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《英语语法大全•谓语的47种类型》
I.概说
A.英语句子结构相对简单
1.5种类型的谓语
1326在一个完整的句子中,主语之外的部分称为谓语,共有5种类型的谓语•
第一类包含一个不及物动词(W):
Hecame.
Mywifecried.
第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语(TV+O):
Johnlikesme.
Hisunclewroteletters.
第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语(DV+IO+DO):
TheyteachmeEnglish.
IboughtMarysugar.
第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语(LV+C):
Heisateacher.
Shelookssad.
第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语(FV+O+C):
Wemadehimking.
Sheleftthehousedirty.
2.动词的短语形式
1327不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些,上面例句中的及物动词、不及物动词或其他
动词都是一个单词,但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语或成语。例如“及物动词+名词”可以看
作是一种不及物动词:
Helostheart.(他灰心了。)
Thishabithasstruckroot.(这种习惯已根深蒂固)
下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词:
Ilookedformylostdictionary.(我在找我弄失的字典。)
Hepaidattentiontohislesson.(他很注意他的功课。)
Hegaveupdrinking.(他戒酒了。)
Heisafraidofblood.(他怕血。)
Hecan'tgetalongwithanyone.(他和谁都处不好。)
下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词:
Iwaitedforhimtocome.(我等他来。)
详见1182—1206节。
3.宾语的9种形式
1328此外,也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语,共有9种东西可用作及物动词、双宾动词及宾补
动词的宾语。由于它们是名词或起名词的作用,可以称作名词等同体(Noun-Equivalent),名
词等同体,可用作动词的宾语:
IknowJohn(名词).
Shekeptthefloordirty.
IwillteachJohnChinese.
Iknowhim(代词).
Shekeptitclean.
Thatdependsuponthem.
Hethrewoutanappleofdiscord(名词短语).
IhavejustvisitedtheBoardofTrade.
Iamnotfondofwildgoosechase.
Thismatterintereststherichandthepoor(the+形容词或分词).
Thegeneralvisitedthedyingandthewounded.Iknowthelongand(the)shortofthiscase.
Hewantstogotocollege(不定式).
Sherefusestomarryme.
Iaskedtoseeafriendinprison.
Heisfondofswimminginthemorning(动名词).
Heavoidsmeetinganyofhisfriends.
Ipostponedgoingtothedoctor.
Iknowthatshelovesme(that引起的从句).
Iamsurethatyouwillsucceed.
Isheafraidthathewillbedefeated?
Iwonderwhathewants(疑问词引起的从句).
Iaskedwherehehadbeen.
Idon'tknowwhichwayIshouldgo.
Idon'tknowwhattodo(疑问词引起的不定式).
Iamdoubtfulhowtosettlethisproblem.
Idonotcarewheretoeatdinner.
4.补语的15种形式
1329不只是名词和形容词可用作补语,上面所提的9种名词等同体以及下面例句中的6种形容
词等同体(Adjective-Equiva—lent)都可用作系动词或宾补动词的补语。
名词及名词等同体作补语:
Heisaking(名词).
Wechosehimchairman.
Itisme(代词).
Hebecameafishoutofwater(名词短语).
Ifinditamootpoint.
Thevictimsarealwaysthepoor(the+形容词).
Torespectothersistoberespected(不定式).
Seeingisbelieving(动名词).
Hispurposeisthatallchildrenshouldbeeducated(that引起的从句)・
Theproblemiswhoistoblame(疑问词引起的从句).
Myproblemishowtolearn(疑问词引起的不定式).
形容词及形容词等同体作补语:
Heseemshappy(形容词).
Youlookyoung.
Hemakesmeangry.
Heisout(地点副词).
Theshowisover.
Timeisup.
Heisathome(介词短语).
Weareongoodterms.
Heleaveshisdeskoutoforder.
Itseemsinteresting(现在分词).
Thesituationgrowsencouraging.
IsawMarysmoking.
Iamastonished(过去分词).
Helookedfrightened.
Ihadmyclotheswashed.
Heistoblame(不定式).
Itistobethrownaway.
Hewantshisdaughtertomarryarichman.
