英语语法大全谓语的47种类型

《英语语法大全•谓语的47种类型》

I.概说

A.英语句子结构相对简单

1.5种类型的谓语

1326在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有5种类型的谓语•

第一类包含一个不及物动词（W）：

Hecame.

Mywifecried.

第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（TV+O）：

Johnlikesme.

Hisunclewroteletters.

第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（DV+IO+DO）：

TheyteachmeEnglish.

IboughtMarysugar.

第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（LV+C）：

Heisateacher.

Shelookssad.

第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（FV+O+C）：

Wemadehimking.

Sheleftthehousedirty.

2.动词的短语形式

1327不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些，上面例句中的及物动词、不及物动词或其他

动词都是一个单词，但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语或成语。例如“及物动词+名词”可以看

作是一种不及物动词：

Helostheart.（他灰心了。）

Thishabithasstruckroot.（这种习惯已根深蒂固）

下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词：

Ilookedformylostdictionary.（我在找我弄失的字典。）

Hepaidattentiontohislesson.（他很注意他的功课。）

Hegaveupdrinking.（他戒酒了。）

Heisafraidofblood.（他怕血。）

Hecan'tgetalongwithanyone.（他和谁都处不好。）

下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词：

Iwaitedforhimtocome.（我等他来。）

详见1182—1206节。

3.宾语的9种形式

1328此外，也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语，共有9种东西可用作及物动词、双宾动词及宾补

动词的宾语。由于它们是名词或起名词的作用，可以称作名词等同体（Noun-Equivalent）,名

词等同体，可用作动词的宾语：

IknowJohn（名词）.

Shekeptthefloordirty.

IwillteachJohnChinese.

Iknowhim（代词）.

Shekeptitclean.

Thatdependsuponthem.

Hethrewoutanappleofdiscord（名词短语）.

IhavejustvisitedtheBoardofTrade.

Iamnotfondofwildgoosechase.

Thismatterintereststherichandthepoor（the+形容词或分词）.

Thegeneralvisitedthedyingandthewounded.Iknowthelongand（the）shortofthiscase.

Hewantstogotocollege（不定式）.

Sherefusestomarryme.

Iaskedtoseeafriendinprison.

Heisfondofswimminginthemorning（动名词）.

Heavoidsmeetinganyofhisfriends.

Ipostponedgoingtothedoctor.

Iknowthatshelovesme（that引起的从句）.

Iamsurethatyouwillsucceed.

Isheafraidthathewillbedefeated?

Iwonderwhathewants（疑问词引起的从句）.

Iaskedwherehehadbeen.

Idon'tknowwhichwayIshouldgo.

Idon'tknowwhattodo（疑问词引起的不定式）.

Iamdoubtfulhowtosettlethisproblem.

Idonotcarewheretoeatdinner.

4.补语的15种形式

1329不只是名词和形容词可用作补语，上面所提的9种名词等同体以及下面例句中的6种形容

词等同体（Adjective-Equiva—lent）都可用作系动词或宾补动词的补语。

名词及名词等同体作补语：

Heisaking（名词）.

Wechosehimchairman.

Itisme（代词）.

Hebecameafishoutofwater（名词短语）.

Ifinditamootpoint.

Thevictimsarealwaysthepoor（the+形容词）.

Torespectothersistoberespected（不定式）.

Seeingisbelieving（动名词）.

Hispurposeisthatallchildrenshouldbeeducated（that引起的从句）・

Theproblemiswhoistoblame（疑问词引起的从句）.

Myproblemishowtolearn（疑问词引起的不定式）.

形容词及形容词等同体作补语：

Heseemshappy（形容词）.

Youlookyoung.

Hemakesmeangry.

Heisout（地点副词）.

Theshowisover.

Timeisup.

Heisathome（介词短语）.

Weareongoodterms.

Heleaveshisdeskoutoforder.

Itseemsinteresting（现在分词）.

Thesituationgrowsencouraging.

IsawMarysmoking.

Iamastonished（过去分词）.

Helookedfrightened.

Ihadmyclotheswashed.

Heistoblame（不定式）.

Itistobethrownaway.

Hewantshisdaughtertomarryarichman.

