2019年托福听力考前训练试题及答案3

2019年托福听力考前训练试题及答案3Researchersinthefieldofpsychologyhavefoundthatoneofthebestwaystomakeanimportantdecision,suchaschoosingauniversitytoattendorabusinesstoinvestin,involvestheutilizationofadecisionworksheet.Psychologistswhostudyoptimizationcomparetheactualdecisionsmadebypeopletotheoreticalidealdecisionstoseehowsimilartheyare.Proponentsoftheworksheetprocedurebelievethatitwillyieldoptimal,thatis,thebestdecisions.Althoughthereareseveralvariationsontheexactformatthatworksheetscantake,theyareallsimilarintheiressentialaspects.Worksheetsrequiredefiningtheprobleminaclearandconcisewayandthenlistingallpossiblesolutionstotheproblem.Next,thepertinentconsiderationsthatwillbeaffectedbyeachdecisionarelisted,andtherelativeimportanceofeachconsiderationorconsequenceisdetermined.Eachconsiderationisassignedanumericalvaluetoreflectitsrelativeimportance.Adecisionismathematicallycalculatedbyaddingthesevaluestogether.Thealternativewiththehighestnumberofpointsemergesasthebestdecision.Sincemostimportantproblemsaremultifaceted,thereareseveralalternativestochoosefrom,eachwithuniqueadvantagesanddisadvantages.Oneofthebenefitsofapencilandpaperdecision-makingprocedureisthatitpermitspeopletodealwithmorevariablesthantheirmindscangenerallycomprehendandremember.Ontheaverage,peoplecankeepaboutsevenideasintheirmindsatonce.Aworksheetcanbeespeciallyusefulwhenthedecisioninvolvesalargenumberofvariableswithcomplexrelationships.Arealisticexampleformanycollegestudentsisthequestion"WhatwillIdoaftergraduation?"Agraduatemightseekapositionthatoffersspecializedtraining,pursueanadvanceddegree,ortravelabroadforayear.Adecision-makingworksheetbeginswithasuccinctstatementoftheproblemthatwillalsohelptonarrowit.Itisimportanttobeclearaboutthedistinctionbetweenlong-rangeandimmediategoalsbecauselong-rangegoalsofteninvolveadifferentdecisionthanshort-rangeones.Focusingonlong-rangegoals,agraduatingstudentmightrevisethequestionaboveto"WhatwillIdoaftergraduationthatwillleadtosuccessfulcareer?"Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?Atooltoassistinmakingcomplexdecisions.AcomparisonofactualdecisionsandidealdecisionsResearchonhowpeoplemakedecisionsDifferencesbetweenlong-rangeandshort-rangedecisionmakingTheword"essential"inline7isclosestinmeaningtointroductorychangeablebeneficialfundamentalTheword"pertinent 相关的，相关的"inline9isclosestinmeaningtorelevantpreceding在先的，前面的，在前的insightful富有洞察力的responsiveOfthefollowingsteps,whichoccursbeforetheothersinmakingadecisionworksheet?ListingtheconsequencesofeachsolutionCalculatinganumericalsummaryofeachsolutionDecidingwhichconsequencesaremostimportantWritingdownallpossiblesolutionsAccordingtodecision-worksheettheory,anoptimaldecisionisdefinedasonethathasthefewestvariablestoconsiderusesthemostdecisionworksheetshasthemostpointsassignedtoitisagreedtobythegreatestnumberofpeopleTheauthordevelopsthediscussioninparagraph1bymeansofdescribingaprocessclassifyingtypesofworksheetsprovidinghistoricalbackgroundexplainingatheoryTheauthorstatesthat"Ontheaverage,peoplecankeepaboutsevenideasintheirmindsatonce(lines17-18)toexplainthatmostdecisionsinvolvesevenstepshumanmentalcapacityhaslimitationssomepeoplehavedifficultymakingminoraswellasmajordecisionspeoplecanlearntokeepmorethansevenideasintheirmindswithpracticeTheword"succinct简洁的"inline24isclosestinmeaningtocreativesatisfactorypersonalconciseWhichofthefollowingtermsisdefinedinthepassage?Proponents(line5)Optimal(line5)Variables(line17)Long-rangegoals(line25)Theword"it"inline24referstoworksheetproblemdistinctiondecisionTheword"revise修订，修改，修正"inline26isclosestinmeaningtoaskexplainchangepredictADADCABDBBC语法补充百分比结构most/half/rest/majority/some/on