名从性从句高考真题及名词与代词名英语

PAGEPAGE1专题八名词性从句that,whether与if引导名词性从句的区别——考题尝试(单句语法填空)1．(2016·北京高考改编)Themostpleasantthingoftherainyseasonisthatonecanbeentirelyfreefromdust.2．(2013·全国卷Ⅰ改编)Iamwonderingwhetheryoucanpickhimupattheairport.3．(2015·北京高考改编)Itrulybelievethatbeautycomesfromwithin.4．(2012·浙江高考改编)Imadeapromisetomyselfthatthisyear,myfirstyearinhighschool,wouldbedifferent.——规则点拨当名词性从句主干齐全，又不缺少状语时，用连接词引导。连接词有that,whether和if。1．that:that连接名词性从句，只起连接作用，不在从句中作成分。在宾语从句中可以省略。Theteacherinformedus(that)wewouldhaveatestthenextday.老师告知我们第二天进行测试。2．if和whether：有“是否”的含义，表示一般疑问。主语从句和表语从句中只能用whether不能用if。if和whether也不在从句中作成分，只起连接作用。Thetroubleiswhetherhecancomeontime.麻烦是他是否能按时来。[注意事项]1．在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：(1)引导主语从句并在句首时；(2)引导表语从句时；(3)引导从句作介词宾语时；(4)从句后有“ornot”时；(5)后接动词不定式时。2．that引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语，常见句型有：(1)it＋be＋形容词(如：obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,probable,evident,clear,apparent等)＋that从句。(2)it＋be＋名词(如：nowonder,anhonour,agoodthing,apity,nosurprise等)＋that从句。(3)it＋be＋过去分词(如：said,reported,thought,estimated,expected,decided,announced,arranged,recognized等)＋that从句。类似句型还有：Itcannotbedeniedthat.../Itmustbeadmittedthat...(4)it＋动词(如：seem,appear,happen,occurtosb.,doesn'tmatter,makenodifference等)＋that从句。——对点演练(单句语法填空)1．Thathewillcometotheconferencehasexcitedeveryoneofus.2．It'snowonderthatyou'veachievedsomuchsuccess.3．IthappenedtomethatIhadbeenawaywhenhecalled.4．IfeelitapitythatIhaven'tbeentothegettogether.5．Weallfinditimportantthatwe(should)makeaquickdecisionaboutthismatter.6．Iamnotinterestedinwhethertheybelieveinmeornot.连接代词引导的名词性从句——考题尝试(单句语法填空)1．(2014·福建高考改编)Pickyourselfup.Courageisdoingwhatyou'reafraidtodo.2．(2014·浙江高考改编)“Everytimeyoueatasweet,drinkgreentea.”Thisiswhatmymotherusedtotellme.3．(2013·北京高考改编)ItookprideinwhatIhaddoneintheabsenceofmyfather.4．(2013·全国卷Ⅱ改编)Bytheway,doyouknowwhattheystandfor?5．(2013·福建高考改编)Personallyspeaking,Idon'tthinkwhattheseparentsdoishelpfultotheirchildren.——规则点拨连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which这几个连接词不但起连接作用，也在从句中作名词或代词所作的成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语。缺少连接代词，从句不完整。Whatstruckmemostinthemoviewasthefather'sdeeploveforhisson.影片中最打动我的是父亲对他儿子深深的爱。Whatworriesusmostiswholetoutthesecret.最令我们担忧的是谁泄漏了秘密。——对点演练(单句语法填空)1．Ithasnotbeendecidedyetwhowillpresideoverthemeeting.2．I'dliketostartmyownbusiness—that'swhatI'ddoifIhadthemoney.3．(2017·太原五中一模)WhowillcometohelpwithmyEnglishhasn'tbeendecided.4.(2014·湖南高考改编)AsJohnLennononcesaid,lifeiswhathappenstoyouwhileyouarebusymakingotherplans.5．(2014·山东高考改编)Itisdifficultforustoimaginewhatlifewaslikeforslavesintheancientworld.连接副词引导的名词性从句——考题尝试(单句语法填空)1．(2015·北京高考改编)Howweunderstandthingshasalottodowithwhatwefeel.2．