5.再复杂的句子也可简化
1330因此我们可以把许多词看成一个词,把许多不同形式看作同类东西,从而使句子的结构变
得简单化。例如我们可以把Iknowthathedoesnotliketoliveinthiscountry.中的10个斜体词和
IknowJohn.中的一个斜体词看作是有同一语法作用的东西,因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。我
们也可把Hebeggedtoseeafriendinprison.中的6个斜体词和Hebeggedpardon.中的一个斜体
词看作是作用相等,因为两者都是宾语。
同样,我们也可把Heistocometotheofficeateight.中的7个斜体词和Heispunctual.中的一
个斜体词看作相等的东西,因为两者都是补语。另外下面4个句子中的斜体词,形式不一,我们
却可看作一类东西,都是及物动词或是起及物动词作用的词组:
Helikeschocolate.(他喜欢巧克力。)
Heisfondofteaching.(他爱教书。)
Johnpaysattentiontohisbusiness.(约翰关心他的买卖。)
Iamsurethathewillbeagoodhusband.(我肯定他会是一个好丈夫。)
此外,在上面单元中,我们已谈到名词、名词成语、不定式、从句等等,尽管形式不同,字数不
等,却都起同样作用,担任句子的主语。这样,不管多复杂的句子都可简化,而简化是语法的目
的。
B.何种谓语类型用何种动词
1.47种谓语类型
1331我们一方面有不同形式的动词,另一方面有不同形式的宾语及补语。把它们结合起来,再
加上一些其他因素,我们可以得出47种基本的谓语类型,这几乎代表了英语中的各种可能的谓
语。我们可能读到的或写出的任何谓语,几乎都可以(而且应当)纳入这些类型。这47种类型
可列举如下:
IV有3种类型
TV+O有15种类型
DV+IO+DO有5种类型
LV+C有13种类型
FV+O+C有11种类型
5类谓语共有47种类型
2.一个特定动词只能用在几个特定的谓语类型中
1332为了更好了解这些谓语类型,先看看下面句子:
a.Iknowhimtoworkhard.
b.Wewanthimtocome.
c.Sheletustousehercar.
d.Theysupposeallofustoobey.
e.JohnsawMarytowalkwithaboy.
所有这些句子的谓语都属于第42种类型,即“宾补动词+名词+不定式”,但只有b.句的谓语是
正确的,因为只有want这一动词可用于这个类型,其他动词都不能这样用。再看下面句子:
a.Itriedadvisingher.
b.Iaskedseeingtheboss.
c.Hethinksgoingwithyou.
d.Wewishmovingtoanotherplace.
e.Theyrefusedhelpingus.
上面所有谓语都属于第13种类型,即“及物动词+动名词”,但只有a.句是正确的,因为动词tried
可用于这种类型,而其他动词不可这样用。
从上面10个例句我们可以看出,一个特定动词只能用在某一特定的类型中,在一特定类型中,
一个特定的动词能用还是不能用,完全是一个习惯用法的问题。
1333从下面句子中可以看出know可用在多少类型的谓语中:
IknowJohn.(及物动词+名词)(正确)
IknowJohntocometomorrow.(宾补动词+名词+不定式)(错误)
IknowthatJohncomestomorrow.(及物动词+that引起的从句)(正确)
Iknowtoanswerthisquestion.(及物动词+不定式)(错误)
Iknowtheworkeasy.(宾补动词+名词+形容词)(错误)
Iknowhowtoanswerthisquestion.(及物动词+疑问词引起的不定式)(正确)
Iknowtheworktobeeasy.(宾补动词+名词+tobe+形容词)(正确)
IknowJohncoming(宾补动词+名词+现在分词).(错误)
Iknoworganizingapoliticalparty(及物动词+动名词).(错误)
从上面例句我们可以看出某些动词只能用在47种类型的某些类型中,不能在许多类型中使用。
3.一个特定的谓语类型中只能用某些特定的动词
1334有些类型中可以使用很多动词,另一些却只能使用少量动词。例如在“系动词+that引起的
从句''这种类型中只能用be这一个动词。在“不及物动词+介词+疑问词引起的从句”这种类型中约
可用20个动词,在“及物动词+不定式或动名词”这类类型中,约可用50个动词,而在“及物动词
+that引起的从句”这种类型中,约可用150个动词。每种类型中能用的动词,在本单元中将几乎
全部列出并加上例句,以便读者了解并掌握什么动词在何种类型中使用。不过某些谓语类型中可
用的动词极多(可说是成百上千)。在这种情况下只能给出一小部分动词。
C.谓语类型与句型
1335关于上面提到的类型有几点值得注意:
1.动词只须与主语在人称和数上一致,因此它们之间的关系相对比较简单。而动词和宾语及补
语的关系比较复杂,这在下面47种谓语类型中可清楚看出。如果对主语不加考虑,这47种谓语
类型也就是47种句型。事实上在下面讨论中,谓语类型的公式都采用“S+TV+N",“S+DV+N
+N",“S+FV+N+A”这类形式,里面包含了主语(S),因此也就代表了句型。
2.一个句型可以包含一个简单句:
Johnknowshowtoplayfootball.
