletype,andpassesthetestiftheinterrogatorcannottellifthereisacomputerorahumanattheotherend.译文：概略地说，他提出的试验是由一个人通过电传打字机来向计算机提出问题，如果这个人不知道另一端是人还是计算机，那么该试验就算通过了。本句的“Roughlyspeaking”是插入语，“thatthecomputer…”是表语从句，“if

”引导的是条件状语。50[2]Ifwearegoingtosaythatagivenprogramthinkslikeahuman,wemusthavesomewayofdetermininghowhumansthink.译文：如果我们说一个给定的程序能像人一样思考的话，我们必须有一些方法能确定人是怎样思考的。本句由“if

”引导条件状语，“determininghowhumansthink”作定语，修饰“way”。51[3]Oncewehaveasufficientlyprecisetheoryofthemind,itbecomespossibletoexpressthetheoryasacomputerprogram.译文：一旦我们有了一个足够准确的智能理论，就有可能把该理论表示为计算机程序。本句由“Once”引导时间状语从句，“it”指代后面的不定式短语。52[4]Thedevelopmentofformallogicinthelate19thCandearly20thCprovidedaprecisenotationforstatementsaboutallkindsofthingsintheworldandtherelationsbetweenthem.译文：19世纪后期和20世纪初期形式逻辑的发展为世界上所有事物及彼此之间关系的陈述提供了一套精确的符号。本句的“formallogic”作定语，修饰主语“Thedevelopment”；而“inthelate19thCandearly20thC”是时间状语；“for”后面的是宾语补足语。53[5]AccordingtotheOxfordDictionary,arobotisan“apparentlyhumanautomaton,intelligentandobedientbutimpersonalmachine”.译文：按照牛津字典的解释，机器人是“外观像人的自动化装置，是智能的、服从的但不受感情影响的机器”。本句的“AccordingtotheOxfordDictionary”作状语，“is”后面的部分都是表语。54IntelligentTechnologiesArtificialintelligenttechnologiesattempttounderstandintelligententitiesbecausetheconstructedintelligententitiesareinterestingandusefulintheirownright.Itisclearthatcomputerswithhuman-levelintelligencewouldhaveahugeimpactonoureverydaylivesandonthefuturecourseofcivilization.Themostcommonartificialintelligenttechnologieswhichwearegoingtoanalyzeare:NaturalLanguage,Robotics,PerceptiveSystems,ExpertSystems,NeuralNetworksandIntelligentSoftware.55Naturallanguageislanguages,includingidiomsthatareusedbyhumans.Naturallanguagefocusesoncomputerspeechrecognitionandspeechgeneration.Likehumans,robotsneedeyesandearsinordertoorienttheirbehavior.Thisfiledofresearch,whichissometimescalled“patternrecognition”,hasfocusedlargelyonmilitaryapplicationssuchasphotoreconnaissanceandmissilecontrolandnavigation.56Expertsystemsarerelativelyrecentsoftwareapplicationsthatseektocaptureexpertiseinlimiteddomainsofknowledgeandexperienceandapplythisexpertisetosolvingproblems.Neuralnetworksareusuallyphysicaldevicesthatelectronicallyemulatethephysiologyofanimalorhumanbrains.57Anintelligentrobotisbasicallyonethatmustbecapableofsensingitssurroundingsandpossessintelligenceenoughtorespondtoachangingenvironmentinmuchthesamewayaswedo.Suchabilitiesrequirethedirectapplicationofsensoryperceptionandartificialintelligence.Muchresearchinroboticshasbeenandisstillconcernedwithhowtoequiprobotwithvisualsensors“eyes”andtactilesensors“fingers”.58IntelligentSoftware（1）FuzzyLogicFuzzyLogic,arelativelynew,rule–baseddevelopmentinAI,consistsofavarietyofconceptsandtechniquesforrepresentingandinferringknowledgethatisimprecise,uncertain,orunreliable.Fuzzylogiccancreaterulesthatuseapproximateorsubjectivevaluesandincompleteorambiguousdata.

59（2）GeneticAlgorithmsSomeartificialintelligencetechnologiesareusingproblem-solvingapproachesfoundinnature.Geneticalgorithmsareoneexample.Thealgorithmsstartwithbuildingblocksthatuseprocessessuchasreproduction,mutation,andnaturalselectionto“breed”solutions.Assolutionsalterandcombine,theworstonesarediscarded,andbetteronessurvivetogoonandelectronicallybreedwithotherstoproduceevenbettersolutions.60（3）IntelligentAgentsThetasksthatanintelligentagentperformsforauserrequirethecharacteristicsofspecificity,repetitiveness,andpredictability.Agentscanalsoworkforabusinessprocessorasoftwareapplicationandeasilyoutperformhumanswhentheyfunctionatahighlevel.616.4NeuralNetworksandExpertSystemAneuralnetworkisasetofprocessingunits(nodes)joinedbylinksthroughwhichtheycommunicate.Eachunitischaracterizedbyitsactivationstatewhichchangesintime.Fromthecurrentunit’sactivationstate,asignalitsendsintothenetworkiscalculated.62Thissignaliscarriedoverthelinkstoothernodes.Duringthetransmissionitmaybeweakenedorstrengthened,dependinguponthelink’scharacteristics.Signalsreachingaunitfromitsneighboursarecombinedintoaninputsignal,fromwhichthenextactivationstateofthatunitiscomputed.63Neuralnetworkscomprisethefollowingelements：

Setofnodes

Links

Rulesforcalculatingtheinputsignal

Activationfunction

Outputsignalfunction64AnArtificialNeuralNetworkhasseveraladvantages,becauseitresemblestheprinciplesoftheneuralsystemstructure.