(2015·福建高考改编)—IwonderhowMaryhaskeptherfigureafteralltheseyears.—Byworkingouteveryday.3．(2015·湖南高考改编)Youhavetoknowwhereyou'regoingifyouaretoplanthebestwayofgettingthere.4．(2015·重庆高考改编)WemustfindoutwhenKarliscoming,sowecanbookaroomforhim.5．(2014·广东高考改编)Ididn'tunderstandwhythiswouldhappenand...——规则点拨连接副词when,where,why,how这几个连接词不但起连接作用，也在从句中作状语，表示时间、地点、原因和方式。Hedidn'ttellmewhenwewouldmeetagain.他没告诉我什么时候我们再相见。Goandgetyourcoat.It'swhereyouleftit.去把大衣拿来。就在你原来放的地方。IhavenoideahowIcangettotherailwaystation.我不知道怎么能到火车站。That'swhyIwantyoutoworkthere.那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因。——对点演练(单句语法填空)1．(2017·大庆质量检测二)PeoplewhovisitedmeusedtoaskmehowIcouldsleep.“Doesn'tthesoundofthetrafficbotheryou?Howcanyougetusedtosomuchnoise？”2．Theproblemishowwecanimproveourreadingskillsinsuchashorttime.3．Sheaskedaquestionwhytherewasadelay.4．(2017·湖南岳阳一中检测)Mr.Whiteisopposedtorepairingtheoldbuilding,andthat'swhereIdon'tagree.whatever,whoever,whichever,whenever,wherever,however的用法——考题尝试(单句语法填空)1．(2016·北京高考改编)Yoursupportisimportanttoourwork.Whateveryoucandohelps.2．(2013·江西高考改编)Whicheveroneofyoubreaksthewindowwillhavetopayforit.3．(2014·北京高考改编)Somepeoplebelievewhateverhashappenedbeforeorishappeningnowwillrepeatitselfinthefuture.——规则点拨它们的作用等同于who,what,which,where,when,how,但语气加强了。这类词引导名词性从句时，不能用nomatter＋who/what...代替。1．引导主语从句。Whoeverdidthisjobmustberewarded.无论谁做的这项工作都肯定会被奖励。2．引导宾语从句，充当直接宾语。I'llgiveyouhowevermuchmoneyyouneed.不论你需要多少钱我都给你。3．引导宾语从句，充当间接宾语。Shewillgivewhoeverneedshelpahand.她将给任何需要帮助的人提供帮助。4．引导介词的宾语从句。Youcanwriteaboutwhatevertopicyouprefer.你可以写你喜欢的任何话题。5．引导宾语从句，充当宾语补足语。We'llmakehimwhateverheisfitfor.他适合什么我们就让他做什么。[注意事项]“nomatter＋疑问词”包括nomatterwho,nomatterwhat,nomatterwhich,nomatterwhen,nomatterwhere,nomatterhow；它们的意义跟前面对应的“疑问词ever”相同，但它们只能用来引导状语从句。Whoever/Nomatterwhocomes,youwillsayIamout.不管谁来，你就说我不在家。However/Nomatterhowtiredhewas,hewentonworking.无论他多么累，他都继续工作。——对点演练(单句语法填空)1．(2017·株洲二中月考)Withanoptimisticattitudeandastrongwill,wecanovercomewhateverdifficultieswemightmeetwithandachieveourgoals.2．Asmanyassevencoursesareprovided,andtheyarefreetochoosewhicheversuitsthembest.3．(2017·四川营山县模拟)Whoeversetsfiretotheforestshouldbepunished.4．WhicheverteamwinsonSaturdaywillgothroughtothenationalchampionships.eq\a\vs4\al(一、名词性从句在语法填空中的命题点)1．宾语从句(2014·广东高考)Ididn'tunderstand________thiswouldhappenandmycreditcardhadalreadybeenchargedforthereservation.解析：why根据语境此处应用why引导宾语从句。2．主语从句(2016·江苏高考改编)Itisoftenthecase________anythingispossibleforthosewhohangontohope.解析：that此句为主语从句，从句中不缺少任何成分，句意完整，故使用that引导。3．表语从句①(2016·北京高考改编)Themostpleasantthingoftherainyseasonis________onecanbeentirelyfreefromdust.解析：that根据句子结构可知，本句是表语从句，且表语从句中主系表结构完整，故使用连词that引导表语从句，that在表语从句中不作句子成分，只起连接作用。