5.再复杂的句子也可简化

1330因此我们可以把许多词看成一个词，把许多不同形式看作同类东西，从而使句子的结构变

得简单化。例如我们可以把Iknowthathedoesnotliketoliveinthiscountry.中的10个斜体词和

IknowJohn.中的一个斜体词看作是有同一语法作用的东西，因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。我

们也可把Hebeggedtoseeafriendinprison.中的6个斜体词和Hebeggedpardon.中的一个斜体

词看作是作用相等，因为两者都是宾语。

同样，我们也可把Heistocometotheofficeateight.中的7个斜体词和Heispunctual.中的一

个斜体词看作相等的东西，因为两者都是补语。另外下面4个句子中的斜体词，形式不一，我们

却可看作一类东西，都是及物动词或是起及物动词作用的词组：

Helikeschocolate.（他喜欢巧克力。）

Heisfondofteaching.（他爱教书。）

Johnpaysattentiontohisbusiness.（约翰关心他的买卖。）

Iamsurethathewillbeagoodhusband.（我肯定他会是一个好丈夫。）

此外，在上面单元中，我们已谈到名词、名词成语、不定式、从句等等，尽管形式不同，字数不

等，却都起同样作用，担任句子的主语。这样，不管多复杂的句子都可简化，而简化是语法的目

的。

B.何种谓语类型用何种动词

1.47种谓语类型

1331我们一方面有不同形式的动词，另一方面有不同形式的宾语及补语。把它们结合起来，再

加上一些其他因素，我们可以得出47种基本的谓语类型，这几乎代表了英语中的各种可能的谓

语。我们可能读到的或写出的任何谓语，几乎都可以（而且应当）纳入这些类型。这47种类型

可列举如下：

IV有3种类型

TV+O有15种类型

DV+IO+DO有5种类型

LV+C有13种类型

FV+O+C有11种类型

5类谓语共有47种类型

2.一个特定动词只能用在几个特定的谓语类型中

1332为了更好了解这些谓语类型，先看看下面句子:

a.Iknowhimtoworkhard.

b.Wewanthimtocome.

c.Sheletustousehercar.

d.Theysupposeallofustoobey.

e.JohnsawMarytowalkwithaboy.

所有这些句子的谓语都属于第42种类型，即“宾补动词+名词+不定式”，但只有b.句的谓语是

正确的，因为只有want这一动词可用于这个类型，其他动词都不能这样用。再看下面句子：

a.Itriedadvisingher.

b.Iaskedseeingtheboss.

c.Hethinksgoingwithyou.

d.Wewishmovingtoanotherplace.

e.Theyrefusedhelpingus.