Learning

Autoorganization

Tolerancetofaults

Flexibility

Realtime65Multi-layernetworksuseavarietyoflearningtechniques,themostpopularbeingback-propagation.Heretheoutputvaluesarecomparedwiththecorrectanswertocomputethevalueofsomepredefinederror-function.Byvarioustechniquestheerroristhenfedbackthroughthenetwork.Usingthisinformation,thealgorithmadjuststheweightsofeachconnectioninordertoreducethevalueoftheerrorfunctionbysomesmallamount.66Anexpertsystemisasetofprogramsthatmanipulateencodedknowledgetosolveproblemsinaspecializeddomainthatnormallyrequireshumanexpertise.Anexpertsystem’sknowledgeisobtainedfromexpertsourcesandcodedinaformsuitableforthesystemtouseinitsinferenceorreasoningprocesses.Theexpertknowledgemustbeobtainedfromspecialistsorothersourcesofexpertise,suchastexts,journalarticles,anddatabases.67Expertsystemsdifferfromconventionalcomputersystemsinseveralimportantways.1．Expertsystemsuseknowledgeratherthandatatocontrolthesolutionprocess.Muchoftheknowledgeusedisheuristicinnatureratherthanalgorithmic.2．Theknowledgeisencodedandmaintainedasanentityseparatefromthecontrolprogram.Assuch,itisnotcompiledtogetherwiththecontrolprogramitself.Thispermitstheincrementaladditionandmodificationoftheknowledgebasewithoutrecompilationofthecontrolprograms.683．Expertsystemsarecapableofexplaininghowaparticularconclusionwasreached,andwhyrequestedinformationisneededduringaconsultation.4．Expertsystemsusesymbolicrepresentationsforknowledgeandperformtheirinferencethroughsymboliccomputationsthatcloselyresemblemanipulationsofnaturallanguage.5．Expertsystemsoftenreasonwithmeta-knowledge;thatis,theyreasonwithknowledgeaboutthemselves,andtheirownknowledgelimitsandcapabilities.69TheexploratorynatureofAIandexpertsystemprogrammingrequiresthatprogramsbeeasilyprototyped,tested,andchanged.AIprogramminglanguagesandenvironmentsaredesignedtosupportthisiterativedevelopmentmethodology.Afurtherfeatureofexpertsystemsistheiruseofheuristicproblem-solvingmethods.Itisinterestingtonotethatmostexpertsystemshavebeenwrittenforrelativelyspecialized,expertleveldomains.70activation 激活，触发consultation 咨询converge 收敛，聚集designate 指定，选定empirically 经验性地，以经验为主地exploratory 探索的，探究的gradually 逐步地，逐渐地heuristic 启发式71inference 推论，推理inspection 检查，视察iterative 迭代的，反复的journal 杂志，报纸justification 正当理由neural 神经的，神经系统的perceptron 感知器recommendation推荐，介绍72recompilation 重新编译reliance 依赖，依靠shortcut 捷径，近路sigmoid S形，S形的specialist 专家suitable 合适的，适当的syntactic 句法的theoretical 理论的，理论上的thumb 拇指73[1]Afterrepeatingthisprocessforasufficientlylargenumberoftrainingcyclesthenetworkwillusuallyconvergetosomestatewheretheerrorofthecalculationsissmall.译文：这些操作重复了相当多个训练周期后，网络通常收敛到某个状态，该状态下计算误差很小。本句中的“After”引导的是时间状语，“wheretheerrorofthecalculationsissmall”作定语，修饰“somestate”。74[2]Someofthesearedesignatedinputnodes,someoutputnodes,andin-betweenarehiddennodes.译文：这些节点中的一些节点被指定为输入节点，一些指定为输出节点，在这两者之间的是隐藏节点。这是一个并列句，共有三部分，表语分别是“designatedinputnodes”“outputnodes”“hiddennodes”。75[3]Thisprocessisthenrepeated,withtheresultsbeingpassedthroughsubsequentlayersofnodesuntiltheoutputnodesarereached.译文：把计算结果传给后续层的节点，重复这个过程直至到达输出节点。本句的主句是“Thisprocessisthenrepeated”，其后的“withtheresults…”作状语。76[4]Asthetrainingprocessproceeds,theconnectionweightsaregraduallymodifiedaccordingtocomputationalrulesspecifictothelearningalgorithmbeingused.译文：随着训练过程不断推进，连接点的权值根据特定的学习算法的计算规则逐渐改变。本句中的“Asthetrainingprocessproceeds”作状语，“accordingto…”是分词结构作状语。77[5]Explanationsareimportantforahumanexpert,suchasadoctororanengineer,ifheorsheistoaccepttherecommendationsfromacomputer.译文：对医生或工程师等人类专家来说，如果要他或她接受计算机的建议，合理的解释很重要。本句中的“adoctororanengineer”作为“ahumanexpert”的同位语，“if

”引导的是条件状语从句。78KnowledgeManagementTheknowledgemanagementmodelimpliesthatthoseorganizationsbestabletocollect,index,storeandanalyzeknowledgehaveanadvantageovertheircompetitors.Withknowledgemanagement,systemsareputinpl