ecies起句特别用词表达了作者感情色彩2p1生物学附答案

ReadingComprehensionReadingComprehensionPracticeQuestionsBiologistshaveadvancedtwotheoriestoexplainwhyschoolingoffishoccursinsomanyfish【总起句】Becauseschoolingisparticularlywidespread（特别用词，表达了作者强调的感情色彩）amongspeciesofsmallfish,boththeoriesassumethatschoolingofferstheadvantageofsomeprotectionfrompredators.【2】ProponentsoftheoryAdisputetheassumptionthataschoolofthousandsoffishishighly（第二段中心句）Experimentshaveshownthatanyfishcanbeseen,eveninveryclearwater,onlywithinasphereof200metersindiameterWhenfishareinacompactgroup,thespheresofvisibilityoverlap.Thusthechanceofapredatorfindingtheschoolisonlyslightlygreaterthanthechanceofthepredatorfindingasinglefishswimmingalone.Schoolingisadvantageoustotheindividualfishbecauseapredator'schanceoffindinganyparticularfishswimmingintheschoolismuchsmallerthanitschanceoffindingatleastoneofthesamegroupoffishifthefishweredispersedthroughoutanarea.P2AschoolingassumptionHowever,（转折，注重重点在后面）criticsoftheoryApointoutthatsomefishformschoolseveninareaswherepredatorsareabundantandthuslittlepossibilityofescapingdetectionexists.Theyarguethattheschoolcontinuestobeofvaluetoitsmembersevenafterdetection.TheyadvocatetheoryB,theconfusioneffect,"（承上--A的不认同，启下--B在两个不同的方面来解释）whichcanbeexplainedintwodifferentways.P3Aschooling在理论A下对鱼群被捕获了之后是没有多大用处的，因此引出了理论B，confusioneffect，下面段落将会对理论B的详述。Sometimes,proponentsargue,predatorssimplycannotdecidewhichfishtoattack.Thissupposedlyresultsfrom（表示前后逻辑关系的词语，后面是原因，前面是结果）apredator'spreferenceforstrikingpreythatisdistinctfromtherestoftheschoolinappearance.Inmanyschoolsthefisharealmostidentical（极端性词语）inappearance,makingitdifficultforapredatortoselectone.Thesecondexplanationforthe"confusioneffect"hastodowiththesensoryconfusioncausedbyalargenumberofpreymovingaroundthepredator.Evenifthepredatormakesthedecisiontoattackaparticularfish,themovementofotherpreyintheschoolcanbedistracting.【1】Thepredator'sdifficultycanbecomparedtothatofatennisplayertryingtohitatennisballwhentwoareapproachingsimultaneously.（最后这里类比距离，为的是说明confusioneffect第二个解释，同P4：对学说B的陈述，第一个解释是鱼群长得都一样，捕食者决定不了吃哪个，第二个解释Questions1-4refertothepassage1.Accordingtothepassage,theoryBstatesthatwhichofthefollowingisafactorthatenablesschoolingfishtoescapepredators【lookup题目】ThetendencyoffishtoformcompactgroupsThemovementofotherfishwithintheTheinabilityofpredatorstoTheinabilityofpredatorstodetectschoolsTheabilityoffishtohidebehindoneanotherinaschoolThegreatspeedwithwhichaschoolcandisperse2.Accordingtothepassage,boththeoryAandtheoryBhavebeendevelopedtoexplainformingschoolsfunctionstoprotectfishfromsmallfishareabletomakerapiddecisionssmallfishareabletosurviveinanenvironmentdenselypopulatedbylargepredators3.Accordingtooneexplanationofthe"confusioneffect,"afishthatswimsinaschoolwillgreateradvantagesforsurvivalifit【lookup】tendstobevisiblefornomorethan200metersstaysneareitherthefrontortherearofaschoolispartofasmallschoolratherthanalargeschoolisverysimilarinappearancetotheotherfishinthe4.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith【General--mainidea】analyzingdifferenttechniquestechEcoefficiency(measurestominimizeenvironmentalimpactthroughthereductionoreliminationofwastefromproductionprocesses)hasbecomeagoalforcompaniesworldwidewithmanyrealizingsignificantcostsavingsfromsuchinnovations.