浙江省台州名校联盟2023-2024学年高三上学期12月考试英语试题

2023学年第一学期台州名校联盟试题高三年级英语学科考生须知：1.本卷满分150分，考试时间120分钟;2.答题前，在答题卷指定区域填写学校、班级、姓名、试场号、座位号及准考证号;3.所有答案必须写在答题卷上，写在试卷上无效;4.考试结束后，只需上交答题卷。选择题部分第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题纸上。第一节(共5个小题;每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】Whatarethespeakersprobablytalkingabout?A.Thebikeprice. B.Abikerace. C.Theman’sbike.【答案】C【解析】【原文】W:Wow!Yourdaddidagreatjob!Hemadetheoldestbikeintownlooknew.Peoplemaythinkyourbikeismoreexpensivethanmine.M:Youknowitgoesfasterthanyourbikenow.W:Idon’tthinkso.Let’sraceandsee.2.此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】Whyhasthewomanmovedtheboy’sseat?A.Hetalkstoomuch.B.Hehastroubleinlistening.C.Shewantstoseehimbetter.【答案】A【解析】【原文】M:Mrs.Sophie?Whyhasmyseatbeenmovedtothefrontrow?Everyoneelseissittingintheiroriginalseats.W:Ifyouchoosetotalkinclassinsteadoflistening,yourseatwillbemovedclosertomesoIcanseeyoubetter.3.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】Whendidthemangethisniece’scall?A.At6:05. B.At6:00. C.At5:45.【答案】C【解析】【原文】M:Maria,Ineedtomeetmynieceattherailwaystationat6:20.Shecalledmeaquarterago.Ijusthadanemergencymeeting.W:Oh,it’s6:00now.20minutetogo.M:Thatisenough.4.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】Whatdoesthemanthinkismostneededtosucceed?A.Effort. B.Luck. C.Talent.【答案】B【解析】【原文】W:Robert,whichdoyouthinkyouneedmoreof,luck,talentorefforttosucceedinthearts?M:Inmyopinion,youneedtheopportunitytosucceedandnoteveryonegetstherightopportunityevenifthey’rereallytalentedanddevoted.5.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace?A.Athome. B.Inashop. C.Inarestaurant.【答案】C【解析】【原文】M:Nowyoucanbegintakingtheplatestothecustomers.Well,don’tcarrytoomanyplates.Youmaydropthem.W:Oh,Iwon’t.I’veneverdroppedplatesinmylife.M:Youcan’tbetoocareful.W:Well,I’lltrymybest.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白，每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟;听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】6.Whatisthemangoingtodothissummer?A.Workatahotel. B.Repairhishouse. C.Teachacourse.7.Howwillthemanusethemoney?A.Tohireagardener. B.Tobuysomeflowers. C.Tobuybooks.【答案】6.A7.C【解析】【原文】M:GuesswhatI’llbedoingthissummer?W:What?M:I’mgoingtoworkattheChurchillHotel.W:Whatexactlywillyoubedoingthere?M:Let’ssee.I’llbedoingsomesmallrepairsinsideandoutsidethehotel.I’llbecuttinggrassandtakingcareoftheflowers.W:Soundsinteresting.What’sthepay?M:Well,uh...abouttwentydollarsperhour,fivehoursaday,andSundayfree.W:That’sgoodmoney.Whatareyougoingtodowithit?M:I’llpayforthetextbooksfornextsemester.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】8.Whatisthewomanremendingtotheman?A.Abook. B.Aclub. C.Acourse.9.Whatisthewomanreadingnow?A.TheBeautifulMind. B.TheKiteRunner. C.TheGreatGatsby.10.Howmuchtimedoesthemanhavetoreadthebook?A.Abouttwoweeks. B.Aboutthreeweeks. C.Aboutonemonth.