2024年高考英语核心考点精讲精练（新高考专用）考点8 阅读理解推理判断之文章结构 （教师版）

考点8阅读理解推理判断之文章结构（核心考点精讲精练）1.命题规律及备考策略【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于阅读理解中没有对推断文章结构进行考查，这不意味着未来不会考查。高考备考要充分准备未来可能考的题，不是盲目追风必考考过的试题。主要考查：根据阅读文章整体推断文章结构。推断文章结构的方法：1.从整体出发，辨别文章结构图；2.根据文章的某一段落，选择文章作者是怎么展开或组织段落的。【备考策略】系统归类推断文章结构的方法；熟练掌握阅读技能。【命题预测】学业水平考试的是高中生的毕业考试，高考是国家选拔创新人才的考试。学考和高考分开考的目的很明确。高考就是选拔性考试，通过高考英语试题，考查学生的推理判断能力和逻辑思维能力及品质是重要导向。通过阅读理解中，推断文章结构考查考生的整体观，从全局看问题的能力，在新高考命题中很可能会出现。推断文章结构的命题依据是：新课程标准中要求学生掌握：主要语篇结构特征。因此，推断文章结构的推理判断题，有可能在2024年高考中将成为高考阅读理解的题型，应该倍加注意。【2024年高考命题预测】推理判断之推断文章结构考点是新课标中明确要考的考点。在当今高考的新改革时代，考查文章结构题最能考查学生对语篇的整体把控，要求学生必须从大处着眼。预测在2024高考中，推断文章结构题有可能在高考阅读理解中呈现。【推理判断之文章结构考点指南】规律方法：文章结构主要的设题方式常有：（1）Howisthepassageorganized?（2）Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructure/organizationofthepassage?规律方法：如何解决文章结构题？考查组织结构的文章通常行文组织结构都比较清晰、规范，因此,具备文体、写作方式和文章组织结构方面相关知识对于有效解答此类题目具有至关重要的作用。1、记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先写结局，再写其他，最后写高潮，这种叙事手法叫做倒叙。2、议论文总体上可以分为四类：第一类，“提出论点——分论点一——分论点二——分论点三……——结论”；第二类，“引入段——导出论点——分点论述——结论”；第三类，“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”；第四类，“提出反面观点——批驳反面观点——提出正面观点”。3、说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。（2023届江西省赣州市高三下学期二模）Sleepisreparative.Becauseweneedtorepairalotwhilewesleep,it’simportanttogetqualitysleep.Mostofusfunctionbetterinthedaytimewithroutines.Wealsofunctionbetteratnightwitharoutinebecausewewanttokeeppacewithournaturalbodyrhythms.Eachperson’sroutinemaybedifferent—somepeoplewashtheirfaceatnight,andsometakeabath—justmakesureitisaroutine.That’strueduringtheweekandontheweekend;consistencymatters.Haveawindingdown,gettingreadyforsleeproutine,andcarrythatoutatthesametimeeverynight.Findthingsthatarerelaxingandhelpslowyoudownforsleep.Thatmaybereading,listeningtomusic,meditating,praying—anythingthat’srelaxingwhilealsobeingconstructiveorhealthy.Typically,peoplerelaxandtendtosloweverythingdownatbedtime.Astheyrelax,theytakedeeperbreaths,increasingoxygenflow,whichraisestheirskintemperature.Thisisoneofthekeyreasonswhywesleepbetterinacoolerenvironment.Ifyourskintemperatureincreasesandyourroomisalreadyabitwarm,youwillbetoohottosleepwell.Theexacttemperatureisapersonalmatter.Thekeyisthatit’smoretowardcoolthanhot.Manyconsider68degreesanenvironmentthat’sneithersocoldweshivernorsohotwesweat.Butthere’snoscientificevidenceforanexact,perfectsleepingtemperature.Attheendoftheday,sleepisabsolutelycrucialforsomanyreasons.Ithelpsusrepairandrejuvenatesowecanfightinfection,concentrate,regulateourmoods,showupforourselvesandthepeopleinourlives,andbasicallyfunctionashumans.Wecan’tmakeuplostsleep,contrarytowhatmanyanightowlmightthink.So,it’sreallyhightimeweshoulddoallwecantofosterthebestsleeppossible,startingwithacoolroomandrelaxingbedtimeroutine.1．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph2?A．Aroutinecanbehelpfulingettingqualitysleep.B．It’sbesttoavoidscreensbeforeyougotobed.C．Higherqualityofsleepleadstobettermentalhealth.D．Listeningtomusicmakesitdifficulttostayasleep.2．Whatwillhappenwhenpeoplerelaxduringsleepatnight?A．