上面所有谓语都属于第13种类型，即“及物动词+动名词”，但只有a.句是正确的，因为动词tried

可用于这种类型，而其他动词不可这样用。

从上面10个例句我们可以看出，一个特定动词只能用在某一特定的类型中，在一特定类型中，

一个特定的动词能用还是不能用，完全是一个习惯用法的问题。

1333从下面句子中可以看出know可用在多少类型的谓语中：

IknowJohn.（及物动词+名词）（正确）

IknowJohntocometomorrow.（宾补动词+名词+不定式）（错误）

IknowthatJohncomestomorrow.（及物动词+that引起的从句）（正确）

Iknowtoanswerthisquestion.（及物动词+不定式）（错误）

Iknowtheworkeasy.（宾补动词+名词+形容词）（错误）

Iknowhowtoanswerthisquestion.（及物动词+疑问词引起的不定式）（正确）

Iknowtheworktobeeasy.（宾补动词+名词+tobe+形容词）（正确）

IknowJohncoming（宾补动词+名词+现在分词）.（错误）

Iknoworganizingapoliticalparty（及物动词+动名词）.（错误）

从上面例句我们可以看出某些动词只能用在47种类型的某些类型中，不能在许多类型中使用。

3.一个特定的谓语类型中只能用某些特定的动词

1334有些类型中可以使用很多动词，另一些却只能使用少量动词。例如在“系动词+that引起的

从句''这种类型中只能用be这一个动词。在“不及物动词+介词+疑问词引起的从句”这种类型中约

可用20个动词，在“及物动词+不定式或动名词”这类类型中，约可用50个动词，而在“及物动词

+that引起的从句”这种类型中，约可用150个动词。每种类型中能用的动词，在本单元中将几乎

全部列出并加上例句，以便读者了解并掌握什么动词在何种类型中使用。不过某些谓语类型中可

用的动词极多（可说是成百上千）。在这种情况下只能给出一小部分动词。

C.谓语类型与句型

1335关于上面提到的类型有几点值得注意：

1.动词只须与主语在人称和数上一致，因此它们之间的关系相对比较简单。而动词和宾语及补

语的关系比较复杂，这在下面47种谓语类型中可清楚看出。如果对主语不加考虑，这47种谓语

类型也就是47种句型。事实上在下面讨论中，谓语类型的公式都采用“S+TV+N"，“S+DV+N

+N"，“S+FV+N+A”这类形式，里面包含了主语（S）,因此也就代表了句型。

2.一个句型可以包含一个简单句：

Johnknowshowtoplayfootball.

Heavoidedmeetingheratsomeparty.

3.它也可以包含一个带有宾语从句的复合句：

Heknowswhatyouaredoing.

Iaskedwherehegotit.

4.但并列句中至少需有两个句型：

Ihavedecidedtogo(一个句型)andhewillgotoo(一个句型),butshedecidestoremainathome

(一个句型).(共包含三个句型)

D.修饰语与独立成分

1336句型指一个完整句子的骨架，它可包含任何数量的修饰语(即形容词、副词及起同样作用

的其他词语)。这些修饰语可能在意思上很重要，但在语法上却是可以删除的，在我们考虑句型，

也就是句子的基本结构时，可以对它们不加考虑。所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语+及物

动词+名词、但却可包含不同类型的修饰语(斜体部分)。最后包含25个词的句子和第一个包

含4个词的句子同属一个句型：

Isawahouse.

Isawabighouse.

Isawabighouseontheoppositeside.

Isawabighouseontheoppositeside,whichwassaidtobehauntedbyaghost.

YesterdayIsawabighouse

YesterdaywhenIsaileddowntheriverIsawabighouse

修饰语在后面将作详细讨论。句型还可以包含一个独立成分，但基本结构不变。

所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语+系动词+补语”：

Thatmaniscrazy.

Oh!thatmaniscrazy.

Oh!thatmaniscrazy,Iamsure.

Oh1thatmaniscrazy,youmaybesure,Mary.

E.句型的用法

1337在下面讨论中，所列出能用于某句型的动词的数目只是大致估计。列出的目的只是说明某

一句型使用范围大致有多广。一般说来，数目越小，越难使用，因为如果这个句型只限于用少数

动词，则用错的机会更多。

1338偶尔也会有些例外的句子无法归入这47种句型的任何一个。但如果把某些不规则的动词短

语适当转换为规则的动词短语，则它们大部分仍可归入某些句型：

Ihaveagoodmind(=intend)topunishyou.(haveagoodmind可能换为intend,则句型将是“主

语+及物动词+不定式)

Hewillhaveit(=insists)thatIhavecheatedhim.(主语+及物动词+that引起的从句)

44Whohastakenmypen?”"John(hastakenyourpen).”

(I)Beg(your)pardon.

(Itwas)Nosoonersaidthan(itwas)done.

(You)Liveandlet(others)live.

(Iwishyou)Goodluck!

1339确定一个句子属于哪个句型是有好处的。下面的句子都是错的，因为它们不代表47种句型

中的任何一个：

1.IhearaboutthatJohnhasarrived.(主语+不及物动词+介词+thal引起的从句)

2.Ipaidattentionwhathewasdoing.(主语+及物动词+名词+疑问词引起的从句)

3.Heisafraidofthathewillbeassassinated.（主语+系动词+形容词+介词+that引起的从句）

4.Heisafraidbeingassassinated.（主语+系动词+形容词+动名词）

5.Iknowthatwhohasbrokenthewindow.（主语+及物动词+that+疑问词引起的从句）

6.Wewantpeaceful.（主语+及物动词+形容词）

这些句型应改正如下：

正确句型正确句子

1.主语+及物动词+that引IhearthatJohnhasar-

起的从句rived.

2.主语+及物动词+名词+Ipaidattentiontowhat

介词+疑问词引起的从句hewasdoing.

3.主语+系动词+形容词+Heisafraidthathewill

that引起的从句beassassinated.

4.主语+系动词+形容词+Heisafraidofbeingas-

介词+动名词sassinated.

5.主语+及物动词+疑问词Iknowwhohasbroken

引起的从句thewindow.

