古罗马社会和家庭以及建筑

Societyanddailylifepatriarchal[peitri:’ɑ:kəl]家长的,族长的,父权的deteriorate[di’tiəriəreit]恶化，变坏exemption[ig’zempʃən]免除rhetoric[’retərik]辩论法，雄辩术toga[’təuɡə]托加袍Family

TheRomanfamilyintheearlydaysoftheRepublicwasextremelypatriarchal,withthefatherhavingthepoweroflifeanddeathoverthechildrenandtheslaves.WiveswereneverkeptapartastheyhadbeeninGreece,andalwayshadastrongroletoplayinthehousehold.Mothersseemtohavehadastronginfluenceontheirsons.marriageMarriageswereusuallyarranged,withgirlsfromtheageof12andboysfromtheageof14.Wivesremainedpartoftheirfather’sfamiliesandafathercouldforcehisdaughtertodivorce.UndertheEmpire,Augustusencouragedfamilylifeandtriedtoimprovethegenerallymoraltoneofsociety,whichhadcertainlydeterioratedbecauseofthecivilwarsandthefollowingincreaseofwealthbroughtaboutbythePaxRomana.Womenwhoborethreechildrenreceivedfulllegalindependenceandtaxexemptions,andtheirhusbandsobtainedquickerpromotion.Childlessnesswaspunishedandadulterywasmadeillegal.educationThefamilyplayedanimportantroleineducation.Themothereducatedtheyoungchilduntiltheageofseven,afterwhichthefathertookresponsibility.IncontrasttoGreecetherewasnomusic—amanwhosangwaslookeddownon,andnodance.Athleticsplayedasmallerrole,andtheRomansneverhadthesameviewofphysicalbeautyastheGreeks.Schoolwasusuallyalittleroom,perhapsbehindashoporeveninthecornerofapublicsquare.Thedaystartedbeforedawnwithabreakforlunch.Thechildrenlearntreadingandwritingandthenmathematics,andperhapsGreekfromaslave.Afterfiveorsixyears,aboywouldbeginrhetoric(skillinspeaking),which,undertheRepublic,wouldhavebeenausefulskillparticularlyifhewasgoingtobealawyer,orapolitician.

WealthyyoungmenoftenwenttoGreecetocompletetheireducation.Atsixteen,aboycouldwearatoga,sincehewasthenconsideredaman.Hewouldthenbeguidedinlifebyamalefriendofthefamilybeforeenteringthearmyatseventeen.amphitheatre[’æmfiθiətə(r)]圆形露天竞技场Colosseum[’kɔlə'siəm]

罗马圆形大剧场(建于公元80年,耗时5年,至今大部分尚存)mimed[maimd]用哑剧的形式表演的thermae[’θə:mi:]温泉，温泉浴场Caracalla卡勒卡勒(罗马皇帝,211-217)entertainment

Publicentertainmenttookplaceinthecircus,intheamphitheatreandinthetheatreandRomealsohadanumberofpublicbathswheretheycouldspendtime.gladiatorsGladiatorfightshadbegunasEtruscanfuneralgames.TheywerefirstmentionedinRomein264BCwhen6gladiatorswereused.JuliusCaesarused640gladiatorsin65BC,andin107AD10,000wereusedatTrajan’sgiganticgames,whichlastedatotalof123days.Theseeventswereheldinamphitheatres,thegreatestofwhich,theColosseum,wasbuiltbyVespasianinabout70AD.Here,infrontofaudiencesof55,000,manytypesofspectacletookplace—gladiatorialcombats,animalandslavefights,criminalsandanimals,beasthuntsandbrutaldramaticperformances.11,000beastswerekilledduringTrajan’sgames,andinonesingleevent100werekilledunderCommodus.PublicslaughterwasanimportantpartofRomanculture,andpeoplewouldspendawholeafternoonwatchingpeopleandanimalsbeingkilled.ChariotracesChariotraceswerefrequentandverypopular.TheytookplaceintheCircusMaximus,withtwenty-fourracesoneachofthehundreddaysofholiday.Vastcrowdsofupto350,000peoplewatchedandbetontheirfavorites,oftendescendingintofighting.In59ADinPompeiitheamphitheatrewasclosedfortenyearsbecauseofriotingresultingindeathsamongrivalgangs.theatreRomantheatrehaditsrootsinEtruscanmimeddance.AlthoughdramawasinfluencedbythecomedyoftheGreeks,itwasnotassacredtoRomansasithadbeentotheGreeks,andpopulardemandledtoalowerlevelofentertainment.Intragedieslargenumbersofsoldierswouldoftenbeusedtomakeitmoreofaspectacle.bathsAquietertimecouldbehadatoneofthemanypublicbaths,orthermae,whichwereopentomenandwomen,usuallywithseparatefacilities.ThesewereanimportantfeatureofRomanlifeandentrancewasgenerallyfree.TheRomanbathswerelarge.EmperorCaracalla’s(211-217AD)thermaehadacentralhallmeasuring24metresby56metres,andthoseofDiocletian(284-305AD)couldhold3,200bathers.Romanarchitecturearch[ɑ:tʃ]拱span[spæn]