Heavoidedmeetingheratsomeparty.
3.它也可以包含一个带有宾语从句的复合句:
Heknowswhatyouaredoing.
Iaskedwherehegotit.
4.但并列句中至少需有两个句型:
Ihavedecidedtogo(一个句型)andhewillgotoo(一个句型),butshedecidestoremainathome
(一个句型).(共包含三个句型)
D.修饰语与独立成分
1336句型指一个完整句子的骨架,它可包含任何数量的修饰语(即形容词、副词及起同样作用
的其他词语)。这些修饰语可能在意思上很重要,但在语法上却是可以删除的,在我们考虑句型,
也就是句子的基本结构时,可以对它们不加考虑。所有下面句子都属于同一句型,即“主语+及物
动词+名词、但却可包含不同类型的修饰语(斜体部分)。最后包含25个词的句子和第一个包
含4个词的句子同属一个句型:
Isawahouse.
Isawabighouse.
Isawabighouseontheoppositeside.
Isawabighouseontheoppositeside,whichwassaidtobehauntedbyaghost.
YesterdayIsawabighouse
YesterdaywhenIsaileddowntheriverIsawabighouse
修饰语在后面将作详细讨论。句型还可以包含一个独立成分,但基本结构不变。
所有下面句子都属于同一句型,即“主语+系动词+补语”:
Thatmaniscrazy.
Oh!thatmaniscrazy.
Oh!thatmaniscrazy,Iamsure.
Oh1thatmaniscrazy,youmaybesure,Mary.
E.句型的用法
1337在下面讨论中,所列出能用于某句型的动词的数目只是大致估计。列出的目的只是说明某
一句型使用范围大致有多广。一般说来,数目越小,越难使用,因为如果这个句型只限于用少数
动词,则用错的机会更多。
1338偶尔也会有些例外的句子无法归入这47种句型的任何一个。但如果把某些不规则的动词短
语适当转换为规则的动词短语,则它们大部分仍可归入某些句型:
Ihaveagoodmind(=intend)topunishyou.(haveagoodmind可能换为intend,则句型将是“主
语+及物动词+不定式)
Hewillhaveit(=insists)thatIhavecheatedhim.(主语+及物动词+that引起的从句)
44Whohastakenmypen?”"John(hastakenyourpen).”
(I)Beg(your)pardon.
(Itwas)Nosoonersaidthan(itwas)done.
(You)Liveandlet(others)live.
(Iwishyou)Goodluck!
1339确定一个句子属于哪个句型是有好处的。下面的句子都是错的,因为它们不代表47种句型
中的任何一个:
1.IhearaboutthatJohnhasarrived.(主语+不及物动词+介词+thal引起的从句)
2.Ipaidattentionwhathewasdoing.(主语+及物动词+名词+疑问词引起的从句)
3.Heisafraidofthathewillbeassassinated.(主语+系动词+形容词+介词+that引起的从句)
4.Heisafraidbeingassassinated.(主语+系动词+形容词+动名词)
5.Iknowthatwhohasbrokenthewindow.(主语+及物动词+that+疑问词引起的从句)
6.Wewantpeaceful.(主语+及物动词+形容词)
这些句型应改正如下:
正确句型正确句子
1.主语+及物动词+that引IhearthatJohnhasar-
起的从句rived.
2.主语+及物动词+名词+Ipaidattentiontowhat
介词+疑问词引起的从句hewasdoing.
3.主语+系动词+形容词+Heisafraidthathewill
that引起的从句beassassinated.
4.主语+系动词+形容词+Heisafraidofbeingas-
介词+动名词sassinated.
5.主语+及物动词+疑问词Iknowwhohasbroken
引起的从句thewindow.