6.主语+及物动词+名词Wewantpeace.

其次，应确定使用的动词是否适合用于某个谓语类型。

F.47种句型的公式

1340每种句型都可以用一个公式来代表，例如：“S+IV”,"S+TV+N"，“S+LV+AP”，“S+

FV+N+PaP”,44S+DV+N+that-Cr.下面列出了代表某些词的缩写形式：

S=Subject（主语）PaP=PastParticiple（过

O=Object（宾语）去分词）

C=Complement（补语）N=NounorPronoun（名

IO=IndirectObject（间接词或代词）

宾语）R=ReflexivePronoun（反

DO二DirectObject（直接身代词）

宾语）A=Adjective（形容词）

IV=IntransitiveVerb（不P=Preposition（介词）

及物动词）AP=AdverbofPlace,or

TV=TransitiveVerb（及AdverbialParticle,as

物动词）in,out,up,away

DV=DativeVerb（双宾动（地点副词或副词性小

词）品词）

LV=LinkingVerb（系动

词）W—Cl=Interrogative-

FV=FactitiveVerb（宾补Clause,（疑问词引起的动词）

从句，由whether,

1=Infinitive（不定式）what,which,who,

G=Gerund（动名词）whom,whose,where,

PrP=PresentParticiplewhen,why,how弓I

（现在分词）起）

That-Cl=Noun-Clauseinn.=innumreable=hun-

（that引起的名词从dredsorthousands（无

句）数，成百上千）

表示它前后的词构成成语，如IV.P,LV.A.P.,TV.N.P,LV.PaP,它们包含2个

或3个词。

1341一个号表示这个句型包含2个基本成分，即主语及不及物动词，如：

S+IVS+IV.AP

2个号表示这个句型包含有3个基本成分，即主语，及物动词及宾语，如：

S+TV+NS+IV.P+that-Cl

S+LV.A.P+G

或指另外3个成分，如主语、系动词及补语：

S+LV+AS+LV+that-Cl

S+LV+P.N

3个“+，，号表示这个句型包含4个成分：主语、双宾动词、间接宾语及直接宾语，如：

S+DV+N+NS+DV+N+W-C1

S+DV+N+that-Cl

也可以是另外4个成分，如主语、宾补动词、宾语及（宾语）补语：

S+FV+N+AS+FV+N+PaP

S+IV.P+N+I

这里我们可以了解一个十分重要的事实，即英语句子是很简单的，它少则包含两个成分，多则包

含四个成分。

了解了公式及图解的意义，现在就可开始藉助它们研究47种谓语类型或句型。注意：句子末尾

的星号表示这个句子将在每一类句型讲完之后进行图解。

II.47种谓语类型(附公式及图解)

A.各种不及物动词

1.S+IV(Johnlaughed.)

1342不及物动词不跟有宾语或补语，其数量不可胜数：

Theysmiled.Johndied.Marywalkedslowly.Fireburns.

Idreamedlastnight.Heweptbitterly.Youmustdressfordinner.Thatdepends.Itdoesnotpay.

1343通常跟有宾语的及物动词，如果宾语可以猜出，着重点不是宾语，而是动词(动作)时，

可以把宾语省略，用作不及物动词：

Atractorcancut,push,pull,dig,lift,pump,carryandspray.Theblinddonotsee.Wemusteat.I

willchange(mydress).Theknifecutswell.Iwillconsider.Iftimepermits.Hecanread.Don't

trouble(yourself).Thestainshows(itself).Theymarried(eachother).

1344有些动词用在表示数量的名词前，看起来像及物动词，实际上却是不及物动词：

Thethermometerrose(orfell)twodegrees.

Hewaitedtenminutes.Theweddinglastedthreedays.

Iwalkedfivemiles.