They’lltakemoreregularbreaths. B．They’llfeelcoolerthanintheday.C．Theirskintemperaturewillrise. D．Theywillnotgetenoughoxygen.3．Whatmainpointdoestheauthorwanttomakeinthelastparagraph?A．Goodsleepcanbemadeatanytime. B．Sleepisimportantformanyreasons.C．Trytodevelopgoodsleephabitsnow. D．Lostsleepmakesnodifferencetopeople.4．What’sthestructureofthetext?A． B．C． D．【答案】1．A2．C3．C4．A【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文，高质量的睡眠至关重要，作者在文章中主要论述了养成良好的睡前让自己放松的习惯并严格执行、保持凉爽的温度有益于提高睡眠质量。1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Mostofusfunctionbetterinthedaytimewithroutines.Wealsofunctionbetteratnightwitharoutinebecausewewanttokeeppacewithournaturalbodyrhythms.Eachperson’sroutinemaybedifferent-somepeoplewashtheirfaceatnight,andsometakeabath-justmakesureitisaroutine.That’strueduringtheweekandontheweekend;consistencymatters.(我们大多数人在白天按照习惯就会表现更好。我们在晚上按照习惯也会更好，因为我们想要跟上我们自然的身体节奏。每个人的习惯可能是不同的——有些人晚上洗脸，有些人洗澡——只要确保这是一种习惯。工作日和周末都是如此；一致性很重要。)”可知，养成习惯有助于获得高质量的睡眠。故选A。2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Typically,peoplerelaxandtendtosloweverythingdownatbedtime.Astheyrelax,theytakedeeperbreaths,increasingoxygenflow,whichraisestheirskintemperature.(通常情况下，人们在睡觉时会放松，往往会放慢一切。当他们放松时，他们会深呼吸，增加氧气流量，从而提高皮肤温度。)”可知，当人们在晚上睡觉时放松，他们的皮肤温度会升高。故选C。3．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Attheendoftheday,sleepisabsolutelycrucialforsomanyreasons.Ithelpsusrepairandrejuvenatesowecanfightinfection,concentrate,regulateourmoods,showupforourselvesandthepeopleinourlives,andbasicallyfunctionashumans.Wecan’tmakeuplostsleep,contrarytowhatmanyanightowlmightthink.So,it’sreallyhightimeweshoulddoallwecantofosterthebestsleeppossible,startingwithacoolroomandrelaxingbedtimeroutine.(归根结底，出于多种原因，睡眠绝对至关重要。它帮助我们修复和恢复活力，这样我们就可以对抗感染，集中注意力，调节我们的情绪，为自己和我们生活中的人出现，并且基本上像人类一样发挥作用。我们无法弥补失去的睡眠，这与许多夜猫子的想法相反。所以，现在真的是时候了，我们应该尽我们所能来促进最好的睡眠，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝时间开始。)”可知，作者阐述良好睡眠的诸多益处，并且指出失去的睡眠是无法弥补的，并由此得出结论：从现在开始，尽我们所能来促进最好的睡眠，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝时间开始；由此可知，作者在最后一段要阐述的主要观点是现在就努力养成良好的睡眠习惯。故选C。4．推理判断题。在文章第一段“Sleepisreparative.Becauseweneedtorepairalotwhilewesleep,it’simportanttogetqualitysleep.(睡眠是修复性的。因为我们需要在睡觉时修复很多东西，所以获得高质量的睡眠很重要。)”作者阐述了高质量睡眠的重要性；由第二段中“Haveawindingdown,gettingreadyforsleeproutine,andcarrythatoutatthesametimeeverynight.Findthingsthatarerelaxingandhelpslowyoudownforsleep.Thatmaybereading,listeningtomusic,meditating,praying—anythingthat’srelaxingwhilealsobeingconstructiveorhealthy.(有一个放松下来，准备睡觉的程序，每天晚上在同一时间进行。找一些能让你放松的事情，让你慢慢入睡。可以是阅读、听音乐、冥想、祈祷——任何既放松又有益健康的事情。)”可知第二段阐述了养成良好的睡前让自己放松的一些习惯并严格执行有助于提高睡眠质量；第三段“Typically,peoplerelaxandtendtosloweverythingdownatbedtime.Astheyrelax,theytakedeeperbreaths,increasingoxygenflow,whichraisestheirskintemperature.Thisisoneofthekeyreasonswhywesleepbetterinacoolerenvironment.Ifyourskintemperatureincreasesandyourroomisalreadyabitwarm,youwillbetoohottosleepwell.(通常情况下，人们会在睡前放松，并倾向于放慢一切。当他们放松时，他们会深呼吸，增加氧气流量，从而提高皮肤温度。这就是为什么我们在凉爽的环境中睡得更好的关键原因之一。如果你的皮肤温度升高，而你的房间已经有点热了，你就会热得睡不好觉。)”