6.主语+及物动词+名词Wewantpeace.
其次,应确定使用的动词是否适合用于某个谓语类型。
F.47种句型的公式
1340每种句型都可以用一个公式来代表,例如:“S+IV”,"S+TV+N",“S+LV+AP”,“S+
FV+N+PaP”,44S+DV+N+that-Cr.下面列出了代表某些词的缩写形式:
S=Subject(主语)PaP=PastParticiple(过
O=Object(宾语)去分词)
C=Complement(补语)N=NounorPronoun(名
IO=IndirectObject(间接词或代词)
宾语)R=ReflexivePronoun(反
DO二DirectObject(直接身代词)
宾语)A=Adjective(形容词)
IV=IntransitiveVerb(不P=Preposition(介词)
及物动词)AP=AdverbofPlace,or
TV=TransitiveVerb(及AdverbialParticle,as
物动词)in,out,up,away
DV=DativeVerb(双宾动(地点副词或副词性小
词)品词)
LV=LinkingVerb(系动
词)W—Cl=Interrogative-
FV=FactitiveVerb(宾补Clause,(疑问词引起的动词)
从句,由whether,
1=Infinitive(不定式)what,which,who,
G=Gerund(动名词)whom,whose,where,
PrP=PresentParticiplewhen,why,how弓I
(现在分词)起)
That-Cl=Noun-Clauseinn.=innumreable=hun-
(that引起的名词从dredsorthousands(无
句)数,成百上千)
表示它前后的词构成成语,如IV.P,LV.A.P.,TV.N.P,LV.PaP,它们包含2个
或3个词。
1341一个号表示这个句型包含2个基本成分,即主语及不及物动词,如:
S+IVS+IV.AP
2个号表示这个句型包含有3个基本成分,即主语,及物动词及宾语,如:
S+TV+NS+IV.P+that-Cl
S+LV.A.P+G
或指另外3个成分,如主语、系动词及补语:
S+LV+AS+LV+that-Cl
S+LV+P.N
3个“+,,号表示这个句型包含4个成分:主语、双宾动词、间接宾语及直接宾语,如:
S+DV+N+NS+DV+N+W-C1
S+DV+N+that-Cl
也可以是另外4个成分,如主语、宾补动词、宾语及(宾语)补语:
S+FV+N+AS+FV+N+PaP
S+IV.P+N+I
这里我们可以了解一个十分重要的事实,即英语句子是很简单的,它少则包含两个成分,多则包
含四个成分。
了解了公式及图解的意义,现在就可开始藉助它们研究47种谓语类型或句型。注意:句子末尾
的星号表示这个句子将在每一类句型讲完之后进行图解。
II.47种谓语类型(附公式及图解)
A.各种不及物动词
1.S+IV(Johnlaughed.)
1342不及物动词不跟有宾语或补语,其数量不可胜数:
Theysmiled.Johndied.Marywalkedslowly.Fireburns.
Idreamedlastnight.Heweptbitterly.Youmustdressfordinner.Thatdepends.Itdoesnotpay.
1343通常跟有宾语的及物动词,如果宾语可以猜出,着重点不是宾语,而是动词(动作)时,
可以把宾语省略,用作不及物动词:
Atractorcancut,push,pull,dig,lift,pump,carryandspray.Theblinddonotsee.Wemusteat.I
willchange(mydress).Theknifecutswell.Iwillconsider.Iftimepermits.Hecanread.Don't
trouble(yourself).Thestainshows(itself).Theymarried(eachother).
1344有些动词用在表示数量的名词前,看起来像及物动词,实际上却是不及物动词:
Thethermometerrose(orfell)twodegrees.
Hewaitedtenminutes.Theweddinglastedthreedays.
Iwalkedfivemiles.
1345图解:
2.S+IV.AP(Johnmovedin.)