②(2015·安徽高考改编)Ashipinharborissafe,butthat'snot________shipsarebuiltfor.解析：what空格后的句子是表语从句，表语从句中for缺少宾语，故用what。4．同位语从句①(2016·天津高考改编)Themanagerputforwardasuggestion________weshouldhaveanassistant.Thereistoomuchworktodo.解析：that空格后面是建议的具体内容，从句不缺成分，故填that。②(2014·重庆高考改编)—IsittruethatMikerefusedanofferfromYaleUniversityyesterday?—Yeah,butIhavenoidea________hedidit;that'soneofhisfavoriteuniversities.解析：why根据后面的“that'soneofhisfavoriteuniversities”可知这里指原因，故用why引导。eq\a\vs4\al(二、名词性从句在短文改错中的命题点)1．从属连词与连接副词之间的错用示例(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Afterlookingatthetoyforsometime,heturnedaroundandfoundwherehisparentsweremissing. 答案：where→that或去掉where点拨从属连词有that/whether/if等，连接副词有when,where等。从属连词不作成分，而连接副词作状语。2．连接代词(what,which和who等)之间的错用示例(2013·辽宁高考)Thatiswhichotherteacherssay. 答案：which→what点拨引导名词性从句且在从句中作主语或宾语时应用what(什么)；which(哪一个)；who(谁)等，注意它们之间意义的差别。3．that与what之间的错用示例(2017·银川二中一模)Foronething,thatyouarestudyingisbadlyneedednowadaysinourcountry. 答案：that→what点拨what在名词性从句中可作主语、宾语或表语；而that本身没有意义，不作任何成分，只起连接作用。4．从属连词that与whether/if之间的错用示例(2017·山东师大附中模拟)Thereisnodoubtwhetheritisofgreathelptotheirstudyandfuturelife. 答案：whether→that点拨that不作成分，没有实际意义；whether/if也不作成分但有实际意义，有“是否”之意。5．从属连词that的缺失示例(2017·遵义航天高级中学模拟)Andyoushouldalsohaveabeliefyouaresuretosucceedaslongasyoukeepyourdirectionallthetime. 答案：belief后加that点拨that引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时一般不能省略，引导宾语从句时可以省略。eq\a\vs4\al(三、名词性从句在书面表达中的增分点)[增分技法]1．掌握好引导词that的省略与不省略。他的成功是因为他为比赛作了充分的准备。Hissuccessliesinthefactthathewaswellpreparedforthematch.2．what从句在写作中非常有用，叫不出名字的事物都可用这个句式来表达。近几年，我们的学校发生了很大的变化，已不再是过去的样子了。Inthepastfewyears,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinourschoolanditisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.3．用好whatever，however等引导的名词性从句和让步状语从句。我们必须尽一切努力来保护我们的环境。Wemustdowhateverittakestoprotectourenvironment.[巧用增分]①我反对这个工程的原因是，它花费太多的钱，而这些钱应当用来提高当地人们的生活水平。(beagainst,project,thereasonwhy...isthat,toimprovethelivesofthelocalpeople)The_reason_why_I_am_against_the_project_is_that_it_will_cost_too_much_money,_which_should_be_used_to_improve_the_lives_of_local_people.②如果我们想成功，我们应当相信我们做的事情，相信我们自己。(succeed,believeinwhatwedo,whoweare)We_should_believe_in_what_we_do_and_who_we_are_if_we_are_to_succeed.③无论谁想成功，都必须尽最大努力。(whoever,succeed,doone'sbest)Whoever_wants_to_succeed_must_do_his/her_best.[题点对点练]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2017·重庆南开中学月考)Lifeistenpercentwhathappenstoyouandninetypercenthowyourespondit.2．(2017·邯郸调研)Thenewboylookedattheteacherforafewsecondsandalltheotherstudentswonderedwhattheboywoulddo.3．(2017·四川成都高新区检测)Inmyopinion,whatmattersiswhetherwecanwintogetherasateaminsteadofindividuals.4．