【答案】8.B9.B10.A【解析】【原文】W:Hey,John?CanItalktoyouforaminute?M:Sure.What’sup?W:IwanttoletyouknowaboutabookclubIjoinedmonthsago.Iknowyoudoalotofreading,soIthoughtyoumightwanttoewithmenextmonth.M:Oh!Thatsoundslikefun.Whendoesthegroupmeet?W:UsuallythelastSaturdayofthemonth,at7:30intheevening.Isthattoolateforyou?M:No,Ithinkthat’sokay.Whatdoyoutalkaboutinthegroup?W:Well.Everymonthwechooseanewbook,andthenduringthenextmeetingwediscussit.M:Whatbookshaveyouread?W:Quitealot.RecentlywehavereadTheBeautifulMindandTheGreatGatsby.NowwearereadingTheKiteRunner.M:TheKiteRunner?I’veheardthat’sagoodbook.What’sitabout?W:It’sabouttwoboywhogrowupinAfghanistaninthe1980sandhowtheirfriendshipshapestherestoftheirlives.M:Thatsoundsinteresting.I’dlovetoe.W:Great!Thenextmeetingwillbeheldinhalfamonth,soyoustillhavetimetoreadthebook.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】11.Howdidthemanlearnabouttheapartment?A.Inthenewspaper. B.Fromhisfriend. C.ThroughtheInternet.12.Whatiscoveredintherent?A.Gas. B.Electricity. C.Water.13.Whencanthemanmovein?A.OnThursday. B.OnFriday. C.OnSaturday.【答案】11.B12.A13.C【解析】【原文】M:Goodafternoon,madam.MyfriendsawtheinformationinthenewspaperthatyoumighthaveaspareapartmentandtoldmeonFriday.W:Yes,Ihaveaspareapartmentforrent.M:WoulditbeOKtolookatitnow?W:OK.einplease.M:Emm…Thisapartmentlooksniceandquitenew.Thelivingroomisreallylarge.W:It’sfortysquaremeters.M:HowmuchshouldIpay?W:$800amonth.M:Whatareincluded?W:Onlygasisincluded.Youhavetopayfortheelectricityandwater.M:Er,canyoucutdownalittle?I’vesearchedalotontheInternet,andtherewasn’tsomuchhighrent.W:Asyoucansee,theapartmenthasrecentlybeenredecoratedandpletelyfurnished.M:Well,that’sit.WhencanImovein?W:Letmesee.TodayisWednesday.Inthreedaysifyoulike.M:That’sgreat.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】14.Whydidthewomanfailtocatchthebus?A.Shewaslate.B.Thebusleftearlierthanusual.C.Shewantedtowalkhome.15.Whatisthemanworriedabout?A.Thewoman’ssafety.B.Thepublictransportation.C.Thedangerousneighborhood.16.Whatdoesthewomandecidetodointheend?A.Buyacar.B.Callthenewspaper.C.plaintothelocalgovernment.【答案】14.B15.A16.C【解析】【原文】M:Whydidyougethomesolate,Enya?Iwasworriedsick!W:Ihadeverythingtimedperfectly.Isatinthecoffeeshop,waitingforBus35.Itissupposedtoleaveat4:45sharp.ItakeiteverydayatthattimebecauseitarrivesattheWaterlooStationjustintimeformetocatchBus15.M:Andyoulosttrackoftime,didn’tyou?W:No,Ken,notthistime.Iwasatthebusstopontime,andIwaspickingupmybagandgettingtomyfeetat4:35.Iwastwofeetfromthebuswhenitsuddenlyleft!M:Tenminutesearly?W:Yes.So,Ihadtowaitthirtyminutesforthenextbus.Bythen,therewerenomorebusesleavingfromWaterloo.M:Howdidyougethere,then?W:Iwalked.Canyouimagine—me,ayoungwoman,walkinginthedarkforanhourbyalone?M:Andinthisneighborhood!Nexttime,pleasecallme.Thatwassodangerous.W:Iknow.I’mluckytobealive.What’swrongwiththepublictransportationinthiscity?Don’ttheycareaboutpeoplewhocan’taffordcars?M:Weshouldwritealettertoourlocalofficials.W:Andthenewspaper!