1345图解：

2.S+IV.AP（Johnmovedin.）

1346无数的不及物动词可以跟有特定的地点副词，与之构成成语。但在多数情况下，这些副词

并不表示地点，而有其他意思，因此可以称作副词性小品词(AdverbialParticle).

a.Don*tanswerback(=answerrudely)whenasuperiorspeakstoyou.Hebacksaway(二drawsback)

fromherbecausehehasmadeherangry.Don'tworry,Iwillneverbackout(=failtofulfila

promise).Inordertosurvive,wemustbandtogether(=unite).Hebargedin(=inter-rupted

rudely)whileweweretalking.Thestormwillsoonblowover(=passawaywithoutinjurious

effect).Thedynamiteplacedbeneaththebridgeblewup(=exploded).Heblowsup(=loseshistemper)

ateverysmallincident.Quick!Thesoupisboilingover(=over-flowingthesideofapan).Brace

up(=takecourage)ifyoureallywanttogetmarried.Manyprisonersbrokeaway(=suddenly

escaped).Ourcarsuddenlybrokedown(=failedtofunction)onourwayhome.Afirebrokeout

(=startedsuddenlyandviolently)onSixthStreet.Tearsburstforth(=suddenlyappeared).

b.Shecoloursup(=blushes)ifwementionherlove.Anaccidentlikethiscomesabout(=happens)

everyday.MywifeandIcometogether(=arereconciled)aftertenyearsofquarrel.Theseedshave

comeup(=shotupabovetheground).Whenweweretalking,ayoungmancameup

(=approached).Threedaysafterthequarrel,Icooleddown(=becamecalm).Shewasshocked

atthebill,butshehadtocoughup(=pay,perhapsunwillingly).Hardlyaweekhadhelearned

computersciencewhenhecrackedup(=sufferedamentalbreakdown).Anerrormaycreepin(=steal

inunnoticed).Thisoldempirecrumbledaway(=disintegratedgradually)becauseofmisrule.Ishould

nottakemuchsugar,butIcannotcutdown(=lessen).

c.Allmembersofmyfamilydineout(=eatawayfromhome)everySunday.Theydrinkliquorevery

dayandcan—notdowithout(=dispensewithit).Wedressedup(=putonformalclothes)fora

banquet.Iwilldropby(=callcasually)whenIamfree.Theproductionofricedroppedoff

(=decreased)lastyear.Hedroppedout(=leftschoolbeforefinishinghiscourses)atfifteen.Thewell

hasdriedup(=becomedry).Theroadisrough,weshouldeasedown(=lessenspeed).Letusease

down(=workless,makelesseffort).Hisreputationfadedout(=graduallydisappeared)afterhis

death.Thecountryfellapart(=felltopieces)becauseofcivilwar.Ineverfallback(=re-treat)

beforedifficulties.Ourcountryfallsbehind(=dropsbehind)inscienceandtechnology.Letusfallto

(=begintoeatortowork.)

d.Wewereunabletogetby(=pass)becausetheroadwasblocked.Shegotdown(=dismounted)

fromherhorse.Thetraingotin.Wegotoff(=startedajourney).Howareyougettingon?Igetup

atsixinthemorning.AtlastIhavetogivein(=yield).Riceisgoingdown(=becomingcheaper).A

rumourwentforth(=becamepublic)•Thegunwentoff(=exploded)suddenly.Ourworkwenton

(=continued).Thecandlehasgoneout(=ceasedtoburn)•Iwon'tholdback(=keepbehind)if

everyonegoesforward.SinceIhavestarted,Ican'tleaveoff(二stop).Lookin(=Payashortvisit)

asyoupass.Whileallarebusy,don'tlookon(=beamerespectator).Lookout(=Takeprecaution),

herecomesatruck!Imovedin(=movedintoahouse)afterhemovedout.Alltroublewillpassaway

(=ceasetoexist).Shepassedaway(=died)amonthago.

e.Theclockrandown(=stoppedrunning,becausethebatteryhadexhausteditself).Sheranon

(=talkedincessantly).Supplieshaverunout(=becomeexhausted).Badweathersetin(=began).We

setout(=setoff)onFebruary16.Hesettleddown(=establishedhimself)atasmallvillage.Idon't

wanttolistenanymore,soshutup!Hestoodaside(orapart,aloof)whilewewerequarrelling.Some

stoodback(=retreated),somestoodout(=refusedtoyield)•Theproposalwillstandover(=be

postponed)tillnextFriday.AtthebadnewsIsteppedbackfromsurprise.Thetyrantshouldstepdown

(=re-sign).Manyvolunteerssteppedforward(=offeredhelp).Mybrothersquarrelled,butmyfather

neversteppedin(=interfered).Hestowedaway(=hidinashiporplanetogetafreeride).Theband

struckup(=begantoplay).Hesummedup(=summarized)afteradebate.Thesontaggedbehind

(oralong)(=followedclosely)whereverhismomwent.BeforeIthinkahead(=anticipate),Ithink

back(=recall).Ourbusinessisjusttickingover(=gettingoninaroutineway).Wetoucheddown

(=landedafteraflight)at6p.m.Manyworkerswalkedout(=re-fusedtowork).