(2017·益阳模拟)Halfoftheworld'spopulationisundertheageof25andwhentheyarenotinvolvedinthedecisionmakingprocess,theyarenotawareofwhatistakingplace.5．(2017·本溪高级中学月考)WhethertheflighttoNewYorkwillbedelayediswhatI'mespeciallyworriedabout.6．(2017·怀化一模)Thereareasmanyasfivestudents'clubsinourschool.Youcanjoinwhicheverinterestsyoumost.7．(2017·杭州二模)Withtimegoingby,whatonceseemedvitalinourlifeisnolongerasimportantnow.8．(2017·山东省实验中学一模)ShehasreceivedanofferfromBerkeley,butIdon'tknowwhether/ifshewillacceptit.Ⅱ.单句改错1．Successpartlydependsonifyouhavethepatiencetodosimplethingsperfectly.if→whether2．We'reallpleasedwhatwehaveonceagainovercomethedifficulty.what→that3．Weallconsiderimportantthatchildrenshouldtakeplentyofmilkastheygrow.consider后加it4．Mysuggestionisweshouldhaveadiscussionaboutthismatterinsteadofjustlayingitaside.is后加that5．Hispromisewhichhewouldgiveawayhalfoftheyear'sincometothedisabledturnedoutalie.which→that6．Wearethinkingaboutwhomcanbeadmittedintoourclub.Thenumberofmembersislimited.whom→whoⅢ.单句写作1．使我们这个学校特别的是，她的大多数毕业生都被名校录取了。(make...special,graduate,beadmittedto,famouscolleges)What_makes_our_school_special_is_that_most_of_its_graduates_are_admitted_to_famous_colleges.2．令球迷欣喜的是那位年轻的球员在乒乓球锦标赛中表现得极为出色。(delighted,perform,thetabletennistournament)What_delighted_the_fans/made_the_fans_delighted_was_that_the_young_player_performed_extremely_well_in_the_table_tennis_tournament._3．如果能找到任何适合你的学习方法，你的学习效率就可能明显提高。(whatever,learningmethod,learningefficiency)If_you_can_find_whatever_learning_method_(that)_suits_you,_your_study/learning_efficiency_is_likely_to_improve_remarkably.[题型综合练]Ⅰ.语法填空(2017·东北三省三校一模)The“selfie”isusedtodescribetheselftakenphoto,oftenfromasmartphone.Someonetakesabout10selfieseachtimehedoes,andheonlyendsup__1__(post)oneortwoofthose.Hepickstheonethathefeelsmakehimlookthe__2__(good).Inthatpicture,hegainsconfidence.Forthatmoment,everythingbadorterriblethathashappenedtohim__3__(remove),becausethatsmileiswhatgiveshimthe__4__(determine)tolovehimself.Iread__5__poemrecentlyandtheyoungmansaid,“IfIaskyou__6__youlove,theanswerswillmostlikelyrolloffyourtongue.Youlovetoread.Youlovetowrite.Youloveyourmom,yourdaughter,oryourbestfriend.Howlongdoyouthinkyoucangoonandonbeforeyousay‘Ilove__7__(I)’？”Thatstatementhitmelikeatonofbricks.I'vestruggledwithconfidenceallmylife.Istilldo.Andin__8__wayamIsayingthattakingaselfieisagateway__9__confidence.__10__，theselfiedoesdeservesomecreditforallowingindividualstoexpressthemselves.语篇解读：很多人会把自己满意的自拍照发到网上去，他们认为这样可以使自己增强爱自己的决心。1．postingendupdoingsth.为固定用法，意为“以……而结束，最终做了某事”。2．best由语境可知此处表示从众多自拍照中选一张自己认为最好的，由此判断此处应用good的最高级。3．isremoved由语境可知应用一般现在时，又因remove与everything为被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。4．determinationgivesb.sth.“给某人某物”。又根据设空处前的the也可判断设空处应用名词。determination为不可数名词，后面常用不定式作定语。5．