1346无数的不及物动词可以跟有特定的地点副词,与之构成成语。但在多数情况下,这些副词
并不表示地点,而有其他意思,因此可以称作副词性小品词(AdverbialParticle).
a.Don*tanswerback(=answerrudely)whenasuperiorspeakstoyou.Hebacksaway(二drawsback)
fromherbecausehehasmadeherangry.Don'tworry,Iwillneverbackout(=failtofulfila
promise).Inordertosurvive,wemustbandtogether(=unite).Hebargedin(=inter-rupted
rudely)whileweweretalking.Thestormwillsoonblowover(=passawaywithoutinjurious
effect).Thedynamiteplacedbeneaththebridgeblewup(=exploded).Heblowsup(=loseshistemper)
ateverysmallincident.Quick!Thesoupisboilingover(=over-flowingthesideofapan).Brace
up(=takecourage)ifyoureallywanttogetmarried.Manyprisonersbrokeaway(=suddenly
escaped).Ourcarsuddenlybrokedown(=failedtofunction)onourwayhome.Afirebrokeout
(=startedsuddenlyandviolently)onSixthStreet.Tearsburstforth(=suddenlyappeared).
b.Shecoloursup(=blushes)ifwementionherlove.Anaccidentlikethiscomesabout(=happens)
everyday.MywifeandIcometogether(=arereconciled)aftertenyearsofquarrel.Theseedshave
comeup(=shotupabovetheground).Whenweweretalking,ayoungmancameup
(=approached).Threedaysafterthequarrel,Icooleddown(=becamecalm).Shewasshocked
atthebill,butshehadtocoughup(=pay,perhapsunwillingly).Hardlyaweekhadhelearned
computersciencewhenhecrackedup(=sufferedamentalbreakdown).Anerrormaycreepin(=steal
inunnoticed).Thisoldempirecrumbledaway(=disintegratedgradually)becauseofmisrule.Ishould
nottakemuchsugar,butIcannotcutdown(=lessen).
c.Allmembersofmyfamilydineout(=eatawayfromhome)everySunday.Theydrinkliquorevery
dayandcan—notdowithout(=dispensewithit).Wedressedup(=putonformalclothes)fora
banquet.Iwilldropby(=callcasually)whenIamfree.Theproductionofricedroppedoff
(=decreased)lastyear.Hedroppedout(=leftschoolbeforefinishinghiscourses)atfifteen.Thewell
hasdriedup(=becomedry).Theroadisrough,weshouldeasedown(=lessenspeed).Letusease
down(=workless,makelesseffort).Hisreputationfadedout(=graduallydisappeared)afterhis
death.Thecountryfellapart(=felltopieces)becauseofcivilwar.Ineverfallback(=re-treat)
beforedifficulties.Ourcountryfallsbehind(=dropsbehind)inscienceandtechnology.Letusfallto
(=begintoeatortowork.)
d.Wewereunabletogetby(=pass)becausetheroadwasblocked.Shegotdown(=dismounted)
fromherhorse.Thetraingotin.Wegotoff(=startedajourney).Howareyougettingon?Igetup
atsixinthemorning.AtlastIhavetogivein(=yield).Riceisgoingdown(=becomingcheaper).A
rumourwentforth(=becamepublic)•Thegunwentoff(=exploded)suddenly.Ourworkwenton
(=continued).Thecandlehasgoneout(=ceasedtoburn)•Iwon'tholdback(=keepbehind)if
everyonegoesforward.SinceIhavestarted,Ican'tleaveoff(二stop).Lookin(=Payashortvisit)
asyoupass.Whileallarebusy,don'tlookon(=beamerespectator).Lookout(=Takeprecaution),
herecomesatruck!Imovedin(=movedintoahouse)afterhemovedout.Alltroublewillpassaway
(=ceasetoexist).Shepassedaway(=died)amonthago.
e.Theclockrandown(=stoppedrunning,becausethebatteryhadexhausteditself).Sheranon
(=talkedincessantly).Supplieshaverunout(=becomeexhausted).Badweathersetin(=began).We
setout(=setoff)onFebruary16.Hesettleddown(=establishedhimself)atasmallvillage.Idon't
wanttolistenanymore,soshutup!Hestoodaside(orapart,aloof)whilewewerequarrelling.Some
stoodback(=retreated),somestoodout(=refusedtoyield)•Theproposalwillstandover(=be
postponed)tillnextFriday.AtthebadnewsIsteppedbackfromsurprise.Thetyrantshouldstepdown
(=re-sign).Manyvolunteerssteppedforward(=offeredhelp).Mybrothersquarrelled,butmyfather
neversteppedin(=interfered).Hestowedaway(=hidinashiporplanetogetafreeride).Theband
struckup(=begantoplay).Hesummedup(=summarized)afteradebate.Thesontaggedbehind
(oralong)(=followedclosely)whereverhismomwent.BeforeIthinkahead(=anticipate),Ithink
back(=recall).Ourbusinessisjusttickingover(=gettingoninaroutineway).Wetoucheddown
(=landedafteraflight)at6p.m.Manyworkerswalkedout(=re-fusedtowork).