听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】17.Whatisthespeakermainlytalkingabout?A.Coolingfans. B.Airconditioning. C.Roomdesign.18.Whichcountrymighthaveinventedthefirstcoolingdevice?A.Egypt. B.Rome. C.China.19.Whichcoolingmethodhasthelongesthistory?A.Wetplants. B.Coldwater. C.Handfans.20.Whereisthepassagemostprobablytakenfrom?A.Aradioprogramme. B.Aculturemagazine. C.Ahistorybook.【答案】17.B18.A19.C20.A【解析】【原文】Thedesiretostaycoolis,ofcourse,nothingnew.TheancientEgyptiansandRomansemployedvarioustechniquestocooldowntheirbuildingsfromtheoutsideheat.SomepeoplehaveevenclaimedthatthefirstairconditioningdevicewasinventedinancientEgypt.TheancientEgyptianswouldhangwetplantsoutsidetheirwindows,andwhentheaircameintothehouse,itwouldbecooledbythecoolwaterdropsontheplants.TheRomansunderstoodthatiftheycouldbringcoldwaterundertheirhouses,thenthetemperatureinsidewouldfall.Andifwereallystretchthemeaningofthephrase“airconditioning”,thenhandfanshavebeenusedsincetheverybeginningofthehistory.Peoplerealizedthattheycouldmoveairbywavingsomethinganditwouldcoolthemdownforawhile.TheChineseinventorDingHuanwentastepfurtherinthesecondcenturyandinventedafanthatcouldgoaround,similartofanswemightseetoday,althoughitwaspoweredbyservants.That’sallfortoday.Pleasestaytunedformoreupdates.第二部分阅读理解(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15个小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。AThetimeinvestedinkidslearninghowtocookistimewellspent!Frommixingandbakingcookiestomakingandcookingfreshpastakidswillbeledbyaprofessionalchefthroughouttheentireclass.Withsafetyattheforefront,yourchefwillturnthekitchenintotheclassroomaskidslearnvaluablelifeskills,suchascriticalthinking,creativityandcooperation.ClassicPastaforKids$119

PERPERSONInthisinteractivecookingclassdesignedforkids,ChefJordanwillteachfundamentalkitchenskills,includingtheartofpastamaking,whilecreatingaclassicspaghettidinner.Thisclassisremendedforages515.Kids’PastaMaking101$99

PERPERSONExploretheartofpastamakinginthishandsoncookingclassforkids.ChefShaShawillguideyoubyusingfreshingredientsandauthentictechniquestomakeahandfulofkids’favoritedishes.Thisclassisremendedforages818.SushiMakingforKids$85

PERPERSONInthishandsoncookingclassintendedforkids,ChefChristmaswillguideyouinmakingnontraditionalsushi.Therollsyoumakewillhavetheauthentictasteandtextureoftraditionalsushi,butwithauniqueshape!Thisclassisremendedforages515.Kids’BakingParty$75

PERPERSONInthishandsonbakingclasswithChefAdolf,yourkidswillbeontheirwaytofeelinglikethefinestofchefs.ChefAdolfwillshowthemhowtomix,beatandfoldingredientsintoeatsthateveryonewillloveatakid’sbirthdayparty.Thisclassisremendedforages815.21.Whichclassissuitablefora17yearoldkid?A.ClassicPastaforKids. B.Kids’BakingParty.C.SushiMakingforKids. D.Kids’PastaMaking101.22.WhatisspecialaboutSushiMakingforKids?A.Sushimadeinthisclasshasdifferentshapesfromtraditionalsushi.B.Studentscancreatepersonalizedtastesfromtraditionalsushi.C.Theclassisofferedforfreeifyousignforitwithafriend.D.Thechefwhoteachesthisclassisjustakidof15.23.Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A.Toeducatekidstolearnsomebasiccookingskills.B.Toinspirecookstodevelopinnovativecuisinesforkids.C.Toadvertisesomefuncookingclassestailoredforkids.D.Toinformreadersofthearrangementsofcookingclasses.【答案】21.D22.A23.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要为孩子们量身打造有趣的烹饪课程做广告。【21题详解】细节理解题。由文章Kids’PastaMaking101部分中“Thisclassisremendedforages818.(该课程建议818岁的人参加。)”可知，Kids’PastaMaking101适合17岁的孩子。故选D。【22题详解】细节理解题。由文章SushiMakingforKids部分中“Therollsyoumakewillhavetheauthentictasteandtextureoftraditionalsushi,butwithauniqueshape!(你做的寿司卷将会有正宗的味道和传统寿司的质地，但形状独特!)”可知，这类寿司的形状与传统寿司不同。故选A。【23题详解】推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“Thetimeinvestedinkidslearninghowtocookistimewellspent!Frommixingandbakingcookiestomakingandcookingfreshpasta,kidswillbeledbyaprofessionalchefthroughouttheentireclass.Withsafetyattheforefront,yourchefwillturnthekitchenintotheclassroomaskidslearnvaluablelifeskills,suchascriticalthinking,creativityandcooperation.(花在孩子学习烹饪上的时间是值得的！从混合和烘焙饼干到制作和烹饪新鲜的意大利面，孩子们将在整个课程中由专业厨师带领。在安全的最前沿，你的厨师将把厨房变成教室，孩子们学习宝贵的生活技能，如批判性思维，创造力和合作。)”可知，本文为孩子们量身打造有趣的烹饪课程做广告。故选C。BAbrillianttheoreticalphysicist,J.RobertOppenheimerwastappedtoheadupalaboratoryinLosAlamos,NewMexico,aspartofU.S.effortstodevelopnuclearweapons.Hesucceeded—butwouldgoontoadvocateagainstdevelopingevenmorepowerfulbombs.BorninNewYorkCityin1904,OppenheimerstudiedtheoreticalphysicsatbothCambridgeUniversityandtheUniversityofGöttingeninGermany,wherehegainedhisdoctorateatage23.Soontheyoungphysicist“Oppie”rubbedshoulderswiththegreatestscientificfiguresofhisage,andhisacademicworkadvancedquantumtheoryandpredictedeverythingfromtheneutrontotheblackhole.AftertheUnitedStatesjoinedtheAlliesin1941,OppenheimerwasaskedtoparticipateinthetopsecretManhattanProject,whoseaimwastodevelopanatomicweapon.OnJuly16,1945,OppenheimerandothersgatheredattheTrinitytestsitesouthofLosAlamosfortheworld’sfirstattemptednuclearblast.Conductedinsecret,thetestworked.OnAugust6andAugust9,1945,theU.S.droppedtwoofthebombsOppenheimerhadhelpeddevelopoverHiroshimaandNagasaki.OnthenightoftheHiroshimabombing,OppenheimerwascheeredbyacrowdoffellowscientistsatLosAlamos,anddeclaredthathisonlyregretwasthatthebombhadn’tbeenfinishedintimetouseagainstGermany.TwentyyearsaftertheattacksonbothcitiesinJapan,Oppenheimerappearedina1965NBCNewsdocumentarycalledTheDecisiontoDroptheBomb.“Weknewtheworldwouldnotbethesame,”hesaidonscreen.“Afewpeoplelaughed;afewpeoplecried.Mostpeopleweresilent.IrememberedthelinefromtheHinduscripture(印度梵经),‘NowIambeeDeath,thedestroyerofworlds.’Isupposeweallthoughtthat,onewayoranother.”However,OppenheimeropposedAmerica’sattemptstodevelopamorepowerfulhydrogenbomb.Didhereallylivetoregrethelpingdeveloptheatomicbomb?Nooneknows.Hedoesn’teintoeasycategoriesofpronuclear,antinuclearoranythinglikethat.He’saplicatedfigure.24.