（第一句介绍Eco这个概念）PeterSengeandGoranCarstedt（出现人名，注意其观点或者贡献）seethisdevelopmentaslaudablebut（转折，态度变化）suggestthatsimplyadoptingecoefficiencyinnovationscouldactuallyworsenenvironmentalstressesinthefuture.（这里关于PSGC的观点）Suchinnovationsreduceproductionwastebutdonotalterthenumberofproductsmanufacturedthewastegeneratedfromtheiruseanddiscard【7】（并没有减少数量--infer出“数量会继续增加，继续生产”）;indeed,mostcompaniesinvestinecoefficiencyimprovementsinordertoincreaseprofitsandgrowth.Moreover,thereisnoguaranteethatincreasedeconomicgrowthfromecoefficiencywillcomeinsimilarlyecoefficientways,since（原因需要注意，为什么会得出前述结论）intoday'sglobalmarketsgreaterprofitsmaybeturnedintoinvestmentcapitalthatcouldeasilybereinvestedinold-styleeco-inefficientindustries.【6Evenavastlymoreecoefficientindustrialsystemcouldwereittogrowmuchlargergeneratemoretotalwasteanddestroymorehabitatandspeciesthan（大公司和小公司的比较，元素之间比较需要留意）wouldasmaller,lessecoefficienteconomy.SengeandCarstedtargue（再次出现人名，注意观点）thattopreservetheglobalenvironmentandsustaineconomicgrowth,businessesmust（情感倾向性词语）developanewsystemicapproachthatreducestotalmaterialuseandtotalaccumulatedwaste.Focusingexclusivelyonecoefficiency,whichoffersacompellingbusinesscaseaccordingtoestablishedthinking,maydistractcompaniesfrompursuingradicallydifferentproductsandbusinessmodels.SCecoSCecoeco的话并不能达到预期的环保效果，反而会往更糟糕的方向走。原因（并不是原因）eco的方式并没有减少产品的数量以及使用这些产品eco省下来的钱从新投放到不环保的企业里，那样【OG这类结构的文章的purpose会如何表达不够清楚。】Questions5-7refertothepassage5.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto【General--mainidea】Cexplainwhyaparticularbusinessstrategyhasbeenlesssuccessfulthanwasonceanticipated文章并没有把中心放在讨论这个策略是否成功，以及为什么能或不能。P&C的观点都只是在于讨论proposeanalternativetoaparticularbusinessstrategythathasinadvertentlycausedecologicaldamage并没有提出另一个选择presentaconcernaboutthepossibleconsequencesofpursuingaparticularbusinessstrategy偏面讲述的正是两个学者的concern并且concern中描写的是使用这个策略的后果。makeacaseforapplyingaparticularbusinessstrategyonalargerscalethaniscurrentlysuggestseveralpossibleoutcomesofcompaniesfailuretounderstandtheeconomicimpactofaparticularbusinessstrategy并不是列举结果6.Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasapossibleconsequenceofcompanies'realizationgreaterprofitsthroughecoefficiency【lookup】Thecompaniesmaybeabletosellagreaternumberofproductsbyloweringprices.Thecompaniesmaybebetterabletoattractinvestmentcapitalintheglobalmarket.Theprofitsmaybereinvestedtoincreaseeconomicgrowththroughecoefficiency.TheprofitsmaybeusedasinvestmentcapitalforindustriesthatarenotTheprofitsmayencouragecompaniestomakefurtherinnovationsinreducingproduction7.Thepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingisapossibleconsequenceofacompany'sofinnovationsthatincreaseitsecoefficiency【Inference】ACompanyprofitsresultingfromsuchinnovationsmaybereinvestedinthatcompanywithguaranteethatthecompanywillcontinuetomakefurtherimprovementsincontinuetomakefurtherimprovementsineco..→inferCompanygrowthfosteredbycostsavingsfromsuchinnovationsmayallowthatcompanytomanufactureagreaternumberofproductsthatwillbeusedanddiscarded,thusworseningenvironmentalstress.无关信息infer出来的--inferinfer的技eg文中的“eg文中的“donotalterthenumberofproductmanufactured”意味着"thenumberoftheproductsmanufacturedisincreasing"身体物质释放那篇中：“thelesstheSrelease”意味着“theleveloftheSwillnotdecrease”尽管S的分泌少了，但是S仍在分泌，level必定也就是在增加。