跨度concrete[’kɒŋkri:t]混凝土horizontalbeam水平梁Pantheon[pæn’θi(:)ən]万神殿（罗马一圆顶庙宇，建于公元120-124）diameter[dai’æmitə(r)]直径dome[dəum]穹顶，圆屋顶grid[grid]网格，方格RomanstyleandRomantownsWhiletheGreekshadconcentratedmainlyontemples,theRomansbuilteverytypeofbuilding.Greekbuildingconcentratedontheoutsideform,butRomanscreatedinteriorspace,becausetheylearnthowtouseconcrete.Thisawarenessofspaceisseenintheirtownplanning,theircreationoflargepublicsquaresandtheiruseofconcretearchestoenablethemtocreatewidespans.Whenaroofissupportedbyhorizontalbeams,itswidthislimited,butwiththeuseoftheconcretearch,itbecamepossibleforhallsofgreatdimensionstobebuilt.ThedomeofthePantheon,builtinthesecondcenturyADbyHadrianwithadiameterof42.3m,isstillthelargestdomeofitstypeintheworld.TheGreekgridpatternforcitieswasadoptedbytheEtruscansandthencopiedbytheRomans.WhennewcolonieswereplantedbyRomans,theywerelaidoutwithaheadquartersinthecentreandasquarepatternofroads.Thisbecameastandardfeatureofnewroads.radiate[’reidieit]自中心辐射出,向周围伸展augur[’ɔ:gə(r)]（古罗马的）占兆官；占卜师，预言者chamber[’tʃeimbə(r)](作特定用途的)房间，室Renaissance[ri’neisns]文艺复兴basilica[bə’zilikə]（古罗马）大教堂，廊柱会堂magistrate[’mædʒistreit]地方法官，治安官bay[bei]分隔间BasilicaNova巴雪利卡

RoadsRomanroadswerecreatedtoallowarmiestoreachtheirdestinationseasilyandquickly.Theywerethereforeasstraightaspossibleandweregivengoodsurfaces.Theroadsystem,whichradiatedfromRome,covered53,000miles(85,3000km)atitsgreatestextent.Atintervalsthereweremilestones—pillarsweighingtwotonsandstandingseveralfeethigh,showingthenumberofmilestoRome.templesTheRomanshadagreatvarietyofstoneavailabletothem,thoughatfirstnomarble,andtheirearliertemplesusedstoneandbrick.ThefirstmarbletempleinRomewasnotbuiltuntilaftertheconquestofGreece.RomantempleswerebasedonanEtruscanpattern,itselfinfluencedbyearlyGreeks.ThetempleswereGreekindesignexceptthattheystoodonahigherplatform,whichenabledanaugurtostandandwatchtheskyforbirds.Romehadmanytemples.One,thePantheon,or“templeofallthegods”,hashadmoreinfluenceonarchitectureintheWestthanperhapsanyother.Itwascompletedinabout125ADandisthebest-preservedmajorRomanbuilding.ItsinfluencerestsinpartonthefactthatithasadomeoveracircularchamberandaGreekpedimentinfront.SincetheRenaissanceofthefifteenthcentury,manybuildingshavelinkedthepedimentandthedome—St.Peter’sinRome,St.Paul’sCathedralinLondon,theWhiteHouseinWashington.Itisalsoinfluentialbecauseitwasdesignedspecificallytocreateaninteriorspace(perhapsthefirstsuchbuilding),andbecauseofthecomplexityandperfectionofthebuildingoperation.basilicaTheRomansdevelopedthebasilicatoprovideanadministrativebuilding.Thiswassimplyalargespace,withperhapsaconnectingroomwhereamagistratecouldsittoadministerjustice.Themainpartofthebuildingwasusedbybusinessmentomakedeals.Thehallwouldoftenhaveapedimentatthefront,likeatemple,tworowsofpillarsinsidetosupporttheroofandhigh-placedwindowswithnoglass,andwasusuallyimpressivelydecoratedinside.From307ADbasilicasdevelopedgreatsidebayswithconcreteroundedceilingsasintheBasilicaNovainRome,completedbyConstantine,whousedthe