以及第四段“Theexacttemperatureisapersonalmatter.Thekeyisthatit’smoretowardcoolthanhot.Manyconsider68degreesanenvironmentthat’sneithersocoldweshivernorsohotwesweat.Butthere’snoscientificevidenceforanexact,perfectsleepingtemperature.(确切的温度是个人问题。关键是它更倾向于冷而不是热。许多人认为68度的环境既不会冷到让人发抖，也不会热到让人出汗。但是没有科学证据证明一个精确的、完美的睡眠温度。)”阐述了睡觉放松时人们皮肤温度会升高，凉爽的环境有助于提高睡眠质量；在文章最后一段“Attheendoftheday,sleepisabsolutelycrucialforsomanyreasons.Ithelpsusrepairandrejuvenatesowecanfightinfection,concentrate,regulateourmoods,showupforourselvesandthepeopleinourlives,andbasicallyfunctionashumans.Wecan’tmakeuplostsleep,contrarytowhatmanyanightowlmightthink.So,it’sreallyhightimeweshoulddoallwecantofosterthebestsleeppossible,startingwithacoolroomandrelaxingbedtimeroutine.(归根结底，出于多种原因，睡眠绝对至关重要。它帮助我们修复和恢复活力，这样我们就可以对抗感染，集中注意力，调节我们的情绪，为自己和我们生活中的人出现，并且基本上像人类一样发挥作用。我们无法弥补失去的睡眠，这与许多夜猫子的想法相反。所以，现在真的是时候了，我们应该尽我们所能来促进最好的睡眠，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝时间开始。)”作者阐述良好睡眠的诸多益处，并且指出失去的睡眠是无法弥补的；并对自己的观点进行总结：从现在开始养成良好的习惯，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝习惯开始；由此可知，本文为总——分——总结构，其中第二段阐述了养成良好的睡前让自己放松的一些习惯并严格执行有助于提高睡眠质量；第三、四段阐述了凉爽的温度有助于提高睡眠质量；A选项符合文章结构。故选A。（2023届山东省潍坊市安丘市高三3月过程检测）Adietrichinfruitandvegetablesandincorporatingadailyglassofwinecanprotectthebrainagainstdementia,astudysuggests.StickingcloselytoMediterraneaneatinghabits,whichalsoincludeplentyofnuts,seafood,wholegrainsandoliveoil,hasbeenlinkedtoa23percentlowerriskofdementia.Basedondatagatheredon60,000peopleviatheUKBiobank,amedicaldatabasesetupin2006,theresearchersscoredparticipants’dietsforhowcloselytheymatchedtheidealMediterraneandietontwoscales.Usingone,thosewhoseeatinghabitswerethebestmatchwere23percentlesslikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhosedietsleastfitthepattern.Adietwithaperfectscorewouldinvolvemorethanfourtablespoonsofoliveoil,atleasttwoportionsofvegetablesandthreeoffruitperdayaswellasaglassofwine.Itwouldalsoincludeatleastthreeservingsoflegumes,90gramsofnuts,andthreeservingsoffishorshellfishaweek.Theidealdietwouldalsoinvolveverylittleredorprocessedmeat,avoidingtoomanysweeteneddrinks,butter,margarineorcream.Thesecondscaleusedsimilarcriteriaandaclosematchonthatwaslinkedtoa14percentlowerriskofdementia.Thefindings,publishedinthejournalBMCMedicine,appearedtoshowa“protectiveeffectregardlessofsomeone’sgeneticrisk”.DrSusanMitchell,ofAlzheimer’sResearchUK,said,“Thereisawealthofevidencethateatingahealthy,balanceddietcanhelpreducetheriskofcognitivedecline.Buttheevidenceforspecificdietsismuchlessclear-cut.”Shepointedoutthatthestudyonlydrewondatafrompeoplewithwhite,BritishorIrishancestry.Shesaid,“Whiletherearenosurefirewaystopreventdementiayet,adietrichinfruitandvegetables,alongwithplentyofexerciseandnotsmoking,allcontributetogoodhearthealth,whichinturnhelpstoprotectourbrainfromdiseasesthatleadtodementia.”5．Whatdidthestudyfindout?A．Anewwaytocureadisease. B．Apopulardiettokeepbalance.C．Amedicaldatabasetodoresearch. D．Apossiblestrategytoreducetheriskofdementia.6．Howdidtheresearcherscarryoutthestudy?A．Bymakingcomparison. B．Bypresentingtheprocess.C．Byconsultingotherstudies. D．