1347图解：

3.S+IVp(Thisclothworewell.)

1348约有九十个不及物动词用于主动形式却有被动意义，它们通常和表示无生命东西的主语连

用：

a.Thisplayactsexcellently.Thefigureswillnotaddup.Thebreadbakeswell.Thedoorblew

open.Thecandleblewout.Thisbottledoesnotbreak.Thedustwon'tbrushoffthehat.Theluggage

carrieseasily.David*sraincoatcaughtonthenail.Someofthedocumentsdon'tseemtocheckwiththe

facts.Thiscannotcompare(favourably)withthat.Someofthesentenceswon'tconstrue.Potatoes

willcookslowly.Everyminutecounts.Thesepeoplemostlycountfornothing.Thepotatoescropped

welllastyear,butIthinkwillcropbadlythisyear.Thislightwoodcutslikebutter.Thepineapple

doesn'tcuteasily.Thispieceofclothwillcutupintotwosuits.Instinctderivesfromancestors.Milk

digestseasily.Thiewinedrinkswell.Thetoothdrawseasily.Thefrogeatslikechicken.

b.Thisdressfastensdowntheback.Thetoiletdoesnotflush.Theeggshatchouteasily.Thisricewon't

grindfine.Waterheatsreadily.Thisclothironseasily.Thishouseletswell.Thedoorwillnot

lock.Thesebookspackeasily.Mywatchpawnsfortwodollars.Thesepotatoespeeleasily.She

photographs(takes)well.Thelandploughshard.Thefilmdoesnotprintwell.Thisstoryreadsill

(orwell).Thephotoreproduceswell.

c.Hishouserentsat$800amonth.Thispoemdoesnotrhyme.Ashamedoes,notruboff.Thisplastic

scratcheseasily.Theplayscreenbadly(=isunfitforfilming).Thebooksellswell.Thisdoorwon't

shut.Thiscigarettesmokesbetterthanothers.Thiswoodsplitstraight.Thismaterialstainseasily.The

shipsteerswithease.Thematchwillnotstrike.Thispaperwillnottear.Hisde-scenttracedbackto

aking.Thispoemtranslateseasily.TheTVsetwon'tturnon.Thisboardwillneverwarp.Thismaterial

washeseasily.Suchshoeswearbadly.Theplanworkedoutwell.Thephotowashesoutalittle.

d.Drumsarebeating(=arebeingbeaten).Thebookisbinding(=isbeingbound).Sometrouble

isbrewing.Youngpeoplearealwaysbrimmingwithnewideas.Thehouseisbuilding.Thebridgeis

completingnow.Themealisdigestingwell.Whatisdoingnow?Thetaskisfinishing.Gunsare

firing.Friendshipisforming.Thetheatreisrapidlyfillingupwithpeople.Thefishisfrying.Thehouse

isleasing.Thecowsaremilking.Oneboyismissing(orwanting).Hepaidwhatwasowing.Music

wasplaying.Somethingispreparing.Myapplicationisprocessing.Theproblemissettlingthisway.A

newfilmisshowing.Theboyisshapingwell.Theseedsoftroublearesowing.Thefruitsarespoiling

quickly.Measuresaretaking.

1349图解：

B.各种及物动词+各种宾语

4.S+TV+N或S+TV.N(JohnlearnedJapanese.)

1350无数的及物动词可以用名词或代词作宾语：

Johnhasaplan.Doyoulikehim?Whataninterestingbook

Iamreading!HespeaksEnglish.Ilovecats.

1351不及物动词有时和后面跟的名词构成成语。整个成语，如果被化作一个整体，可以看成是

一个不及物动词：

Helosthope(=despaired).Hegaveground(=retreated)Theaccidenttookplace(=happened)

thismorning.

Hemadethegrade(=succeeded).Wemadeourway(=advanced)tothejungle.