eg，文中的“theprofitswillbereinvestedinnonecoefficiencycompany”不意味着“thecompanywillnotcontinuetoinvestinecoefficientcycompany”，投资在不环保的企业，和，不投资在环保企业，是两个跨概念的元素，两句话并不能表达同一个司仪，在这里并不能infer出来。AcompanythatfailstorealizesignificantcostsavingsfromsuchinnovationsmayhaveincentivetocontinuetominimizetheenvironmentalimpactofitsproductionAcompanythatcomestodependonsuchinnovationstoincreaseitsprofitsandgrowthmaybevulnerableintheglobalmarkettocompetitionfromold-styleeco-inefficientindustries.Acompanythatmeetsitsecoefficiencygoalsisunlikelytoinvestitsincreasedprofitsinthedevelopmentofnewandinnovativeecoefficiencymeasuresunlikely的情况。Archaeologyasaprofessionfacestwomajorproblems.（第一句讲的是考古学家现在面临的问题，不能确定是否就是中心句）First,itisthepoorestofthepoor.Onlypaltrysumsareavailableforexcavatingandevenlessisavailableforpublishingtheresultsandpreservingthesitesonceexcavated.Yetarchaeologistsdealwithpricelessobjectseveryday.Second,thereistheproblemofillegalexcavation,resultinginmuseum-qualitypiecesbeingsoldtothehighestbidder.Iwouldliketo（作者意图出现）makeanoutrageoussuggestionthatwouldatonestrokeprovidefundsforarchaeologyandreducetheamountofillegaldigging.（中心句出现，作者意图是提供方法能解决考古学现在面临的困境）Iwouldpropose（后面将会讲述是怎么样的而解决方法）thatscientificarchaeologicalexpeditionsandgovernmentalauthoritiessellexcavatedartifactsontheopenmarket.Suchsaleswouldprovidesubstantialfundsfortheexcavationandpreservationofarchaeologicalsitesandthepublicationofresults.Atthesametime,theywouldbreaktheillegalexcavator'sgriponthemarket,therebydecreasingtheinducementtoengageinillegalactivities.Youmightobject（让步提出方法可能被反对的理由）thatprofessionalsexcavatetoacquireknowledge,notmoney.Moreover,ancientartifactsarepartofourglobalculturalheritage,whichshouldbeavailableforalltoappreciate,notsoldtothehighestbidderIagree.（作者反驳第一次）SellnothingthathasuniqueartisticmeritorscientificvalueBut,（转折出现，针对作者让步完成，反对者另一个观点）youmightreply,everythingthatcomesoutofthegroundhasscientificvalue.Herewepartcompany.Theoretically,youmaybecorrectinclaimingthateveryartifacthaspotentialscientificvalue.Practically,youarewrong.（作者开始第二次反驳，启下，下文应是出题点）Ireferto（作者以例子形式说明）thethousandsofpotteryvesselsandancientlampsthatareessentiallyduplicatesofoneanother.InonesmallexcavationinCyprus,archaeologistsrecentlyuncovered2,000virtuallyindistinguishablesmalljugsinasinglecourtyard.EvenpreciousroyalsealimpressionsknownasI'melekhhandleshavebeenfoundinabundance—morethan4,000examplessoThebasementsofThebasementsofmuseumsaresimplynotlargeenoughtostoretheartifacts（这种具体性描述的词语需留意）thatarelikelytobediscoveredinthefuture.Thereisnotenoughmoneyeventocatalogthefinds;asaresult,（表结果词语，下文应是出题点）theycannotbefoundagainandbecomeasinaccessible【10asiftheyhadneverbeendiscovered.Indeed,withthehelpofacomputer,soldartifactscouldbemoreaccessiblethanarethepiecesstoredinbulgingmuseumbasements.Priortosale,eachcouldbephotographedandthelistofthepurchaserscouldbemaintainedonthecomputer.Apurchasercouldevenberequiredtoagreetoreturnthepieceifitshouldbecomeneededforscientificpurposes.Itwouldbeunrealistic（情感色彩的词语）tosuggestthatillegaldiggingwouldstopifartifactsweresoldontheopenmarket.But（让步完成，作者观点出现）thedemandfortheclandestineproductwouldbesubstantiallyreduced.Whowouldwantanunmarkedpotwhenanotherwasavailablewhoseprovenancewasknown,andthatwasdatedstratigraphicallybytheprofessionalarchaeologistwhoexcavatedit?Questions8-10refertothepassage8.