Byanalyzingcauseandeffect.7．WhatdoesSusanMitchellthinkofthestudy?A．It’sevident. B．It’slimited. C．It’spractical. D．It’spromising.8．Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?A． B．C． D．【答案】5．D6．A7．B8．C【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了新的研究发现富含水果和蔬菜的饮食，每天喝一杯酒，可以保护大脑免受痴呆症的侵害。介绍了研究开展的过程以及SusanMitchell博士对此研究的看法。5．细节理解题。根据第一段“Adietrichinfruitandvegetablesandincorporatingadailyglassofwinecanprotectthebrainagainstdementia,astudysuggests.StickingcloselytoMediterraneaneatinghabits,whichalsoincludeplentyofnuts,seafood,wholegrainsandoliveoil,hasbeenlinkedtoa23percentlowerriskofdementia.(一项研究表明，富含水果和蔬菜的饮食，每天喝一杯酒，可以保护大脑免受痴呆症的侵害。坚持地中海饮食习惯，包括大量的坚果、海鲜、全谷物和橄榄油，可以将患痴呆症的风险降低23%)”可知，这项研究发现降低痴呆症风险的可能策略。故选D。6．细节理解题。根据第二段“Basedondatagatheredon60,000peopleviatheUKBiobank,amedicaldatabasesetupin2006,theresearchersscoredparticipants’dietsforhowcloselytheymatchedtheidealMediterraneandietontwoscales.(根据2006年建立的英国生物银行收集的6万人的数据，研究人员从两个方面对参与者的饮食与理想地中海饮食的匹配程度进行了评分)”可知，研究人员通过比较进行这项研究。故选A。7．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Shepointedoutthatthestudyonlydrewondatafrompeoplewithwhite,BritishorIrishancestry.(她指出，这项研究只利用了白人、英国或爱尔兰血统的人的数据)”可知，SusanMitchell认为这项研究有限制性。故选B。8．推理判断题。根据第一段“Adietrichinfruitandvegetablesandincorporatingadailyglassofwinecanprotectthebrainagainstdementia,astudysuggests.StickingcloselytoMediterraneaneatinghabits,whichalsoincludeplentyofnuts,seafood,wholegrainsandoliveoil,hasbeenlinkedtoa23percentlowerriskofdementia.(一项研究表明，富含水果和蔬菜的饮食，每天喝一杯酒，可以保护大脑免受痴呆症的侵害。坚持地中海饮食习惯，包括大量的坚果、海鲜、全谷物和橄榄油，可以将患痴呆症的风险降低23%)”可知第一段引出文章关于新研究发现降低痴呆症风险的可能策略；第二段“Basedondatagatheredon60,000peopleviatheUKBiobank,amedicaldatabasesetupin2006,theresearchersscoredparticipants’dietsforhowcloselytheymatchedtheidealMediterraneandietontwoscales.(根据2006年建立的英国生物银行收集的6万人的数据，研究人员从两个方面对参与者的饮食与理想地中海饮食的匹配程度进行了评分)”总述研究开展的方式；第三段“Usingone,thosewhoseeatinghabitswerethebestmatchwere23percentlesslikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhosedietsleastfitthepattern.(使用一种方法，饮食习惯最匹配的人患痴呆症的可能性比饮食习惯最不匹配的人低23%)”以及第四段“Thesecondscaleusedsimilarcriteriaandaclosematchonthatwaslinkedtoa14percentlowerriskofdementia.(第二个量表使用了类似的标准，与之接近的人患痴呆症的风险降低了14%)”为第二段的分论点，具体阐述研究过程；最后一段是SusanMitchell对此研究的看法。可推知，C选项最符合文章结构。故选C。基础过关（最新模拟试题演练）1.【2023·广东省华附、省实、广雅、深中四校联考】Oneofthemostimportantchangescitiesmustmaketoimprovelifeinthemistoseparatepeoplefromtheircars.Evenwhenyouhaveastrongpublictransportsysteminmovingpeoplebetweenpopulationhubs,thelastmile-thatsectionbetweentherailwaystationandsomeone’shome,forexample-canleadtocaruseifit’sconsideredtoofarortoodangeroustowalk.Theideaofalow-trafficneighbourhood(LTN)-wherecarsarebannedfromquieter‘ratruns’(偏僻小路)tokeepthemonthemajorroutes-hastakenoffinpartsoftheUK.LTNsattempttofilteroutcarsfromresidentialstreetsusingbollards,camera-controlledgatesorevenplantersfullofflowersplacedacrosstheroad,whilepedestrians,cyclistsandemergencyvehiclescanstillpass.AnalysisfortheactivetransportcharitySustransfoundthat“drivingamileonaminorurbanroadistwiceaslikelytokillorseriouslyinjureachildpedestrian,andthreetimesmorelikelytokillorseriouslyinjureachildcyclist,comparedtodrivingamileonanurbanA-road,”andthatheavycartrafficinresidentialareascanleadtoariseinsocialisolation.LTNsreducethisdanger,leadingtoathree-foldreductionininjuries,andhavebeenshowntoincreasethenumberofvisitorstolocalbusinesses.Alsopopulararee-scooterhiretrials,whicharetakingplaceintownsandcitiesincludingMiddlesbrough,BristolandChelmsford.Thetrialsseegagglesofelectricscootersavailabletobepickedupfromstreetcorners.Thescootersarehiredusinganappandthen,oncethey’refinishedwith,parkedelsewhereinsidethetrialarea,wherethey’recollectedandrechargedbythehiringcompany.ADepartmentofTransportreportone-scooterusefoundtheywere“widelyperceivedtohaveenvironmentalandconveniencebenefits,”butsufferedfromcomparisonstochildren’stoys.Butthat’snotall.Theworld’sfirsthubfordemonstratingelectricairtaxisanddronesopenedinCoventryearlierthisyear.Thetaxisanddronesbasedatthehuballtakeoffandlandverticallylikehelicoptersandarebeingusedtotravelshortjourneysordelivercargo.Weaningusoffourcaraddictionisoneofthemoredifficultbarriersstandingbetweenusandhealthiercities.Thefirststepthatneedstobetakenwillbetotacklethedominanceofthecar.1．WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph1?A．Peopleareconsideredreliantoncarstotravel.B．Publictransportsystemstillneedsimprovement.C．Pollutionfromcarshasanimpactonpeople’slifequality.D．Residentialareasareusuallyfarawayfromtherailwaystation.2．WhatdoweknowabouttheideaofanLTN?A．It’sawaytoencouragesocialinteractionandlocalbusiness.B．It’saseriesofmeasurestoreservethestreetstowalkingresidents.C．It’sasystemthatemployshightechnologytokeepcarsonthemainroads.D．It’sapracticeprovedeffectiveinkeepingchildrensafefromtrafficaccidents.3．What’sthestructureofthetext?P=ParagraphA． B．C． D．4．What’sthepurposeofthetext?A．Tocallonreaderstoconstructahealthiercity.B．Topromotethelatestdevelopmentsincaralternatives.C．Tointroducepossiblewaystogetridofdependenceoncars.D．Toinformcitizensoftechnologicaladvancestotacklesocialproblems.【答案】1．A2．D3．B4．C【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章指出人们过于依赖汽车，这不利于健康城市的建设，因此需要解除对汽车的依赖，并提出三个措施。1．推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“Oneofthemostimportantchangescitiesmustmaketoimprovelifeinthemistoseparatepeoplefromtheircars.(为了改善城市的生活，城市必须做出的最重要的改变之一就是将人们与汽车分开。)”可知，改善城市生活最重要的改变就是将人们与汽车分开，可见人们出行对汽车很依赖。故选A项。2．推理判断题。根据第三段“AnalysisfortheactivetransportcharitySustransfoundthat“drivingamileonaminorurbanroadistwiceaslikelytokillorseriouslyinjureachildpedestrian,andthreetimesmorelikelytokillorseriouslyinjureachildcyclist,comparedtodrivingamileonanurbanA-road,”andthatheavycartrafficinresidentialareascanleadtoariseinsocialisolation.LTNsreducethisdanger,leadingtoathree-foldreductionininjuries,andhavebeenshowntoincreasethenumberofvisitorstolocalbusinesses.(积极交通慈善机构Sustrans进行的分析发现，“与在城市一级道路上行驶一英里相比，在城市次要道路上行驶一英里，导致儿童行人死亡或严重受伤的可能性是前者的两倍，而导致儿童骑自行车者死亡或严重伤害的可能性是前者的三倍”，居民区的汽车交通拥挤可能会导致社会孤立的加剧。LTN减少了这一危险，导致受伤人数减少了三倍，并已表明增加了当地企业的游客数量。)”可知，LTN使得在次要道路上因交通工具导致的儿童重伤和死亡人数减少，因此它被证实是使孩子远离交通事故的有效措施。