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“rubbedshoulderswith”inParagraph2mean?A.Thoughthighlyof. B.Spenttimewith.C.Takentheplaceof. D.Madetroublewith.25.WhatdoweknowaboutOppenheimeraccordingtothepassage?A.Hegothisdoctor’sdegreeintheyear1930.B.TheatomicbombhedevelopedfirststruckNagasaki.C.Hefeltguiltywhenthebombcausednumerousdeaths.D.Hewasfirmlyagainstdevelopingthehydrogenbomb.26.What’sthewritingpatternofthepassage?A.News. B.Fiction.C.Biography. D.Journal.27.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheControversialManbehindtheAtomicBombB.TheMostBrilliantPhysicistinthe20thCenturyC.HowOppenheimerRewrotetheHistoryofWWIID.HowOppenheimerDevelopedtheAtomicBomb【答案】24.B25.D26.C27.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了理论物理学家奥本海默在原子武器开发中的重要角色，以及他对原子武器使用的道德和伦理考虑的后续反思。【24题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“Soontheyoungphysicist“Oppie”rubbedshoulderswith thegreatestscientificfiguresofhisage(不久，年轻的物理学家“奥皮”就与他那个时代最伟大的科学人物rubbedshoulderswith)”中主语“theyoungphysicist“Oppie””和宾语“thegreatestscientificfiguresofhisage”，及“andhisacademicworkadvancedquantumtheoryandpredictedeverythingfromtheneutrontotheblackhole(他的学术工作推动了量子理论的发展，并预测了从中子到黑洞的一切)”可推知，奥本海默与同时代的其它科学家有了交集，与他们共事，才能推动量子理论的发展，结合选项，rubbedshoulderswith与spenttimewith意思相近。故选B项。【25题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段中“However,OppenheimeropposedAmerica’sattemptstodevelopamorepowerfulhydrogenbomb.(然而，奥本海默反对美国发展威力更大的氢弹)”可知，奥本海默坚决反对发展氢弹。故选D项。【26题详解】推理判断题。通读全文，结合第一段中“Abrillianttheoreticalphysicist,J.RobertOppenheimerwastappedtoheadupalaboratoryinLosAlamos,NewMexico,aspartofU.S.effortstodevelopnuclearweapons.Hesucceeded—butwouldgoontoadvocateagainstdevelopingevenmorepowerfulbombs.(杰出的理论物理学家J·罗伯特·奥本海默(J.RobertOppenheimer)被任命为新墨西哥州洛斯阿拉莫斯(LosAlamos)的一个实验室的负责人，作为美国发展核武器努力的一部分。他成功了，但他继续反对开发更强大的炸弹)”可知，本文介绍了理论物理学家J·罗伯特·奥本海默的生平和贡献，揭示了奥本海默在原子武器开发中的重要角色，以及他对其使用的道德和伦理考虑的后续反思。由此推知，本文是一篇传记文学。故选C项。【27题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“Hesucceeded—butwouldgoontoadvocateagainstdevelopingevenmorepowerfulbombs.(他成功了，但他继续反对开发更强大的炸弹)”和最后一段中“However,OppenheimeropposedAmerica’sattemptstodevelopamorepowerfulhydrogenbomb.Didhereallylivetoregrethelpingdeveloptheatomicbomb?Nooneknows.Hedoesn’teintoeasycategoriesofpronuclear,antinuclearoranythinglikethat.He’saplicatedfigure.(然而，奥本海默反对美国发展威力更大的氢弹。他真的后悔帮助研制了原子弹吗？没人知道。他不会轻易地把自己划分为亲核、反核或诸如此类的类别。他是个复杂的人)”可知，本文介绍了理论物理学家奥本海默在原子武器开发中的重要角色，以及他对其使用的道德和伦理考虑的后续反思。所以“TheControversialManbehindtheAtomicBomb(原子弹背后有争议的男人)”是最佳标题，此标题以“奥本海默”为核心，同时突显出对他的不同评价。故选A项。CThemostbelovedbirdinhistorymayverywellhavebeena29yearoldpigeonbythenameofMartha.Itwastheearly1900s,andMarthawasattheheightofherfame.PerchedonherhumbleroostattheCincinnatiZoo,shewasanobjectoffascinationtothethousandsofvisitorswholinedupjusttocatchaglimpse.Marthamaynothavelookedthepartofananimalcelebrity,butshewashardlyaverage—infact,shewastheverydefinitionofoneofakind.AfterthedeathofherpanionGeorgein1910,Marthahadbeetheworld’slastlivingpassengerpigeon.TherewasatimenotlongbeforewhenherkindaccountedformorethanaquarterofthebirdsinNorthAmericaandmayhavebeenthemostabundantbirdspeciesontheplanet.Passengerpigeonsusedtotravelat60milesanhourinflocksamilewideand300mileslong.Witnessesparedthemtoatrainrumblingthroughatunnel.Ironically,thepassengerpigeons’veryabundancemayhavespelledtheirdoom.Anagriculturalpestandreliablesourceofprotein,theybecameeasytargetsforhunterswhokilledtheminthetensofthousands.Inamatterofdecades,abirdthatoncenumberedinthebillionswasreducedtoafew,andthen,eventually,toone.Martha,who’dgrownupincaptivity,hadnooffspringofherown.At1p.m.onSeptember1,1914,Marthafellfromherperch,nevertoriseagain—oneoftherareoccasionsinwhichhistorianscouldidentifytheexactmomentofaspecies’extinction.Ofcourse,therealtragedywasthatthelossofthepassengerpigeonwasneithersurprisingnorunique.ForaslongastheEarthhassustainedlife,ithasalsoseenthepermanentdisappearanceoflifeforms,thedinosaursbeingaparticularlyextremeexample.ButMartha’shighprofiledeathtrainednationalattentiononanalarmingnewtrend.Closetoathousandanimalspeciesalonehavediedoffinthelast500years,andthetrendisonlygettingworse.28.Whatcausedtheextinctionofpassengerpigeons?A.Thelossoftheirhabitats. B.Theworseningofglobalwarming.C.Theburningoffossilfuels. D.Theirnutritionalvalueandthreattofarming.29.Whyaredinosaursmentionedinthelastparagraph?A.Toillustratewecandonothingtostopspeciesextinction.B.Toshowtheextinctionofacertainspeciesisnotararecase.C.Toexplainhumanactivitiesaretoblameforspeciesextinction.D.Tostressimmediatemeasuresshouldbetakenbeforeitistoolate.30.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthenewtrendofspeciesextinction?A.Optimistic. B.Confused. C.Relieved. D.Concerned.31.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.ThemostbelovedbirdGeorgedied.B.Birdsarethebestfriendsofhumanbeings.C.Thetragiclossofthelastpassengerpigeon.DThemostabundantbirdspeciesareendangered.【答案】28.D29.B30.D31.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了最后一只旅鸽的死亡和旅鸽灭绝的原因，以及人们对此的担忧。【28题详解】细节理解题。由文章第三段中“Anagriculturalpestandreliablesourceofprotein,theybecameeasytargetsforhunterswhokilledtheminthetensofthousands.(作为一种农业害虫和可靠的蛋白质来源，它们很容易成为猎人的目标，成千上万的猎人捕杀了它们。)”可知，它们的营养价值和对农业的威胁导致了旅鸽的灭绝。故选D。【29题详解】推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“Ofcourse,therealtragedywasthatthelossofthepassengerpigeonwasneithersurprisingnorunique.ForaslongastheEarthhassustainedlife,ithasalsoseenthepermanentdisappearanceoflifeforms,thedinosaursbeingaparticularlyextremeexample.ButMartha’shighprofiledeathtrainednationalattentiononanalarmingnewtrend.Closetoathousandanimalspeciesalonehavediedoffinthelast500years,andthetrendisonlygettingworse.(当然，真正的悲剧是，旅鸽的损失既不令人惊讶，也不独特。只要地球上有生命存在，它就见证了生命形式的永久消失，恐龙就是一个特别极端的例子。但玛莎高调的死亡让全国关注到一个令人担忧的新趋势。在过去的500年里，近1000种动物灭绝，而且这种趋势只会变得更糟。)”可知，最后一段提到恐龙表明某一物种灭绝的情况并不罕见。故选B。【30题详解】推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“ButMartha’shighprofiledeathtrainednationalattentiononanalarmingnewtrend.Closetoathousandanimalspeciesalonehavediedoffinthelast500years,andthetrendisonlygettingworse.(但玛莎高调的死亡让全国关注到一个令人担忧的新趋势。