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageistopropose【General-mainidea】awaytocurbillegaldiggingwhilebenefitingthearchaeologicalawaytodistinguishartifactswithscientificvaluefromthosethathavenosuchanewsystemforcatalogingduplicateartifacts9.Theauthorimpliesthatallofthefollowingstatementsaboutduplicateartifactsaretrueamarketforsuchartifactsalreadysuchartifactsseldomhavescientificthereislikelytobeacontinuingsupplyofsuchmuseumsarewellsuppliedwithexamplesofsuchsuchartifactsfrequentlyexceedinqualitythosealreadycatalogedinmuseumcollections并没有提10.WhichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageasadisadvantageofstoringartifactsMuseumofficialsrarelyallowscholarsaccesstosuchartifacts.Spacethatcouldbebetterusedfordisplayistakenupforstorage.Artifactsdiscoveredinoneexcavationoftenbecomeseparatedfromeachother.SuchartifactsareoftendamagedbyvariationsintemperatureandhumiditySuchartifactsoftenremainuncatalogedandthuscannotbelocatedoncetheyareputinloandEuropa,theloandEuropa,theinnertwoofJupiter'sfourlargestmoons,areaboutthesizeofEarth'smoonarecomposedmostlyorentirelyofrockandmetal.（L&E的物理特征）GanymedeandCallistoarelargerandroughlyhalfice.（G&C的物理特征）Thus,（表结果结论的词，下文评价）thesefourmoonsaresomewhatanalogous（类比，元素之间关系的形容词要注意）totheplanetsofthesolarsystem,inwhichtherock-andmetal-richinnerplanetsaredistinctfrom（元素之间的关系词）themuchlargergasandice-richouterplanets.Jupiter'smoonsare,however（转折，注意不同点）,more"systematic（不同点出现--出题点）":manyoftheirpropertiesvarycontinuouslywithdistance（systematic的解释，出题点）fromJupiterForexample（举例子说明这种不同点）,loisice-free,Europahasasurfaceshellofice,andwhileGanymedeandCallistoarebothice-rich,outermostCallistohasmore.（例子举出元素间的相互关系）P14颗最大卫星的物理特征的描述，L&E的体积和地球的卫星一样大，他们内在都是岩石和金属；G&C比他们大，构造是气体和冰。木星的卫星和太阳系的卫星有相似之处，而不systematic就是他们的构成物质的变化和距离的改变是一致的。接着详细说明，L&E比较靠核心，LEGC的距离顺序。Thiscompositionalgradienthasgeologicalparallels,loisextremelygeologicallyactive,EuropatobeactiveonamoremodestscaleandGanymedehasundergoneboutsofactivityinitsgeologicalpast.OnlyCallistorevealsnogeologicalactivity（极端性词汇注意）.Insimilarfashion,Callisto'ssurfaceisveryheavilycrateredfromtheimpactofcometsandasteroids;Ganymede,likeEarth'smoon,isheavilycrateredinparts;Europaisverylightlycratered;andnocratershavebeendetectedonlo,eventhoughJupiter'sgravity[line25]attractscometsandasteroidspassingnearit,（讲出这么一个奇怪的现象，为下文的解释做铺垫）substantiallyincreasingthebombardmentrateoftheinnermoonscomparedtothatoftheouteronesButbecauseof（对上面那个奇怪的现象的解释）lo'shighdegreeofgeologicalactivity【1】,itssurfaceundergoesmore-or-lesscontinuousvolcanicQuestions11-13refertothepassage11.Accordingtothepassage,thedifferenceintheamountofcrateringonCallisto'sandrespectivesurfacescanprobablybeexplainedbythedifferencebetweenthesetwomoonswithrespecttowhichofthefollowingfactors?【lookup】EIceTherateofbombardmentbycometsTheinfluenceofJupiter'sotherThelevelofgeological12.