故选D项。3．推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“Oneofthemostimportantchangescitiesmustmaketoimprovelifeinthemistoseparatepeoplefromtheircars.(为了改善城市的生活，城市必须做出的最重要的改变之一就是将人们与汽车分开。)”可知，改善城市生活最重要的改变就是将人们与汽车分开，可见人们出行对汽车很依赖，本文旨在解决这个问题；根据第二段第一句“Theideaofalow-trafficneighbourhood(LTN)-wherecarsarebannedfromquieter‘ratruns’(偏僻小路)tokeepthemonthemajorroutes-hastakenoffinpartsoftheUK.(低交通量社区（LTN）的想法已经在英国部分地区流行起来。在这里，汽车被禁止在较安静的“老鼠跑道”上行驶，以保证它们在主干道上行驶。)”，第四段第一句“Alsopopulararee-scooterhiretrials,whicharetakingplaceintownsandcitiesincludingMiddlesbrough,BristolandChelmsford.(试行电子滑板车租赁也很受欢迎，目前正在米德尔斯堡、布里斯托尔和切尔姆斯福德等城镇进行。)”和第五段第一二句“Butthat’snotall.Theworld’sfirsthubfordemonstratingelectricairtaxisanddronesopenedinCoventryearlierthisyear.(但这还不是全部。今年早些时候，世界上第一个演示电动空中出租车和无人机的中心在考文垂开始营业。)”可知，二，四，五段分别提出一种措施；根据第三段最后一句“LTNsreducethisdanger,leadingtoathree-foldreductionininjuries,andhavebeenshowntoincreasethenumberofvisitorstolocalbusinesses.(LTN减少了这一危险，导致受伤人数减少了三倍，并已表明增加了当地企业的游客数量。)”可知，第三段延续第二段，继续讨论LTN。因此文章结构应该是总分总，第一段总起介绍，第二三段讨论措施一，第四段讨论措施二，第五段讨论措施三，第六段总结。故选B项。4．推理判断题。根据本文最后一段“Weaningusoffourcaraddictionisoneofthemoredifficultbarriersstandingbetweenusandhealthiercities.Thefirststepthatneedstobetakenwillbetotacklethedominanceofthecar.(让我们摆脱对汽车的依赖是我们与更健康的城市之间更困难的障碍之一。需要采取的第一步是解决汽车的主导地位。)”可知，文章最后作者再次强调要摆脱对汽车的依赖，而前文几段也提出了三种措施，故可推测本文作者旨在介绍解除汽车依赖的措施。故选C项。2.【2023·江西省赣州市期末】You’veprobablyalreadyheardaboutAI-poweredcamerasthatcanrecognizepeoplejustbyanalyzingtheirfacialfeatures,butwhatiftherewasawayforartificialintelligencetofigureoutwhatyoulooklikejustbythesoundofyourvoiceandwithoutcomparingyourvoicetoadatabase?That’sexactlywhatateamofscientistsatMIThasbeenworkingon,andtheresultsoftheirworkareimpressive.Whiletheirneuralnetwork,namedSpeech2Face,can’tyetfigureouttheexactfacialfeaturesofahumanjustbytheirvoice,itcertainlygetsplentyofdetailsright.Speech2Faceistrainedinthetrainingdata,whichisacollectionofeducationalvideosfromYouTube.“Ourmodelisdesignedtorevealstatisticalconnectionsthatexistbetweenfacialfeaturesandvoicesofspeakersinthetrainingdata,”thecreatorsofSpeech2Facesaid.However,thedatadoesnotrepresentequallytheentireworldpopulation.Therefore,themodel--asisthecasewithanymachinelearningmodel-isaffectedbythisunevendistributionofdata.Youcantellalotaboutapersonfromthewaytheyspeakalone.Forexample,youcanmostlikelytellifsomeoneismaleorfemale,oriftheyareyoungorold,butSpeech2Facegoesbeyondthat.Itcandeterminefairlyaccuratelytheshapeofsomeone’snose,cheekbonesorjawfromtheirvoicealone,becausethewaythenoseandotherbonesinourfacesarestructureddeterminesthewaywesound.TheracialcharacteristicisalsooneofthethingsSpeech2Facecanfigureoutwithaccuracyfromlisteningtosomeone’svoiceforjustafewmilliseconds,aspeoplewhocomefromthesamegroupstendtohavesimilarqualitiesorfeatures.TheAItakesavarietyoffactorsintoaccount,anditsometimesproducesimpressiveresults,butit’sstillaworkinprogress.1．HowdoesSpeech2Facerecognizeahuman’sfacialfeatures?A．Bytheshapeoftheirnose. B．Bythesoundoftheirvoice.C．Bytheexpressionontheirface. D．