1347图解:
3.S+IVp(Thisclothworewell.)
1348约有九十个不及物动词用于主动形式却有被动意义,它们通常和表示无生命东西的主语连
用:
a.Thisplayactsexcellently.Thefigureswillnotaddup.Thebreadbakeswell.Thedoorblew
open.Thecandleblewout.Thisbottledoesnotbreak.Thedustwon'tbrushoffthehat.Theluggage
carrieseasily.David*sraincoatcaughtonthenail.Someofthedocumentsdon'tseemtocheckwiththe
facts.Thiscannotcompare(favourably)withthat.Someofthesentenceswon'tconstrue.Potatoes
willcookslowly.Everyminutecounts.Thesepeoplemostlycountfornothing.Thepotatoescropped
welllastyear,butIthinkwillcropbadlythisyear.Thislightwoodcutslikebutter.Thepineapple
doesn'tcuteasily.Thispieceofclothwillcutupintotwosuits.Instinctderivesfromancestors.Milk
digestseasily.Thiewinedrinkswell.Thetoothdrawseasily.Thefrogeatslikechicken.
b.Thisdressfastensdowntheback.Thetoiletdoesnotflush.Theeggshatchouteasily.Thisricewon't
grindfine.Waterheatsreadily.Thisclothironseasily.Thishouseletswell.Thedoorwillnot
lock.Thesebookspackeasily.Mywatchpawnsfortwodollars.Thesepotatoespeeleasily.She
photographs(takes)well.Thelandploughshard.Thefilmdoesnotprintwell.Thisstoryreadsill
(orwell).Thephotoreproduceswell.
c.Hishouserentsat$800amonth.Thispoemdoesnotrhyme.Ashamedoes,notruboff.Thisplastic
scratcheseasily.Theplayscreenbadly(=isunfitforfilming).Thebooksellswell.Thisdoorwon't
shut.Thiscigarettesmokesbetterthanothers.Thiswoodsplitstraight.Thismaterialstainseasily.The
shipsteerswithease.Thematchwillnotstrike.Thispaperwillnottear.Hisde-scenttracedbackto
aking.Thispoemtranslateseasily.TheTVsetwon'tturnon.Thisboardwillneverwarp.Thismaterial
washeseasily.Suchshoeswearbadly.Theplanworkedoutwell.Thephotowashesoutalittle.
d.Drumsarebeating(=arebeingbeaten).Thebookisbinding(=isbeingbound).Sometrouble
isbrewing.Youngpeoplearealwaysbrimmingwithnewideas.Thehouseisbuilding.Thebridgeis
completingnow.Themealisdigestingwell.Whatisdoingnow?Thetaskisfinishing.Gunsare
firing.Friendshipisforming.Thetheatreisrapidlyfillingupwithpeople.Thefishisfrying.Thehouse
isleasing.Thecowsaremilking.Oneboyismissing(orwanting).Hepaidwhatwasowing.Music
wasplaying.Somethingispreparing.Myapplicationisprocessing.Theproblemissettlingthisway.A
newfilmisshowing.Theboyisshapingwell.Theseedsoftroublearesowing.Thefruitsarespoiling
quickly.Measuresaretaking.
1349图解:
B.各种及物动词+各种宾语
4.S+TV+N或S+TV.N(JohnlearnedJapanese.)
1350无数的及物动词可以用名词或代词作宾语:
Johnhasaplan.Doyoulikehim?Whataninterestingbook
Iamreading!HespeaksEnglish.Ilovecats.
1351不及物动词有时和后面跟的名词构成成语。整个成语,如果被化作一个整体,可以看成是
一个不及物动词:
Helosthope(=despaired).Hegaveground(=retreated)Theaccidenttookplace(=happened)
thismorning.
Hemadethegrade(=succeeded).Wemadeourway(=advanced)tothejungle.