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepurposeofthesecondparagraphoftheToprovidefurtherevidenceofthesystematicvariationinthecharacteristicsofJupiter'slargestTopresentacomprehensivetheorytoexplainthesystematicvariationinthecharacteristicsofJupiter'sfourlargestmoons用词极端，文中并没有体现出comprehensive这一个倾向ToexplainthesignificanceofthesystematicvariationinthecharacteristicsofJupiter'sfourlargestmoons并不是为了解释systematic的重要性TointroducefactsthatcontradictconventionalassumptionsaboutJupiter'sfourlargestmoons没E.TocontrastthecharacteristicsE.TocontrastthecharacteristicsofJupiter'sfourlargestmoonswiththecharacteristicsoftheofthesolarsystem13.Theauthor'sreferencetoJupiter'sgravityinline25servesprimarilyto【General--Function】indicatewhytheabsenceofcratersonlo'ssurfaceisexplainthepresenceofcratersonthesurfaceofJupiter'sfourlargestmoonsprovideanexplanationforthelackofgeologicalactivityonCallistocontrastJupiter'scharacteristicswiththecharacteristicsofitsfourlargestmoonsillustratethesimilaritybetweenJupiter'sfourlargestmoonsandtheplanetsofthesolarsystem无WhenJamaican-bornsocialactivistMarcusGarvey（出现人名MG，注意他干了什么，观点是什么）cametotheUnitedStatesin1916hearrivedatpreciselytherighthistoricalmoment（重点后面，为什么说rightmoment）.WhatmadethemomentrightwasthereturnofAfricanAmericansoldiersfromtheFirstWorldWarin1918,whichcreatedanidealconstituencyforsomeonewithGarvey'smessageofunity,pride,andimprovedconditionsforAfricanAmericancommunities.【1】P1:MG是社会活动分子，讲述他到美国是一个很好的时机，接着讲述为什么rightmoment。HopingtoparticipateinthetraditionalAmericanethosofindividualsuccess【3】,manyAfricanAmericanpeopleenteredthearmedforceswithenthusiasm,onlytofindthemselvessegregatedfromwhitetroopsandsubjectedtonumerousindignities.（开头描述了美非人民参军的理想与现实的差距，这一句现在看来并非中心句，往下阅读。）TheyreturnedtoaUnitedStatesthatwasassegregatedas（引出一个比较，参军前与回国后，考点）ithadbeenbeforethewar.Consideringsimilarexperiences,anthropologistAnthonyF.C.Wallace（出现人名，注意FC观点）hasarguedthatwhenaperceptiblegaparisesbetweenaculture'sexpectationsandtherealityofthatculture,theresultingtensioncaninspirearevitalizationmovement:anorganized,consciousefforttoconstructaculturethatfulfillslongstandingexpectations.（FC观点引出，一定要读懂观点--现实与实与理想的差距，然后引出FC的观点，差异导致运动。Somescholars[line24]haveargued（出现了反对，出题点，注意反对的论点）thatGarveycreatedtheconsciousnessfromwhichhebuilt,inthe1920s,thelargestrevitalizationmovementinAfricanAmericanhistory.But（作者倾向，转折以反驳反对者）suchanargumentonly（极端性用词）tendstoobscuretheconsciousnessofidentity,strength,andsenseofhistorythatalreadyexistedintheAfricanAmericancommunity.Garveydidnotcreatethisconsciousness;rather（FC的支持评价）,hegavethisconsciousnessitspoliticalexpression.美国历史中的元素。作者接着体现出自己的看法，FC不不是创造出这种意识，而且给这种意识Questions14-17refertothepassage14.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcontributedtoMarcusGarvey'sHeintroducedculturalandHeintroducedculturalandhistoricalconsciousnesstotheAfricanAmericancommunity.并没有引HebelievedenthusiasticallyinthetraditionalAmericansuccessethos.HisaudiencehadalreadyformedaconsciousnessthatmadeitreceptivetohisHismessageappealedtocriticsofAfricanAmericansupportforUnitedStatesmilitaryinvolvementintheFirstWorldWar.无端信息HesupportedthemovementtoprotestsegregationthathademergedpriortohisarrivalintheUnitedStates.态度错误15.ThepassagesuggeststhatmanyAfricanAmericanpeoplerespondedtotheirexperiencesinarmedforcesinwhichofthefollowingways【lookup】TheymaintainedascivilianstheirenthusiasticallegiancetothearmedforcesTheyjoinedpoliticalorganizationstoprotestthesegregationofAfricanAmericantroopsandtheindignitiestheysufferedinthemilitary.