a设空处的poem为可数名词，在本句中表泛指，故与不定冠词连用。6．what所填词在宾语从句中作宾语，故应用what。7．myself由空前的I及语境可知设空处用反身代词。8．no根据本句中“amIsaying”的倒装语序，可推知设空处应为否定词。表示否定意义的介词短语放在句首时，后面的主谓部分常用部分倒装形式。innoway“决不”。9．toagatewayto...为固定搭配，意为“通向……之路”。10．However前后句之间是转折关系，并由后面的逗号可知应填However。Ⅱ.短文改错Someofusishavingproblemswithourparents,astheyoftenlookforourschoolbags.Ifullyunderstandwhenwearenotcomfortableaboutit,butthere'snoneedtofeeltoosadly.Ourparentscheckourbagstomakeitsurewe'renotgettingintotrouble.Theyhadprobablyheardsomehorriblestoriesaboutotherkidandthinkwemightdothesame.Orperhapstheyjustwanttoconnectwithusandaredoingitallwrong.Isuggestthatwetellingthemwewantthemtotrustusasmuchwe'dliketotrustthem.答案：第一句：is→are;for→into第二句：when→why;sadly→sad第三句：去掉it第四句：had→have;kid→kids第五句：and→but第六句：telling→tell;much后加as 名词与代词 名词1.名词的定义：名词是表示人、物、地点以及抽象概念名称的词。例如：teacher教师engineer工程师panda大熊猫house房屋family家庭audience听众coffee咖啡cotton棉花relief免除courage勇气2.名词的分类：英语名词可分为两类：1)专有名词(Propernoun)：它是主要指人名、地名及某些类人和事物的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。如：Einstein爱因斯坦，Chicago芝加哥，Broadway百老汇，Buddhism佛教。2)普通名词(commonnoun)：专有名词之外的名词都是普通名词，普通名词又分为四类：(1)个体名词：指作为个体存在的人或物，如：uncle叔叔，computer计算机。(2)集体名词：指由个体组成的集体，如：army军队，government政府。(3)物质名词：指无法分为个体的东西，如：water水，tea茶，steel钢铁。(4)抽象名词：指状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：joy喜悦，youth青春英语中的名词又可分为可数名词(countablenoun或缩写成[C])与不可数名词(uncountablenoun或缩写成[U])两大类。可数名词与不可数名词的区分是英语中一个重要问题，因为它涉及到一个名词的形式和它前面加不加冠词以及加那种冠词的问题。个体名词和集体名词通常是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词通常是不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式；不可数名词只有单数形式。一般名词的复数以加—s或—es构成。如：bag—bags袋子，car—cars汽车，dish—dishes盘子，watch—watches手表。名词复数的构成：名词复数形式的构成规则如下：1)一般在单数名词词尾加—s。如：boat—boats船，desk—desks书桌，dog—dogs狗，field—fields田地。2)以s，sh，ch，x等结尾的名词，加—es。如：class—classes班级，brush—brushes刷子，match—matches比赛，box—boxes盒子，hero—heroes英雄。3)以f或fe结尾的名词，一般变为—ves。如：knife—knives小刀，leaf—leaves树叶，shelf—shelves架子，thief—thieves小偷。但也有例外，如：belief—beliefs信仰，gulf—gulfs海湾，roof—roofs屋顶，safe—safes保险箱。4)以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，先变y为i，再加—es。如：baby—babies婴孩，city—cities城市，factory—factories工厂，university—universities大学。但以元音字母+y结尾的名词，仅加—s。如：boy—boys男孩，ray—rays光线。有些常用名词有不规则的复数形式。如：child—children儿童，foot—feet足，man—men男人，mouse—mice老鼠，tooth—teeth牙齿，woman—women女人。有些名词单复同形。如：Chinese中国人，deer鹿，fish鱼，Japanese日本人，sheep羊。有些名词通常只有复数形式。如：scissors剪刀，trousers裤子，spectacles眼镜，belongings所有物，surroundings环境。代词1.代词的定义：代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的一类词。代词可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语或同位语。由于有些代词有性、数、格和人称的不同形式，作为名词的代用词，代词必须同所替代的词保持性、数、人称上的一致。例如：Yourbrotherborrowedmypspyesterday.Imethimthisafternoonandhegaveitbacktome.昨天你弟弟借了我的psp掌上游戏机。今天下午我遇上他，他把psp还给了我。（him，he都指代yourbrother，him作宾语，he作主语。