在某些成语中,名词前没有冠词,也没有物主代词:
a.Hewillbearwitness.Herbeautybeggarsdescription(=makeswordspoor).Don'tborrowtrouble
(=worryabouttroublethatwon'tcome).Webrokeground(=ploughed,untilledground,beganan
undertaking).Ourboatcastanchor.Ioftencaughtcold.Hecaughtfever(orinfection).Herhouse
caughtfire.Hechangedcolour(二be-camepale).Hispersonalitycommandsesteem(orrespect).He
neverdidevil(orill,wrong).Noneofuscarewhethertheydorightorwrong,goodorharm.We
did(=produced)RomeoandJuliet.Jandid(=acted)Juliet.Idid(=prepared)omelette(or
breakfast).Tomdid(=wrote)poetry.Hisbrotherdid(translated)FrenchintoEnglish.Idid
(=studied)electricity.Theycrywolf(=giveafalsewarning)justforarmsaid.
b.Onemustexercisepatienceandcautionwhenoneexercisesauthorityanddiscipline.Hefeltregret,
butnotsatisfaction.Hefoundtime(orleisure)tostudy.Hehasfinishedcollege.Afterhetookthe
lead,wefollowedsuit.Theygainedtimebygivingmeambiguousanswers.Mywatchgainedtime.We
havegainedground(=gotanadvantage).Wewillsoongainpower,ifwearepatientenough.Hegave
evidenceinthelaw-court.Hegaveear(orheed,credit)totherumour.Hegavejudgement(or
advice,notice,warning,trouble).I'vehadit(=can'tsufferanymore).Youhitit(=saidtheright
thing).Thistheorydoesn'tholdwater(=isn*tvalid).Thecriminaljumped(orskipped)bail(=gave
upthebailmoneyandranawaytoavoidtrial).
c.Mymotherkepthouseandkeptbooks.Beinghospitablehekeptopenhouse(=provided
hospitabilityforanycomer).Hecannotkeepbodyandsoultogether(=keepawayhunger).Hekept
badcompany(=associatedwithbadpeople).Mywatchdoesnotkeep(good)time,soIamlate.He
killedtimebyreadingnovelsordoinganotherthinginteresting.
d.Heleftschoollastyear.Wemaylosegroundbutwillneverlosehope.Ineverlostcourage(orheart)
afterIfail.Bequick,don'tlosetime.Helostself-contrcl(orhimself)inmomentsofstress.
e.Mothermakesdinner.Itseemedlate,buthemadegoodtime(=travelledfostandarrivedon
time),Hedoesn'tworkhard,buthemakesgoodsalary.Makehaste(orspeed).Hecanmakemoney
(orprofit),butspendmuch.Aftersomanyyearsofwarwemustmakepeace.Imadetea(or
hay)・Wemadeway(=stoodaside)forotherstopassthrough.Wemadeway(orheadway)(=
advanced)inthefaceofdifficulty.Hemarkedtime(=spentidlehours)whilewaitingforhiswife,
f.Thesoldiersmounted(orkept,relieved,stood)guard.Hemovedheavenandearth(=dideverything)
toattackhisopponent.Theyopenedfire(=startedshooting)andkilledthreeofus.Thechildrenoften
playhavoc(=dogreatdamage).Heplayspolitics(=attainspoliticalaimsbyhookorbycrook).He
hadbrokenthewindow,soheplayedpossum(keptquiettoavoidattention)Heplayedsecondfiddle
(=heldasubordinateplace).Hefailedbe-causehehadoftenplayedtruant.
g.Weraisedmoneyforagreatproject.Icanreadcharacterfromhandwriting.Hecanreadmusic.I
mustsaygoodbyenow.Wesaidgrace(=saidaprayerofthanksbeforeorafterameal).Weset(or
made,struck)sail(=beganavoyage)inFebruary,1969.Herefusedtoyieldsheshowedfight.He
showedcourage(orfear).Hesoweddiscordamonghisenemies.Hestruckoil(=hadgoodluckin
someenterprise).Hesuffered(orsustained)defeat.
h.Don*ttakealarmifItellyousomebadnews.Hehastotakebreathafterclimbingupstairs.Hetook
coldandcouldnotwork.Hetakesdrinkanddrugs.Takeheart,don'tbeafraid.Thelawwillsoontake
effect(=beeffective).Takeexerciseeverymorningandkeephealthy.Hetookflightaftermurdering
awoman.Hetookmedicine(orpoison).Don'ttakeoffence(=beoffended)•Somethingstrange
tookplace(=happened)inthisoldhouse.Let*stakerest.Wetakestockeveryweek.Theevilhastaken
root(=becomeestablished).Mydreamwilltakeshape(=materialize)nextyear.Hetooktrouble
tohelpme.
i.Don'ttemptprovidence(=takeanunnecessaryrisk).Hehastouchedbottom(=isbeginingtoprosper
afterhisworstdays).Theboatturnedturtle(=turnedupsidedown).