没有提到加入组织，文中讲的是“意识到”TheybecameawareofthegapbetweentheirexpectationsandtherealitiesofAmericanItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe"scholars"mentionedinline24believewhichoffollowingtobetrue?【Inference】C【thestatementthattheSCHOLARSbelivenottheAUTHORbelieve,inthepassage,theSCHOLARbelievethatGbuilttheconcencious,heisresposiblefortheconcencious.theAUTHOR,however,holdsthatGdoesnotbuilttheconcencioustheconcenciousisalreadyexistedandGonlygivesitapoliticalexpression.晰。】RevitalizationresultedfromthepoliticalactivismofreturningAfricanAmericansoldiersfollowingtheFirstWorldWar.并不是scholars所提及的信息，这个是FC的观点MarcusGarveyhadtochangeanumberofprevailingattitudesinorderforhismasmovementtoTheprevailingsensibilityoftheAfricanAmericancommunityprovidedthefoundationofMarcusGarvey'spoliticalappeal这一个是作者的看法而不是学者的看法，学者既然认为GG之前就不会有任何的foundation出现，错误在于没有把概念和相对应的statement对上号。D.MarcusGarveyhopedtorevitalizeconsciousnessofculturalandhistoricalidentityintheAmericanE.ThegoalofthemassmovementthatMarcusGarveyhelpedbringintobeingwastobuildontheprideandunityamongAfricanAmericans.17.Accordingtothepassage,manyAfricanAmericanpeoplejoinedthearmedforcesduringtheTheywishedtoescapeworseningeconomicconditionsinAfricanAmericanTheyexpectedtofulfillidealsofpersonalTheysoughttoexpresstheirloyaltytotheUnitedTheyhopedthatjoiningthemilitarywouldhelpadvancethecauseofTheysawmilitaryserviceasanopportunitytofulfillMarcusGarvey'spoliticalInterrestrialenvironments,gravityplacesspecialdemandsonthecardiovascularsystemsof（第一句提到陆地环境下，重力对动物心脏功能有特别要求）Gravitationalpressurecancausebloodtopoolinthelowerregionsofthebody,makingitdifficulttocirculatebloodtocriticalsuchasthebrain.suchasthebrain.Terrestrialsnakes,inparticular,（全文中心句出来了）exhibitadaptationsthataidincirculatingbloodagainsttheforceofgravity.Theproblemconfrontingterrestrialsnakesisbestillustratedby（讲海蛇的目的是为了阐述陆地上的蛇遇到的问题。）whathappenstoseasnakeswhenremovedfromtheirsupportivemedium.Becausetheverticalpressuregradientswithinthebloodvesselsarecounteractedbysimilarpressuregradientsinthesurroundingwater,【2】（为什么血压不变）thedistributionofbloodthroughoutthebodyofseasnakesremainsaboutthesameregardlessoftheirorientationinspaceprovidedtheyremainintheocean.Whenremovedfromthewaterandtiltedatvariousangleswiththeheadup,however（转折讲述海蛇被带离海水之后血压的变化）,bloodpressureattheirmidpointdropssignificantly,andatbrainlevelfallstozero.Thatmanyterrestrialsnakesinsimilarspatialorientationsdonotexperiencethiskindofcirculatoryfailuresuggeststhat（从陆地的蛇不会遭遇这样的变化说明其有适应系统）certainadaptationsenablethemtoregulatebloodpressuremoreeffectivelyinthoseorientations.【3】Onesuchadaptation（第一种调节系统）isthecloserproximityoftheterrestrialsnake'shearttoitshead（心脏和大脑的位置）whichhelpstoensurecirculationtothebrain,regardlessofthesnake'sorientationinspace.Theheartofseasnakescanbelocatednearthemiddleofthebody,apositionthatminimizestheworkentailedincirculatingbloodtobothextremities（注意下定义，这样的位置怎么有利于调节）Inarborealsnakeshowever（Abab蛇的特点）,whichdwellintreesandoftenassumeaverticalposture,theaveragedistance(35)fromthehearttotheheadcanbeaslittleas15percentofoverallbodylength（距离对比，提到这个对比的作用是什么，注意下文）.Suchalocationrequiresthatbloodcirculatedtothetailofthesnaketravelagreaterdistancebacktotheheartaproblemsolvedbyanotheradaptation【5】（第二种调节系统出现，因此上文的ab特点是为了引出第二种调节系统）.Whenclimbing,arborealsnakesoftenpausemomentarilytowiggletheirbodies,causingwavesofmusclecontractionthatadvancefromthelowertorsotothehead.Bycompressingtheveinsandforcingbloodforward,thesecontractionsapparentlyimprovetheflowofvenousbloodreturningtotheheart.