在某些成语中，名词前没有冠词，也没有物主代词：

a.Hewillbearwitness.Herbeautybeggarsdescription(=makeswordspoor).Don'tborrowtrouble

(=worryabouttroublethatwon'tcome).Webrokeground(=ploughed,untilledground,beganan

undertaking).Ourboatcastanchor.Ioftencaughtcold.Hecaughtfever(orinfection).Herhouse

caughtfire.Hechangedcolour(二be-camepale).Hispersonalitycommandsesteem(orrespect).He

neverdidevil(orill,wrong).Noneofuscarewhethertheydorightorwrong,goodorharm.We

did(=produced)RomeoandJuliet.Jandid(=acted)Juliet.Idid(=prepared)omelette(or

breakfast).Tomdid(=wrote)poetry.Hisbrotherdid(translated)FrenchintoEnglish.Idid

(=studied)electricity.Theycrywolf(=giveafalsewarning)justforarmsaid.

b.Onemustexercisepatienceandcautionwhenoneexercisesauthorityanddiscipline.Hefeltregret,

butnotsatisfaction.Hefoundtime(orleisure)tostudy.Hehasfinishedcollege.Afterhetookthe

lead,wefollowedsuit.Theygainedtimebygivingmeambiguousanswers.Mywatchgainedtime.We

havegainedground(=gotanadvantage).Wewillsoongainpower,ifwearepatientenough.Hegave

evidenceinthelaw-court.Hegaveear(orheed,credit)totherumour.Hegavejudgement(or

advice,notice,warning,trouble).I'vehadit(=can'tsufferanymore).Youhitit(=saidtheright

thing).Thistheorydoesn'tholdwater(=isn*tvalid).Thecriminaljumped(orskipped)bail(=gave

upthebailmoneyandranawaytoavoidtrial).

c.Mymotherkepthouseandkeptbooks.Beinghospitablehekeptopenhouse(=provided

hospitabilityforanycomer).Hecannotkeepbodyandsoultogether(=keepawayhunger).Hekept

badcompany(=associatedwithbadpeople).Mywatchdoesnotkeep(good)time,soIamlate.He

killedtimebyreadingnovelsordoinganotherthinginteresting.

d.Heleftschoollastyear.Wemaylosegroundbutwillneverlosehope.Ineverlostcourage(orheart)

afterIfail.Bequick,don'tlosetime.Helostself-contrcl(orhimself)inmomentsofstress.

e.Mothermakesdinner.Itseemedlate,buthemadegoodtime(=travelledfostandarrivedon

time),Hedoesn'tworkhard,buthemakesgoodsalary.Makehaste(orspeed).Hecanmakemoney

(orprofit),butspendmuch.Aftersomanyyearsofwarwemustmakepeace.Imadetea(or

hay)・Wemadeway(=stoodaside)forotherstopassthrough.Wemadeway(orheadway)(=

advanced)inthefaceofdifficulty.Hemarkedtime(=spentidlehours)whilewaitingforhiswife,

f.Thesoldiersmounted(orkept,relieved,stood)guard.Hemovedheavenandearth(=dideverything)

toattackhisopponent.Theyopenedfire(=startedshooting)andkilledthreeofus.Thechildrenoften

playhavoc(=dogreatdamage).Heplayspolitics(=attainspoliticalaimsbyhookorbycrook).He

hadbrokenthewindow,soheplayedpossum(keptquiettoavoidattention)Heplayedsecondfiddle

(=heldasubordinateplace).Hefailedbe-causehehadoftenplayedtruant.

g.Weraisedmoneyforagreatproject.Icanreadcharacterfromhandwriting.Hecanreadmusic.I

mustsaygoodbyenow.Wesaidgrace(=saidaprayerofthanksbeforeorafterameal).Weset(or

made,struck)sail(=beganavoyage)inFebruary,1969.Herefusedtoyieldsheshowedfight.He

showedcourage(orfear).Hesoweddiscordamonghisenemies.Hestruckoil(=hadgoodluckin

someenterprise).Hesuffered(orsustained)defeat.

h.Don*ttakealarmifItellyousomebadnews.Hehastotakebreathafterclimbingupstairs.Hetook

coldandcouldnotwork.Hetakesdrinkanddrugs.Takeheart,don'tbeafraid.Thelawwillsoontake

effect(=beeffective).Takeexerciseeverymorningandkeephealthy.Hetookflightaftermurdering

awoman.Hetookmedicine(orpoison).Don'ttakeoffence(=beoffended)•Somethingstrange

tookplace(=happened)inthisoldhouse.Let*stakerest.Wetakestockeveryweek.Theevilhastaken

root(=becomeestablished).Mydreamwilltakeshape(=materialize)nextyear.Hetooktrouble

tohelpme.

i.Don'ttemptprovidence(=takeanunnecessaryrisk).Hehastouchedbottom(=isbeginingtoprosper

afterhisworstdays).Theboatturnedturtle(=turnedupsidedown).