在过去的500年里，近1000种动物灭绝，而且这种趋势只会变得更糟。)”可知，作者对物种灭绝的新趋势很担心。故选D。【31题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“AfterthedeathofherpanionGeorgein1910,Marthahadbeetheworld’slastlivingpassengerpigeon.(1910年她的同伴乔治去世后，玛莎成了世界上最后一只活着的旅鸽。)”可知，第一段引出旅鸽的现状，接着文章对此现象进行了解释，文章倒数第二段中“At1p.m.onSeptember1,1914,Marthafellfromherperch,nevertoriseagain—oneoftherareoccasionsinwhichhistorianscouldidentifytheexactmomentofaspecies’extinction.(玛莎在囚禁中长大，没有自己的后代。1914年9月1日下午1点，玛莎从她的栖木上掉了下来，再也没有爬起来——这是历史学家能够确定一个物种灭绝的确切时刻的罕见事件之一。)”阐述了这个物种的灭绝，故可推知，本文主要讲述了最后一只旅鸽的死亡和旅鸽灭绝的原因，以及人们对此的担忧。故选C。DSurvivorbias(偏见，偏差),occurswhenyoutendtoassesssuccessfuloutesanddisregardfailures.Thissamplingbiaspaintsamorepromisingorevenmisleadingpictureofreality.Survivorbiasisasneakyproblemthattendstoslipintoanalysesunnoticed.Forstarters,itfeelsnaturaltoemphasizesuccess,whetherit’sentrepreneurs,orsurvivorsofamedicalcondition.Wefocusonandsharethesestoriesmorethanthefailures.Thinkaboutthefamouscollegedropoutswhobecamehighlysuccessful,suchasMarkZuckerberg,SteveJobs,andBillGates.Thesesuccessfulexamplesmightmakeyouthinkacollegedegreeisn’tbeneficial.However,that’ssurvivorbiasatwork!Thesefamousindividualsareattheforefrontofmediareports.Youhearmoreaboutthembecausetheyareextraordinary.You’renotconsideringthemillionsofothercollegedropoutsthataren’trichandfamous.Youneedtoassesstheiroutesaswell.Survivorbiashasevenoccurredinmedicalstudiesaboutseverediseases.Younger,healthier,andmorefitpatientstendtosurviveadisease’sinitialdiagnosismorefrequently.Hence,theyaremorelikelytojoinmedicalstudies.Onthecontrary,older,weakerpatientsarelesslikelytosurvivelongenoughtoparticipateinstudies.Consequently,thesestudiesoverestimatesuccessfuldiseaseoutesbecausetheyarelesslikelytoincludethosewhodieshortlyafterdiagnosis.Undeniably,successfulcasesareusuallymorevisibleandeasiertocontactthanunsuccessfulcases.However,focusingonthehighperformingsuccessesanddisregardingothercasesintroducessurvivorbias.Afterall,you’releavingoutasignificantpartofthepictureasit’shardertocollect

datafromthelesssuccessfulmembersofapopulation.Inpletedatacanaffectyourdecisionmakingprocess.Putsimply,survivorbiasproducesaninaccuratesample,causingyoutojumptoincorrectconclusions.Tominimizetheimpactofsurvivorbias,youshouldfindwaystodrawarepresentativesamplefromthepopulation,notjustafewofsuccessfulsamples.Thatprocessmightcallformoreexpenseandeffort,butyou’llgetbetterresults.32.WhatwritingtechniqueisusedinParagraphs3and4?A.Makingparisons. B.Givingexamples.C.Describingfacts. D.Analyzingdata.33.Whatmayoccurifyouhaveasurvivorbias?A.Youwilltakeallfactorsintoaccountbeforemakingafinalanalysis.B.Youwilloverestimatethefailureratesoyoumayquityourproject.C.Youwillonlyhavepartialdataandreachanincorrectconclusion.D.Youwillbemorelikelytosurviveinunfavorablecircumstances.34.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Peopletendtolosesightoftheoverallstatistics.B.Peopleareunwillingtoreadunsuccessfulstories.C.Doctorsdon’thaveenoughexpensetocollectabundantsamples.D.Themediashouldberesponsibleforkids’droppingoutofschool.35.