（肌肉收缩推动血位置的特例ab蛇，以ab蛇引出了第二种调节系统，肌肉收缩。Questions18-25refertothepassage18.Thepassageprovidesinformationinsupportofwhichofthefollowingassertions?【Inference】Thedisadvantagesofanadaptationtoaparticularfeatureofanenvironmentoftenoutweighadvantagesofsuchanadaptation.Anorganism'sreactiontobeingplacedinanenvironmenttowhichitisnotwelladaptedcansometimesillustratetheproblemsthathavebeensolvedbytheadaptationsoforganismsindigenoustothatenvironment.Theeffectivenessofanorganism'sadaptationtoaparticularfeatureofitsenvironmentcanonlybeevaluatedbyexaminingtheeffectivenesswithwhichorganismsofotherspecieshaveadaptedtoasimilarfeatureofadifferentenvironment.文中并没有这样绝对化的词汇Organismsofthesamespeciesthatinhabitstrikinglydifferentenvironmentswilloftenadaptinremarkablysimilarwaystothefewfeaturesofthoseenvironmentsthatarecommon文中聚了两种Differentspeciesoforganismslivinginthesameenvironmentwillseldomadapttofeaturesofthatenvironmentinthesameway.文中没有提到其他种类19.Accordingtothepassage,one19.Accordingtothepassage,onereasonthatthedistributionofbloodintheseasnakechangeswhilethecreatureremainsintheoceanisthat【Lookup】theheartoftheseasnaketendstobelocatednearthecenterofitsbodypressuregradientsinthewatersurroundingtheseasnakecountertheeffectsofverticalpressuregradientswithinitsbloodvesselstheseasnakeassumesaverticalposturelessfrequentlythandotheterrestrialandthearborealsnake没有出现对比theseasnakeoftenreliesonwavesofmusclecontractionstohelpmovebloodfromthetorsotothehead概念错误theforceofpressuregradientsinthewatersurroundingtheseasnakeexceedsthatofverticalpressuregradientswithinitscirculatorysystem错误信息20.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingistrueofspeciesofsnakesthatoftenneedtoassumeaverticalposture?【Inference】TheyaremorelikelytobesusceptibletocirculatoryfailureinverticalposturesthanareseaTheirheartsarelesslikelytobelocatedatthemidpointoftheirbodiesthanisthecasewithseaTheycannotcounteractthepoolingofbloodinlowerregionsoftheirbodiesaseffectivelyasseasnakescan.没有提到有效性的比较Thebloodpressureattheirmidpointdecreasessignificantlywhentheyaretiltedwiththeirheadsup.海蛇Theyareunabletorelyonmusclecontractionstomovevenousbloodfromthelowertorsotothe21.Theauthordescribesthebehaviorofthecirculatorysystemofseasnakeswhentheyarefromtheocean(seelines17-20)primarilyinorderto【Gerenal--Function】illustratewhatwouldoccurinthecirculatorysystemofterrestrialsnakeswithoutadaptationsenablethemtoregulatetheirbloodpressureinverticalexplainwhyarborealsnakesinverticalorientationsmustrelyonmusclecontractionstorestorebloodpressuretothebrainillustratetheeffectsofcirculatoryfailureonthebehaviorofarborealillustratethesuperiorityofthecirculatorysystemoftheterrestrialsnaketothatoftheseaexplainhowchangesinspatialorientationcanadverselyaffectthecirculatorysystemofsnakeswithheartslocatedinrelativelycloseproximitytotheirheads22.