在某些成语中名词前有不定冠词,或作复数:
j.Heoftenactedadoublepart(=wasdeceitful).SinceIcriticizedhim,hehasborneagrudgeC=nursed
agrievance).Theenemybeataretreat(=retreatedinahurry).ThomasEdisonblazedatorch
(=startedsome-thingnew)invariousfields.Don'tbreatheaword(=sayaword)aboutthis
secret.Whenangry,hecallsnames(=callsomebodybyabusivenames).Iwouldliketocrossswords
(=argue)withthisboaster.Youhavedoneagoodjob(=donesomethingwell).Idrewablank(=failed
togetanyinformation)whenIreturnedtotheoffice.Wemustdrawaline(=distinguish)betweenright
andwrong.Wedowntools(=stopwork)atsix.
k.Mysisterfixedadateforthecelebration.ThiseveningIhaveadate(oranengagement)(=have
asocialmeeting)withher.Ihaveajob(oratime)(=havetrouble)writingthisfirstloveletter.(但:
Ihavemyselfatime[=haveagoodtime]writingit.)Astheydidn'tliftafinger(orahand)
(=didnrtgivehelp),Ilent(orgave)ahand(=gavehelp)totheoldlady.
1.Imadeanappointment(=hadanengagementtomeetsomeone)for3p.m.Hemadeaboast,
butwhobelievedhim?Hemadeacalloverthephone.Hemadeaface(=twistedhisface),andthen
wewerenomoreangry.Don*tmakeafuss(=getexcitedaboutatrifle).Johnmadeahit(=gaveagood
impression)attheexhibitionofhisworks.Shallwemakeamove(=start)rightnow?Dickmadea
publicappearanceafternineyearsinprison.Thomasmakesaquickbuck(=earnsmoneyquickly).We
makearow(orascene)(=startedaviolentquarrel)fromtimetotime.Assoonaswearrivedwemade
reservationsforhotelrooms.Imustmaketracks(=setoff)beforeitislate.Williammadewaves
(=createdasensationtoimpressothers)attheparty.
m.Abigbossbehindpullsstrings(=secretlyexertsinfluence).Don'trunarisk(=putyourselfin
danger).Thepatientranatemperature(=hadafever).Thecriminalhasservedasentence(ortime)
(=passedtermofimprisonment).Ismelladangerinthisdesolatearea.Westruckahappymedium
(=foundananswerbetweentwoextremes).Asyoucommittedmistakesforthefirsttime,wemight
stretch(orstrain)apoint(=allowanexceptiontotherules).
n.Iwouldwillinglytakeabackseat(=occupyanunimportantposition).Wetakeacoffeebreak
(=drinkcoffeeandrestashortwhile)aftertwohoursofwork.Hetook(ordrew)alongbreathbefore
hespoke.Thesituationtookaturn(=changed)forthebetter.Hewouldn'tturnanhonestpenny
(=makemoneybyhonestmeans).
在另一些成语中名词前有定冠词或有物主代词:
o.Actyourage(=Don,tbechildish).Mywarningmerelybeattheair(=madeuselessefforts).I
mustbidemytime(=waitforagoodchance).Someoneblackedhiseye(=gavehimablow).He
blewhisowntrumpet(=praisedhimself).Hehasblownhismind(=becomeswildlyenthusiastic
becauseofdrugs).Hebossedtheshow(=con-trolledeverything).Sheboxedhisear(=smacked
himontheear).Ihavetobreak(orcancel,change,postpone)theappointment.Afterhalfanhour
ofsilence,Ibroketheice(=overcomereserve).Thenewsbrokeherheart.Hebrokehisword(=failed
tokeephispromise).Ibrokethenews(=announcedthenews)toher.Theybrokethepeace(=
quarrelled).Heburnedhisfingers(=sufferedalossthrougharashaction).Weburiedthehatchet
(=madepeace).Iamnotbuyingit(=amno
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