在某些成语中名词前有不定冠词，或作复数：

j.Heoftenactedadoublepart(=wasdeceitful).SinceIcriticizedhim,hehasborneagrudgeC=nursed

agrievance).Theenemybeataretreat(=retreatedinahurry).ThomasEdisonblazedatorch

(=startedsome-thingnew)invariousfields.Don'tbreatheaword(=sayaword)aboutthis

secret.Whenangry,hecallsnames(=callsomebodybyabusivenames).Iwouldliketocrossswords

(=argue)withthisboaster.Youhavedoneagoodjob(=donesomethingwell).Idrewablank(=failed

togetanyinformation)whenIreturnedtotheoffice.Wemustdrawaline(=distinguish)betweenright

andwrong.Wedowntools(=stopwork)atsix.

k.Mysisterfixedadateforthecelebration.ThiseveningIhaveadate(oranengagement)(=have

asocialmeeting)withher.Ihaveajob(oratime)(=havetrouble)writingthisfirstloveletter.(但：

Ihavemyselfatime[=haveagoodtime]writingit.)Astheydidn'tliftafinger(orahand)

(=didnrtgivehelp),Ilent(orgave)ahand(=gavehelp)totheoldlady.

1.Imadeanappointment(=hadanengagementtomeetsomeone)for3p.m.Hemadeaboast,

butwhobelievedhim?Hemadeacalloverthephone.Hemadeaface(=twistedhisface)，andthen

wewerenomoreangry.Don*tmakeafuss(=getexcitedaboutatrifle).Johnmadeahit(=gaveagood

impression)attheexhibitionofhisworks.Shallwemakeamove(=start)rightnow?Dickmadea

publicappearanceafternineyearsinprison.Thomasmakesaquickbuck(=earnsmoneyquickly).We

makearow(orascene)(=startedaviolentquarrel)fromtimetotime.Assoonaswearrivedwemade

reservationsforhotelrooms.Imustmaketracks(=setoff)beforeitislate.Williammadewaves

(=createdasensationtoimpressothers)attheparty.

m.Abigbossbehindpullsstrings(=secretlyexertsinfluence).Don'trunarisk(=putyourselfin

danger).Thepatientranatemperature(=hadafever).Thecriminalhasservedasentence(ortime)

(=passedtermofimprisonment).Ismelladangerinthisdesolatearea.Westruckahappymedium

(=foundananswerbetweentwoextremes).Asyoucommittedmistakesforthefirsttime,wemight

stretch(orstrain)apoint(=allowanexceptiontotherules).

n.Iwouldwillinglytakeabackseat(=occupyanunimportantposition).Wetakeacoffeebreak

(=drinkcoffeeandrestashortwhile)aftertwohoursofwork.Hetook(ordrew)alongbreathbefore

hespoke.Thesituationtookaturn(=changed)forthebetter.Hewouldn'tturnanhonestpenny

(=makemoneybyhonestmeans).

在另一些成语中名词前有定冠词或有物主代词：

o.Actyourage(=Don,tbechildish).Mywarningmerelybeattheair(=madeuselessefforts).I

mustbidemytime(=waitforagoodchance).Someoneblackedhiseye(=gavehimablow).He

blewhisowntrumpet(=praisedhimself).Hehasblownhismind(=becomeswildlyenthusiastic

becauseofdrugs).Hebossedtheshow(=con-trolledeverything).Sheboxedhisear(=smacked

himontheear).Ihavetobreak(orcancel,change,postpone)theappointment.Afterhalfanhour

ofsilence,Ibroketheice(=overcomereserve).Thenewsbrokeherheart.Hebrokehisword(=failed

tokeephispromise).Ibrokethenews(=announcedthenews)toher.Theybrokethepeace(=

quarrelled).Heburnedhisfingers(=sufferedalossthrougharashaction).Weburiedthehatchet

(=madepeace).Iamnotbuyingit(=amno