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingisatruestatementabout?TheyfrequentlyrelyonwavesofmusclecontractionsfromthelowertorsotothetosupplementtheworkoftheTheycannoteffectivelyregulatetheirbloodpressurewhenplacedinseawaterandtiltedatananglewiththeheadpointeddownward.TheyaremorelikelytohaveaheartlocatedincloseproximitytotheirheadsthanarearborealTheybecomeacutelyvulnerabletotheeffectsofgravitationalpressureontheircirculatorysystemwhentheyareplacedinaterrestrialenvironment.Theircardiovascularsystemisnotascomplicatedasthatofarboreal23.Theauthorsuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingisadisadvantagethatresultsfromthelocationasnake'sheartincloseproximitytoitshead?【Lookup】AdecreaseinAdecreaseintheefficiencywithwhichthesnakeregulatestheflowofbloodtotheAdecreaseinthenumberoforientationsinspacethatasnakecanassumewithoutlossofbloodflowtothebrainAdecreaseinbloodpressureatthesnake'smidpointwhenitistiltedatvariousangleswithitsheadAnincreaseinthetendencyofbloodtopoolatthesnake'sheadwhenthesnakeistiltedatvariousangleswithitsheaddownAnincreaseintheamountofeffortrequiredtodistributebloodtoandfromthesnake'stail更远的距离→effort增加24.Theprimarypurposeofthethirdparagraphisto【General--Function】introduceatopicthatisnotdiscussedearlierinthedescribeamoreefficientmethodofachievinganeffectdiscussedinthepreviousdrawaconclusionbasedoninformationelaboratedinthepreviousdiscusstwospecificexamplesofphenomenamentionedattheendofthepreviousintroduceevidencethatunderminesaviewreportedearlierinthe25.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwithdoingwhichofthefollowing?【General--MainIdea】AExplainingadaptationsthatenabletheterrestrialsnaketocopewiththeeffectsofpressureonitscirculatoryComparingthecirculatorysystemoftheseasnakewiththatoftheterrestrialExplainingwhythecirculatorysystemoftheterrestrialsnakeisdifferentfromthatoftheseaPointingoutfeaturesoftheterrestrialsnake'scardiovascularsystemthatmakeitsuperiortothatoftheseasnakeExplaininghowtheseasnakeisabletoneutralizetheeffectsofgravitationalpressureonitscirculatorysystemIn1988servicesmovedaheadofmanufacturingasthemainproductoftheUnitedStatesby"services"?（问句之后的解答需注意）Someeconomistsdefineaserviceassomethingthatisproducedandconsumedsimultaneouslyforexample,ahaircut.Thebroader,classicaldefinitionisthataserviceisanintangiblesomethingthatcannotbetouchedorstored.Yet（出现一个转折）electricutilitiescanstoreenergy,andcomputerprogrammerssaveinformationelectronically.Thus（总结）theclassicaldefinitionishardto【2】:servicesaretheresidualcategorythatincludeseverythingthatisnotagricultureorindustry.Underthisdefinition,servicesincludesactivitiesasdiverseasengineeringanddrivingabusHowever（转折，应该要指出政府定义的缺陷）,besideslackingastrongconceptualframework,thisdefinitionfailstorecognizethedistinctionbetweenserviceindustriesandserviceoccupations（缺陷处，考点）【29】Itcategorizesworkersbasedontheircompany'sfinalproductratherthanontheactualworktheemployeesperform【29】.Thus,themanyserviceworkersemployedbymanufacturers-bookkeepersorjanitors,forexample【5】—wouldfallundertheindustrialratherthantheservicescategory（缺陷导致的结果，题点）【3】【5】.Suchambiguitiesrevealthearbitrarinessofthisdefinitionandsuggestthat,althoughpracticalforgovernmentpurposes,itdoesn