it指代psp，作宾语）Jeanniealwaysanswersherprofessors’questionsverywell;thatshowssheworksveryhardafterclass.珍妮一向对教授的问题回答得很好；这说明她课下很用功。（代词that代替前面的分句，作主语）IhadachatwithourteacherLi.Itwasveryhelpful.我和李老师谈了一次话。这次谈话对我帮助很大。（代词it代替前面的整个句子，作主语）2.代词的分类：代词可分八种：1)人称代词人称代词作主语时，用主格形式；作宾语时，用宾格形式。数单数复数格主格宾格主格宾格第一人称I我mewe我们us第二人称you你youyou你们you第三人称he他,she她,it它him,her,itthey他们（她们，它们）them2)物主代词物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，它分两种：(1)形容词性物主代词：数人称单数复数第一人称my我的our我们的第二人称your你的your你们的第三人称his他的,her她的,its它的their他们的（她们的，它们的）(2)名词性物主代词：名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”。数人称单数复数第一人称mine我的ours我们的第二人称yours你的yours你们的第三人称his他的,hers她的,its它的theirs他们的（她们的，它们的）3)反身代词反身代词是表示或强调自身的代词，有人称和数的区别。数人称单数复数第一人称myself我自己ourselves我们自己第二人称yourself你自己yourselves你们自己第三人称himself他自己herself她自己itself它自己themselves他们自己themselves她们自己themselves它们自己4)相互代词相互代词是表示相互关系的代词。宾格所有格eachother相互eachother’s相互的oneanother相互oneanother’s相互的5)指示代词指示代词是指代上下文出现的人或事物的代词。它有单数和复数的区别。单数复数指较近this(worker)这个（工人）these(workers)这些（工人）指较远that(worker)那个（工人）those(workers)那些（工人）指示代词还有：same同样的，so这样，such这样的，it（指人用）等。6)疑问代词疑问代词是用来构成特殊疑问句的代词，包括：who（谁，主格），whom（谁，宾格），whose（谁的，所有格），which（哪个，哪些），what（什么）等。其中who，whom，whose只能指人，which和what可指人或物。7)关系代词关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词，它不但起连接主句与从句的作用，代替主句中作为先行词的名词或代词，并在从句中充当一定的句子成分（作主语、宾语、表语、定语等），还有格的变化和指人或指物的区别。指人who,whom,whose,that,as,but指物which,whose,that,as,but8)不定代词不定代词用于代替任何不特定名词或形容词。属性形式使用说明结论性不定代词some,somebody,someone,something,一般用于肯定句非结论性不定代词any,anybody,anyone,anything,either一般用于否定、疑问和条件句概括性不定代词all,both,each,every,everybody,everyone,everything否定性不定代词neither,no,nobody,none,noone,nothing人称不定代词one,one’s,oneself只用于指人替代性不定代词one,ones,theone,theones指代可数名词数字性不定代词one表示数量一不定量代词many,much,more,most,(a)few,fewer,fewest,alittle,little,less,least,enough,half,several有可数和不可数的区别区别性不定代词another,other/others在八类代词中，不定代词的词义和用法比较复杂。现将其中常用的几个介绍如下：不定代词some与anysome和any起名词和形容词的作用，既可以指人也可以指物。这两个词多作定语，可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。some多用于肯定句中，而any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中。some有时也可以用于疑问句中，表示希望得到肯定的答复，或表示提议或请求。any有时也可以用于肯定句中，表示“任何”。例如：Wouldyoulikesomebananas?你想要一些香蕉吗？(some用于肯定句，修饰复数名词，词义为“—些”，“几个”)：SomegirlhadwrittenanEnglishwordontheblackboard.某个女孩在黑板上写了一个英语词。(some用于肯定句，修饰可数名词的单数，词义为“某个”)Thereissomeorangejuiceintherefrigerator.冰箱里有一些橙汁。(some用于肯定句，修饰不可数名词，词义为“一些”)Arethereanytreesinthepicture?图画中有树吗？(any用于疑问句，修饰复数名词，词义为“一些”)Ifyouhaveanynews,ringmeuprightaway.如果你有什么消息，立即打电话给我。(any用于条件句，修饰不可数名词，词义为“什么”)Therearen’tanyflowersinthegarden．花园里没有什么花了。(any用于否定句，修饰复数名词，词义为“什么”)some在表示请求、邀请或预料对方可能作出肯定答复时，也可用于疑问句。例如：Couldyoulendmesomemoney?你能借给我一些钱吗？(请求)Wouldyoulikesometea?你要不要喝点茶？(邀请)Areyouexpectingsomefriendsthisafternoon?你下午有朋友来吗?