Bytheresultsofdatacomparison.2．WhatcanwelearnaboutSpeech2Faceaccordingtothepassage?A．Itcantellaperson’spersonalitybyhisvoice.B．Itcandeterminewhereapersoncomesfrom.C．Itcantellthesizeofapersonbyhisvoice.D．Itcanreconstructanimageofaperson’sface.3．Whatisthecorrectstructureofthetext?A． B．C． D．4．WhatwillthetextprobablymentionaboutSpeech2Facefallowingthelastparagraph?A．Itsmarketfuture. B．Itsfeatures.C．Itslimitations. D．Itsapplications.【答案】1．B2．D3．B4．C【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍Speech2Face——一个可以通过声音猜出某人长什么样的人工智能。1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Whiletheirneuralnetwork,namedSpeech2Face,can’tyetfigureouttheexactfacialfeaturesofahumanjustbytheirvoice,itcertainlygetsplentyofdetailsright.(虽然他们的神经网络，名为Speech2Face，还不能仅仅通过声音来判断出人类的确切面部特征，但它肯定在很多细节上是正确的。)”可知，Speech2Face通过他们的声音识别人类的面部特征。故选B。2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Itcandeterminefairlyaccuratelytheshapeofsomeone’snose,cheekbonesorjawfromtheirvoicealone,becausethewaythenoseandotherbonesinourfacesarestructureddeterminesthewaywesound.(仅从一个人的声音，它就能相当准确地确定一个人鼻子、颧骨或下巴的形状，因为鼻子和面部其他骨骼的结构方式决定了我们的发音方式。)”可推断，Speech2Face可以重建一个人的面部图像。故选D。3．推理判断题。根据全文可知，文章第一段引入文章主题；第二、三、四三段分别介绍Speech2Face的工作原理、优点和局限性。所以文章的结构为总分关系。故选B。4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“TheAItakesavarietyoffactorsintoaccount,anditsometimesproducesimpressiveresults,butit’sstillaworkinprogress.(人工智能考虑了各种因素，有时它会产生令人印象深刻的结果，但它仍然是一项正在进行的工作。)”可推断，Speech2Face具有局限性。故选C。3.【2023届湖北省荆门市龙泉中学高考考前模拟】Thetwentiethcenturysawgreaterchangesthananycenturybefore:changesforthebetter,changesfortheworse;changesthatbroughtalotofbenefitstohumanbeings,changesthatputmanindanger.Manythingscausedthechanges,but,inmyopinion,themostimportantwastheprogressinscience.Scientificresearchinphysicsandbiologyhasvastlybroadenedourviews.Ithasgivenusadeeperknowledgeofthestructureofmatterandoftheuniverse;ithasbroughtusabetterunderstandingofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuousdevelopment.Technologyintheapplicationofsciencehasmadebigadvancesthathavebenefitedusinnearlyeverypartoflife.Thecontinuationofsuchactivititesinthetwenty-firstcenturywillresultinevengreateradvantagestohumanbeings:inpurescience―awideranddeeperknowledgeinallfieldsoflearning;inappliedscience―amorereasonablesharingofmaterialbenefits,andbetterprotectionoftheenvironment.Sadly,however,thereisanothersidetothepicture.Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamagetomankind.Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandproductionofweaponsofmassdestructionhascreatedarealdangertothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.Wehaveseenthishappeninthecaseofnuclearweapons.AlthoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyintheSecondWorldWar,thenumberofnuclearweaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeenused,theresultcouldhavebeentheruinofthehumanrace,aswellasofmanykindsofanimals.WilliamShakespearesaid,“Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn(纱线),goodandilltogether.”Theabovebriefreviewoftheapplicationofonlyonepartofhumanactivities—scienceseemstoprovewhatShakespearesaid.Butdoesithavetobeso?Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?17．Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?（①="Paragraph1",②="Paragraph"2，③="Paragraph"3，④="Paragraph"4，⑤="Paragraph"5）A． B． C． D．18．Fromthefourthparagraph,wecaninferthat__________.A．agreatmanynuclearweaponswereactuallyusedforwarB．alargenumberofnuclearweaponsshouldhavebeenusedforwarC．theauthorisdoubtfulabouttheruinofhumanbeingsbynuclearweaponsD．theauthorisanxiousaboutthehugenumberofunclearweaponsontheearth19．Theunderlinedword“mingled”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans__________.A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy20．Whatyouthinktheauthorismostlikelytosuggestifhecontinuestowrite?A．Furtherapplicationofsciencetowar.B．MorereadingofWilliamShakespeare.C．Properuseofscienceinthenewcentury.D．Effectivewaystoseparatethegoodfromtheill.【答案】17．A18．D19．B20．D【导语】本文是一篇议论文，从正反两方面论述了科技进步的利弊。17．推理判断题。在文章首段的最后一句话，通过but找到主题句“Manythingscausedthechanges,but,inmyopinion,themostimportantwastheprogressinscience.”（很多东西导致了这些变化，但在我看来，最重要的是科学的进步），第二、三段的主题句都出现了段尾，都讲了科技带来的benefit，从正面印证了主题。而第四段首句的Sadly和however，表明文章转入另外一个方面的论证，而且是反面的的论证。全文尾段用Shakespeare的话再次总结主题。根据这个分析，可以很容易地看出这篇文章的整体结构是“总－分－总”式，在“分”的部分有分为正、反两方面，与A项意思一致，故选A。18．推理判断题。根据第四段内容，特别是“AlthoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyintheSecondWorldWar,thenumberofnuclearweaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeenused,theresultcouldhavebeentheruinofthehumanrace,aswellasofmanykindsofanimals.”(尽管到目前为止，它们的实际使用仅发生在第二次世界大战中，但生产和准备使用的核武器数量如此之多，如果这些武器真的被使用，其结果可能是毁灭人类和许多动物)可以看出作者对核武器的担忧，故选D。19．词句猜测题。根据划线词后的“goodandilltogether”（好的和坏的交织在一起）可以猜测出mingled的意思为“混杂的”，与mixed同义，所以选B。20．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Butdoesithavetobeso?Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?”（但一定要这样吗？恶总是与善相伴吗？我们天生就要打仗吗？）可以推理出作者会继续写如何有效地将good和ill分开，故选D。考点：生活百味类短文阅读。4.【江西省赣州市摸底考试（一模）】Weallknowapickyeater(挑食者)ortwo,ormaybeyou'rethepickyeater,avoidingfoodadventuresatallcosts,becauseyou'reconvincedyou'llhatewhatevernewandbad-lookingfoodisputonyourplate.Butwhyisitthatsomepeoplearepickyeaterswhileothersarewillingtotryprettymuchanythingthatcanbeeaten?There'snosingleexplanationforthepickyeatinghabit.Pickyeatersaretypicallyunwillingtotrynewfoods,whichcanbetheresultofyourDNAandthewayyouaretreatedandeducatedwhenyouareyoung.MarciaPelchat,Ph.D．,aresearcherattheMonellChemicalSensesCenterinPhiladelphiawhospecializesinfoodpreferencesinhumans,tellsChinaDaily,“AgroupinFinlandlookedatwhatwecallfoodneophobia,whichliterallymeans'fearofthenew',andtheyfoundthatthereissomegeneticbasisforthis.”“Also,ifyouhaveparentswhodon'treallyliketotryanythingnew,youwillalsobeexposedtofewernewfoods,”Pelchatsays.Theoppositeisalsotrue:Thosewhotrynewfoodsandhavepositiveexperiencesarethenmorelikelytotryunfamiliarfoodsinthefuture.Peoplewhoarelessadventurousmaybemorehesitanttotrynewfoods.Tryinganythingnew,foodincluded,requiresyoutostepoutsideofyourcomfortzone.Ifyou'renotveryadventurous,youmayhaveato