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdotoavoidsurvivorbias?A.Leaveoutthefamoushistoriccases.B.Collectawideenoughrangeofsamples.C.Focusonthosemostmentionedexamples.D.Selectsomesuccessfulandinspiringtales.【答案】32.B33.C34.A35.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了幸存者偏见现象和存在的原因，以及幸存者偏见的影响。【32题详解】推理判断题。由文章第三段中“Thinkaboutthefamouscollegedropoutswhobecamehighlysuccessful,suchasMarkZuckerberg,SteveJobs,andBillGates.Thesesuccessfulexamplesmightmakeyouthinkacollegedegreeisn’tbeneficial.However,that’ssurvivorbiasatwork!Thesefamousindividualsareattheforefrontofmediareports.Youhearmoreaboutthembecausetheyareextraordinary.You’renotconsideringthemillionsofothercollegedropoutsthataren’trichandfamous.Youneedtoassesstheiroutesaswell.(想想马克·扎克伯格、史蒂夫·乔布斯和比尔·盖茨等著名的大学辍学生，他们都取得了巨大的成功。这些成功的例子可能会让你认为大学学位并没有什么好处。然而，这是幸存者偏见在起作用！这些名人都是媒体报道的热点人物。你会听到更多关于他们的消息，因为他们是非凡的。你没有考虑到其他数百万既不富有也不出名的大学辍学生。你也需要评估他们的结果。)”和第四段“Survivorbiashasevenoccurredinmedicalstudiesaboutseverediseases.Younger,healthier,andmorefitpatientstendtosurviveadisease’sinitialdiagnosismorefrequently.Hence,theyaremorelikelytojoinmedicalstudies.Onthecontrary,older,weakerpatientsarelesslikelytosurvivelongenoughtoparticipateinstudies.Consequently,thesestudiesoverestimatesuccessfuldiseaseoutesbecausetheyarelesslikelytoincludethosewhodieshortlyafterdiagnosis.(幸存者偏见甚至出现在关于严重疾病的医学研究中。更年轻、更健康、更健康的患者往往更容易在疾病的最初诊断中存活下来。因此，他们更有可能加入医学研究。相反，年龄较大、身体较弱的患者不太可能存活足够长的时间来参与研究。因此，这些研究高估了成功的疾病结果，因为它们不太可能包括那些在诊断后不久死亡的人。)”可知，两个段落用举例说明幸存者偏见现象和原因。故选B。【33题详解】细节理解题。由文章第五段中“Afterall,you’releavingoutasignificantpartofthepictureasit’shardertocollectdatafromthelesssuccessfulmembersofapopulation.Inpletedatacanaffectyourdecisionmakingprocess.Putsimply,survivorbiasproducesaninaccuratesample,causingyoutojumptoincorrectconclusions.(毕竟，你漏掉了一个重要的部分，因为很难从人口中不太成功的成员那里收集数据。不完整的数据会影响你的决策过程。简单地说，幸存者偏见会产生不准确的样本，导致你得出不正确的结论。)”可知，如果你有幸存者偏见，你只会得到部分数据，得出错误的结论。故选C。【34题详解】推理判断题。由文章第三段中“Youhearmoreaboutthembecausetheyareextraordinary.You’renotconsideringthemillionsofothercollegedropoutsthataren’trichandfamous.Youneedtoassesstheiroutesaswell.(你会听到更多关于他们的消息，因为他们是非凡的。你没有考虑到其他数百万既不富有也不出名的大学辍学生。你也需要评估他们的结果。)”和第四段“Consequently,thesestudiesoverestimatesuccessfuldiseaseoutesbecausetheyarelesslikelytoincludethosewhodieshortlyafterdiagnosis.(因此，这些研究高估了成功的疾病结果，因为它们不太可能包括那些在诊断后不久死亡的人。)”由文章第五段中“Afterall,you’releavingoutasignificantpartofthepictureasit’shardertocollectdatafromthelesssuccessfulmembersofapopulation.Inpletedatacanaffectyourdecisionmakingprocess.Putsimply,survivorbiasproducesaninaccuratesample,causingyoutojumptoincorrectconclusions.(毕竟，你漏掉了一个重要的部分，因为很难从人口中不太成功的成员那里收集数据。不完整的数据会影响你的决策过程。简单地说，幸存者偏见会产生不准确的样本，导致你得出不正确的结论。)”可知，人们往往忽视了总体统计数据。故选A。【35题详解】细节理解题。由文章最后一段中“Tominimizetheimpactofsurvivorbias,youshouldfindwaystodrawarepresentativesamplefromthepopulation,notjustafewofsuccessfulsamples.Thatprocessmightcallformoreexpenseandeff