(估计对方作出肯定答复)。any在表示“任何”这个意义时，也可用于肯定句中。例如：Youcanchooseanytopic.你可以选任何主题。Shewantedajob,anysortofajob.她需要一份工作，任何工作都行。不定代词no与none两者都属于否定性不定代词，no只有形容词性质，在句中作定语。意为“没有”，“不是”，可修饰单、复数可数名词或不可数名词。与no性质不同，none通常只有名词性质，在句中作主语、宾语等。none意为“没有人（物）”，既可指人，也可指物。例如：Thereisnowaterinthebottle.瓶子里没有水。(no修饰不可数名词)Shehasnoquestionaboutit.这方面她没有问题。(no修饰可数名词单数)Therearenolettersforhimtoday.今天没有他的信。(no修饰可数名词复数)NoneofthemspokeFrenchexceptDaniel.除了丹尼尔外，他们中谁也不说法语。(none作主语)Apartfromthedizziness,hehadnoneofthetruesignsofthedisease.除了有点头晕，他没有得这病的任何征兆。(none作宾语)不定代词many与much不定量代词many和much都有“许多”、“很多”的意思，在句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等，所不同的是：many+可数复数名词；much+不可数名词。Manysandswillsinkaship.积沙能沉舟。Theheadteacher'sdeputyassistswithmanyofhisduties.副校长帮助校长做很多工作。Manyofushavehadacaseofthejitterssincethatfamilymovedinhere.自从那家人搬到我们这儿，我们就感到忐忑不安。Hedoesn'tputmuchthoughtintohisbooks.他并没有花费太多心思在书本上。Muchresearchhasbeendoneonthissubjectandmuchhasbeendiscovered.关于这个课题，已做过大量的研究，并有很多发现。不定代词few，afew与little，alittle不定量代词few与afew修饰或代替复数可数名词。little与alittle修饰或代替不可数名词。afew/alittle是肯定含义，意为“还有一点”；few/little是否定含义，意为“几乎没有了”。例如：Nowsumupinafewwords.用几句话总结一下。Therearefewfemininemembersofthecommittee.这个委员会中女委员很少。Fewpeoplerealizedthesignificanceofthediscovery.

很少有人意识到这一发现的重要性.There'slittleinkintheinkbottle.墨水瓶里几乎没墨水了。Givemealittleofthatwine，please.请给倒—点那种酒吧!Hehadalittlemoney，twentypoundsorso.他有一点钱，大约二十英镑。不定代词each与every两者都是概括性不定代词，each词义为“每个，各个”，着重于个别性，其构成成分各具特性，可以修饰或代替名词；every虽然也有“各个”的意义，但着重于整体性，其构成成分有共性。every只作定语，用来修饰名词。例如：Eachofthewomensignedhernameasshecamein.每位妇女进门时都签了名。Therearetwocolumnsoneachpageofthisdictionary.这本字典每页分为两栏。EachphrasalverbisillustratedwithaEnglishsentence.每一短语动词都配有一个英语例句加以说明。Therearetwosidestoeveryquestion.每一个问题都有两面。Womenshouldbetreatedascoequalwithmenineveryway.女人在各方面应受到与男人同等的对待。SimulatedTest（1）词汇与结构（共20小题；每小题1分，满20分）26.Themanagerwillnot_______ustousehiscar.A.have B.let C.agree D.allow27._________herandthentrytocopywhatshedoes.A.Mind B.See C.Stareat D.Watch28.Willyou_________meafavor,please?A.do B.make C.bring D.give29.It’sbad_______foryoutosmokeinthepublicplaceswheresmokingisnotallowed.A.behavior B.action C.manner D.movement30. —It’sagoodidea.Butwho’sgoingto_______theplan?—IthinkJohnandPeterwill.A.carryout B.getthrough C.takein D.setaside31.Beforethefinalexamination,somestudentshaveshown_____oftension.Theyevenhavetroubleinsleeping.A.anxiety B.marks C.signs D.remarks32.Theproblemisnot_______soeasyasyouthink.It’sfarfrombeingsettled.A.hardly B.almost C.nearly D.scarcely33. —It’stimetotidyyourroom,Harry!—Seethetidyroom,Mum!__________iswhereitshouldbe.A.Something B.Anything C.Everything D.Nothing34.—Whatwillyoubuyforyourboyfriend’sbirthday?—Iwanttobuya_________walletforhim.A.blackleathersmall B.smallblac